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Trigonometry
1.TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
→
1. If a ray OP makes an angle θ with the positive direction of X-axis then
y x
i) Sin θ = ii) cos θ =
r r
y x
iii) tan θ = (x ≠ 0) iv) cot θ = (y ≠ 0) y
x y P
r r
v) sec θ = (x ≠ 0) vi) cosec θ = (y ≠ 0)
x y r y
2. Relations :
i) sin θ cosec θ = 1
ii) cos θ sec θ = 1 θ
O x x
iii) tan θ cot θ = 1
iv) sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
v) 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ → (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ – tan θ) = 1.
1
→ sec θ + tan θ = =1
sec θ − tan θ
vi) 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ → (cosec θ + cot θ) (cosec θ – cot θ) = 1
1
→ cosec θ + cot θ =
cosec θ − cot θ
vii) sec θ + cosec θ = sec2 θ . cosec2 θ
2 2

viii) tan2 θ – sin2 θ = tan2 θ . sin2 θ;

cot2 θ – cos2 θ = cot2 θ . cos2 θ
ix) sin2 θ + cos4 θ = 1 – sin2 θ cos2 θ
= sin4 θ + cos2 θ
x) sin4 θ + cos4 θ = 1 – 2sin2 θ cos2 θ
xi) sin6 θ + cos6 θ = 1 – 3sin2 θ cos2 θ
xii) sin2 x + cosec2 x ≥ 2
xiii) cos2 x + sec2 x ≥ 2
xiv) tan2 x + cot2 x ≥ 2.
3. Values of trigonometric ratios of certain angles

angle
↓ → 0o π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2
ratio

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3/2 1

cos 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0
tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 undefined
cot undefined 3 1 1/ 3 0
cosec undefined 2 2 2/ 3 1
sec 1 2/ 3 2 2 undefined

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4. Signs of Trigonometric ratios : If θ lies in I, II, III, IV quadrants then the signs of
trigonometric ratios are as follows.
II I
90o < θ < 180o 0o < θ < 90o
sin θ and cosec θ all the ratios
are (+)ve are (+)ve

III IV
180o < θ < 270o 270o < θ < 360o
tan θ and cot θ cos θ and sec θ
are (+)ve are (+)ve

Note : i) 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o. 360o, 450o, ….. etc. are called quadrant angles.
ii) With “ALL SILVER TEA CUPS” symbol we can remember the signs of
trigonometric ratios.

5. Coterminal angles : If two angles differ by an integral multiples of 360o then two angles
are called coterminal angles.
Thus 30o, 390o, 750o, 330o etc., are coterminal angles.

Fn 90 ∓ θ 180 ∓ θ 270 ∓ θ 360 ∓ θ

sin θ cos θ ± sin θ − cos θ ∓ sin θ
cos θ ± sin θ − cos θ ∓ sin θ cos θ
tan θ ± cot θ ∓ tan θ ± cot θ ∓ tan θ
cosec θ sec θ ± cosec θ − sec θ ∓ cosec θ
sec θ ± cosec θ − sec θ ∓ cosec θ sec θ
cot θ ± tan θ ∓ cot θ ± tan θ ∓ cot θ

6. Complementary Angles : Two Angles A, B are said to complementary ⇒ A + B = 90o

7. Supplementary angles : Two angles A, B are said to be supplementary

⇒ A + B = 180o.

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PROBLEMS
VSAQ’S
Convert the following into simplest form :
1. tan(θ – 14π)

Sol. –tan(14π – θ)

= tan[7 ⋅ 2π – θ] = –[–tan θ] = tan θ

2. cosec (5π + θ)

Sol. cosec (5π + θ) = –cosec θ

(∵ cos ec(nπ + θ) = (−1) n cos ecθ)

⎛ 7π ⎞
3. Find the value of cos ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞ 7π
Sol. cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos =0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
π
(∵ cos(2n + 1) = 0)
2

4. Find the value of cot(315°)

Sol. cot(315°) = – cot 315°
= –[cot 360° – 45°]
= – [– cot 45°]
= cot 45° = 1

5. Evaluate
cos245° + cos2135° + cos2 225° + cos2 315°
1
Sol. cos 45° = , cos135° = cos(180° − 45°)
2

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1
= cos 45° =−
2
cos 225° = cos(180° + 45°)
1
= cos 45° =−
2
cos135° = cos(360° − 45°)
1
= cos 45° =
2
Given expression
2 2 2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜− ⎟ +⎜− ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 1 1 1
= + + + =2
2 2 2 2

6. cos 225° – sin 225° + tan 495° – cot 495°

Sol. cos 225° = cos(180° + 45°)
1
= cos 45° = −
2
sin 225° = sin(180° + 45°)
−1
= − sin 45° =
2
tan 495° = tan[5(90°) + 45]
= − cot 45° = −1
cot 495° = cot[5(90°) + 45°]
= − tan 45° = −1
−1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
G.E. = −⎜− ⎟ −1+1
2 ⎝ 2⎠
−1 1
= + −1 +1 = 0
2 2

7. If cos θ = t (0 < t < 1) and θ does not lie in the first quadrant, find the value of (a) sinθ
(b) tan θ.
Sol. cos θ = t ⇒ lies in IV quadrant.
x 2 = AC2 − BC2 = 1 − t 2

x = 1− t2
AB
a) sin θ = = − 1− t2
AC
AB 1− t2
b) tan θ = =−
BC t

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1
8. If sin θ = − and θ does not lie in third quadrant, find the values of
3
(i) cos θ (ii) cot θ

Solution:
1
sin θ = − θ does not lie in III Q
3
∴θ lies in IV Quadrant
1 2 2
cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − =
9 3
cos θ
cot θ = =2 2
sin θ
9. Find the value of sin 3300 . cos1200 + cos 2100 . sin 3000
Solution:
sin 3300 = sin ( 3600 − 300 ) = − sin 300 = −
1
2

; sin 3000 = sin ( 3600 − 600 ) = −

1 3 3
cos1200 = − cos 2100 = −
2 2 2
1 1 ⎛ 3⎞⎛ 3⎞
sin 3300 cos1200 + cos 2100 . sin 3000 = − × − + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ − ⎟ =1
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1
10. If cosec θ + cot θ = , find cos θ and determine the quadrant in which θ lies.
3
Sol. cosec θ – cot θ = 1
2 2

(cosec θ + cot θ) (cosec θ – cot θ) = 1

cosec θ – cot θ = 3 …(1)
1
and cosec θ + cot θ = …(2)
3
From (1) + (2)
cosec θ – cot θ = 3
1
cosec θ + cot θ =
3
1 10
2cosec θ = 3 + =
3 3
10
cos ecθ =
6
6
sin θ =
16
From (1) – (2)
cosec θ – cot θ = 3
1
cosec θ + cot θ =
3

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1 8
−2 cot θ = 3 − =
3 3
8 −8
cot θ = − =
2×3 6
−8 6 −4
∴ cos θ = cot θ ⋅ sin θ = × =
6 10 5
Thus sin θ is +ve and cos θ is –ve

Then θ lies in II quadrant.

11. If sec θ + tan θ = 5, find the quadrant in which θ lies and find the value of sin θ.
Sol. sec θ + tan θ = 5 …(1)

We know, sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1

(sec θ + tan θ)(sec θ – tan θ) = 1

1
sec θ − tan θ =
sec θ + tan θ
1
sec θ − tan θ = ...(2)
5
Adding (1), (2)
sec θ + tan θ = 5
1
sec θ − tan θ =
5
1
2sec θ = 5 +
5
25 + 1
2sec θ =
5
26 1
sec θ = ×
5 2
13
sec θ =
5
12 12
tan θ = , sin θ =
5 13
∴ sin θ ⋅ sec θ and tan θ are positives

∴ θ lies in I quadrant.

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1
12. If cos A = cos B = − : A does not lie in second quadrant B does not lie in third quadrant
2
4sin B − 4 tan A
find the value of
tan B + sin A
Solution:
1
cos A = cos B = − ; A does not lie in II Q
2
∴ A lies in III Q
3
sin A = −
2
1
cos B = − B does not lie in III Q
2
∴ B lies in II Q
3
sin B = tan A = 3 tan B = − 3
2
3
4× − 3× 3
4sin B − 3 tan A 2 3 2
= =− =
tan B + sin A 3 −3 3 3
− 3−
2 2

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
sin(3π − A) cos ⎜ A − ⎟ tan ⎜ − A ⎟
13. ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = − cos 4 A
⎛ 13π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
cos ec ⎜ + A ⎟ sec(3π + A) cot ⎜ A − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Sol. sin(3π – A) = sin A
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ A − ⎟ = cos ⎜ − A ⎟ = sin A
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
tan ⎜ − A ⎟ = cot A
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 13π ⎞
cos ec ⎜ + A ⎟ = − sec A
⎝ 2 ⎠
sec(3π + A) = − sec A
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π ⎞
cot ⎜ A − ⎟ = − cot ⎜ − A ⎟ = − tan A
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
sin A ⋅ sin A ⋅ cot A
L.H.S. =
− sec A ⋅ − sec A ⋅ − tan A
cos A
sin 2 A ×
= sin A
1 sin A
− 2
×
cos A cos A
cos3 A
= sin A cos A × = − cos 4 A
− sin A

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14. cot ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ cot ⎛⎜ 3π ⎞⎟ cot ⎛⎜ 5π ⎞⎟ cot ⎛⎜ 7 π ⎞⎟ cot ⎛⎜ 9π ⎞⎟ = 1
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠

⎛ π ⎞ 1
Sol. cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot 9° =
⎝ 20 ⎠ tan 9°

⎛ 3π ⎞ 1
cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot 27° =
⎝ 20 ⎠ tan 27°
⎛ 5π ⎞
cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot 45° = 1
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞
cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot 63° = cot(90° − 27°) = tan 27°
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎛ 9π ⎞
cot ⎜ ⎟ = cot 81° = cot(90° − 9°) = tan 9°
⎝ 20 ⎠
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
∴ cot cot cot cot cot
20 20 20 20 20
1 1
= ⋅1⋅ tan 27°⋅ tan 9° = 1
tan 9° tan 27°

⎛ 11π ⎞ ⎛ 35π ⎞ ⎛ 7 π ⎞
sin ⎜ − ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟ sec ⎜ − ⎟
15. Simplify ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
.
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 17π ⎞
cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ec ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 11π ⎞ 11π
Sol. sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − sin = − sin 660°
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
= − sin(2 ⋅ 360° − 60°)
3
= sin 60° =
2
⎛ 35π ⎞ 1
tan ⎜ ⎟ = tan1050° = tan(3 ⋅ 360° − 30°) = − tan 30° = −
⎝ 6 ⎠ 3
⎛ 7π ⎞
sec ⎜ − ⎟ = sec(−420°) = sec 420° = sec(360° + 60°) = sec 60° = 2
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ 1
cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos(225°) = cos(180° + 45°) = cos 45° = −
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
⎛ 7π ⎞
csc ⎜ ⎟ = csc 315° = csc(360° − 45°) = − csc 45° = − 2
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 17 π ⎞
cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos 510° = cos(360° + 150°)
⎝ 6 ⎠
3
= cos100° = cos(180° − 30°) = − cos 30° = −
2

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⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (2)
2 ⎝ ⎠
L.H.S. = ⎝ ⎠ 3
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( − 2) ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
−1 2
= = = R.H.S.
− 3 3
2
tan 610° + tan 700° 1 − p 2
16. If tan 20° = p, prove that = .
tan 560° − tan 470° 1 + p 2
tan 610° + tan 700°
Sol.
tan 560° − tan 470°
tan(360° + 250°) + tan(360° + 340°)
=
tan(360° + 200°) − tan(360° + 110°)
tan 250° − tan 340°
=
tan 200° − tan110°
tan(270° − 20°) − tan(360° − 20°)
=
tan(180° + 20°) + tan(90° + 20°)
cot 20° − tan 20°
=
tan 20° + cot 20°
1
− tan 20°
= tan 20 °
1
tan 20° +
tan 20°
1 1 − p2
−p
p p 1 − p2
= = =
1 p2 + 1 p2 + 1
p+
p p
tan 610° + tan 700° 1 − p 2
∴ =
tan 560° − tan 470° 1 + p 2

17. If α, β are complementary angles such that b sin α = a, then find the value of
(sin α cos β – cos α sin β).

Sol. α and β are complementary angles.

α + β = 90°
β = 90° – α
a
b sin α = a ⇒ sin α =
b
2
⎛a⎞ b2 − a 2
cos α = 1 – sin α = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ =
2 2

⎝b⎠ b2

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b2 − a 2
cos α =
b
Since β = 90° – α
sin β = sin(90 − α) = cos α
∴ cos α = sin β
and α = 90° − β
sin α = sin(90° − β) = cos β
a
∴ cos β = sin α =
b
a
∴ cos β =
b
sin α cos β − cos α sin β

a a b2 − a 2 b2 − a 2
= × − ×
b b b b
a 2 (b 2 − a 2 ) a 2 − b 2 + a 2 2a 2 − b 2
= 2− = =
b b2 b2 b2

18. If cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ then prove that cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ
Solution:
cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ -------- (1) squaring and adding (1) & (2)
Let cos θ − sin θ = x -------(2)

( )
2
( cos θ + sin θ ) + ( cos θ − sin θ ) = 2 cos θ
2 2
+ x2
⇒ 2 − 2 cos 2 θ = x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sin θ ∴ cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ

19. If 8 tan A = 15 and 25 sin B = –7 and neither A nor B is in the fourth quadrant, then show
304
that sin A cos B + cos A sin B = − .
425
Sol. 8 tan A = –15
15
tan A = −
8
A lies in II quadrant
15 −8
sin A = , cos A =
17 17
25sin B = −7
7
sin B = −
25
B lies in III quadrant
7 −24
sin B = − , cos B =
25 25
L.H.S. : sin A cos B + cos A sin B

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15 −24 −8 −7 −3 × 24 −8 × −7
= × + × = +
17 25 17 25 17 × 5 17 × 25
−360 56 −304
= + =
425 425 425
π 4π 6π 9π
20. Prove that sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 =2
10 10 10 10
Solution:
π 4π 6π 9π
sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2
10 10 10 10
π ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
sin 2 + sin 2 ⎜ − ⎟ + sin 2 ⎜ + ⎟ + sin 2 ⎜ π − ⎟
10 ⎝ 2 10 ⎠ ⎝ 2 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
π π π π ⎧ π π⎫
sin 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + sin 2 = 2 ⎨sin 2 + cos 2 ⎬ = 2
10 10 10 10 ⎩ 10 10 ⎭
π π
= sin 2 + cos 2 =1
10 10

tan 1600 − tan1100 1 − λ 2

21. If tan 200 = λ then show that =
1 + tan 1600 tan 1100 2λ

2
22. If sec θ + tan θ = find the value of sin θ and determine the quadrant in which θ lies
3
Solution:
2 3
sec θ + tan = sec θ + tan θ =
3 2
2 3 tan θ −15
2sec θ = + ⇒ sec θ = 13 /12 sin θ = =
3 2 sec θ 13
∴θ lies in IV Quadrant

23. If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral then prove that

i) sin A – sin C = sin D – sin B
ii) cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0
Sol. A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral.
A + C = 180°; B + D = 180°
A = 180° – C, B = 180° – D
i) sin A – sin C = sin D – sin B
sin A + sin B = sin C + sin D
we have
A = 180° – C ⇒ Sin A = sin C …(1)
B = 180° – D ⇒ sin B = sin D …(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
Sin A + sin B = sin C + sin D
ii) cos A = cos (180° – C) = – cos C
⇒ cos A + cos C = 0 …(1)
cos B = cos (180° – D) = – cos D

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⇒ cos B + cos D = 0 …(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0.

24. If a cos θ – b sin θ = c, then show that a sin θ + b cos θ = ± a 2 + b 2 − c 2 .

Sol. a cos θ – b sin θ = c …(1)
Let a sin θ + b cos θ = k …(2)
Squaring and adding

25. If 3 sin A + 5 cos A = 5, then show that 5 sin A – 3 cos A = ±3.

Sol. 3 sin A + 5 cos A = 5
Let 5 sin A – 3 cos A = k
Squaring and adding
(3 sin A + 5 cos A)2 + (5 sin A – 3 cos A)2 = 25 + k2
9sin 2 A + 25cos 2 A + 30sin A cos A + 25sin 2 A + 9 cos 2 A − 30sin A cos A = 25 + k 2
34sin 2 A + 34 cos 2 A = 25 + k 2
34(sin 2 A + cos 2 A) = 25 + k 2
34(1) = 25 + k 2
34 = 25 + k 2
k 2 = 34 − 26 = 9
k = ±3
tan θ + sec θ − 1 1 + sin θ
26. Prove that = .
tan θ − sec θ + 1 cos θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1
Sol. We have
tan θ − sec θ + 1
(tan θ + sec θ) − (sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ)
=
tan θ − sec θ + 1
(tan θ + sec θ) − (sec θ + tan θ)(sec θ − tan θ)
=
tan θ − sec θ + 1
[tan θ + sec θ][1 − sec θ + tan θ]
=
tan θ − sec θ + 1
= tan θ + sec θ
sin θ 1 1 + sin θ
= + =
cos θ cos θ cos θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1 1 + sin θ
∴ =
tan θ − sec θ + 1 cos θ

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27. Prove that (1 + cot θ − csc θ)(1 + tan θ + sec θ) = 2 .
Sol. L.H.S. : (1 + cot θ − csc θ)(1 + tan θ + sec θ)
⎡ cos θ 1 ⎤ ⎡ sin θ 1 ⎤
= ⎢1 + − 1+ +
⎣ sin θ sin θ ⎦ ⎣ cosθ cos θ ⎥⎦
⎥ ⎢

⎡ sin θ + cos θ − 1 ⎤ ⎡ cos θ + sin θ + 1 ⎤

=⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎣ sin θ cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 − 12 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1 sin θ cos θ
= =2 = 2 = R.H.S.
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
Eliminate θ from the following equations.

28. x = a cos3θ ; y = b sin3 θ

Sol. x = a cos3θ ; y = b sin3 θ
1/ 3
x ⎛x⎞
= cos3 θ ⇒ cos θ = ⎜ ⎟
a ⎝a⎠
1/ 3
y ⎛y⎞
= sin 3 θ ⇒ sin θ = ⎜ ⎟
b ⎝b⎠
We have cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
2/3 2/3
⎛x⎞ ⎛y⎞
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝a⎠ ⎝b⎠
29. x = a cos4 θ = b sin4 θ.
x
Sol. x = a cos 4 θ ⇒ cos 4 θ =
a
x
⇒ cos 2 θ =
a
y
y = b sin 4 θ ⇒ sin 4 θ =
b
y
⇒ sin 2 θ =
b
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
1/ 2 1/ 2
x y ⎛x⎞ ⎛y⎞
+ =1⇒ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
a b ⎝a⎠ ⎝b⎠

30. x = a(sec θ + tan θ) ; y = b (sec θ – tan θ)

Sol. x = a(sec θ + tan θ) ; y = b (sec θ – tan θ)
xy = ab(sec2 θ – tan2 θ) = ab (1) = ab
xy = ab.

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⎛π ⎞
cos (π − A ) cot ⎜ + A ⎟ cos ( − A )
31. Prove that ⎝2 ⎠ = cos A
⎛ π ⎞
tan (π + A ) tan ⎜ 3 + A ⎟ sin ( 2π − A )
⎝ 2 ⎠

SAQ’S

32. Prove that 3(sin θ − cos θ) 4 + 6(sin θ + cos θ) 2 + 4(sin 6 θ + cos6 θ) = 13

Sol. Consider (sin θ − cos θ) 2 = sin2 θ + cos2 θ – 2 sin θ cos θ= 1 – 2 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ – cos θ)4 = [(sin θ – cos θ)2]2 = [1 − 2sin θ cos θ]2 = 1 + 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 4sin θ cos θ
∴ (sin θ − cos θ) 4 = 1 + 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 4sin θ cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ) 2 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ
= 1 + 2sin θ cos θ
∴ (sin θ + cos θ) 2 = 1 + 2sin θ cos θ
sin 6 θ + cos6 θ = (sin 2 θ)3 + (cos 2 θ)3
= (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)3 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)
= 1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ (∵ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)
∴ sin 6 θ + cos6 θ = 1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
∴ 3(sin θ − cos θ) 4 + 6(sin θ + cos θ) 2 + 4(sin 6 θ + cos6 θ)
= 3[1 + 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 4sin θ cos θ] + 6[1 + 2sin θ cos θ] + 4[1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ]
= 3 + 12sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 12sin θ cos θ + 6 + 12sin θ cos θ + 4 − 12sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= 3 + 6 + 4 = 13
⎡ 1 ⎤
33. Show that cos 4 α + 2 cos 2 α ⎢1 − 2 ⎥
= 1 − sin 4 α .
⎣ sec α ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
Sol. L.H.S. : cos 4 α + 2 cos 2 α ⎢1 − 2 ⎥
⎣ sec α ⎦
= cos 4 α + 2 cos 2 α sin 2 α
(∵1 − cos 2 α = sin 2 α)
= cos 2 α[cos 2 α + 2sin 2 α]
= (1 − sin 2 α)[(1 − sin 2 α) + 2sin 2 α]
= (1 − sin 2 α)(1 + sin 2 α)
= 1 − sin 4 α = R.H.S.

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(1 + sin θ − cos θ) 2 1 − cos θ
34. Prove that = .
(1 + sin θ + cos θ) 2 1 + cos θ
Sol. Consider
1 + sin θ − cos θ = (1 − cos θ) + sin θ
θ θ θ θ⎡ θ θ⎤
= 2sin 2 + 2sin cos = 2sin ⎢sin + cos ⎥
2 2 2 2⎣ 2 2⎦
Again consider
1 + sin θ + cos θ = (1 + cos θ) + sin θ
θ θ θ
= 2 cos 2 + 2sin cos
2 2 2
θ⎡ θ θ⎤
= 2 cos ⎢cos + sin ⎥
2⎣ 2 2⎦
2
⎡ θ⎡ θ θ⎤ ⎤
⎢ 2sin 2 ⎢sin 2 + cos 2 ⎥ ⎥
L.H.S.: ⎢ ⎣ ⎦⎥
⎢ 2 cos θ ⎡cos θ + sin θ ⎤ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
θ θ
sin 2 2sin 2
= 2 = 2 = 1 − cos θ = R.H.S.
θ θ 1 + cos θ
cos 2 2 cos 2
2 2
2sin θ 1 − cos θ + sin θ
35. If = x , find the value of .
1 + cos θ + sin θ 1 + sin θ
2sin θ
Sol. =x
1 + cos θ + sin θ
θ θ
2 ⋅ sin cos
⇒ 2 2 =x
2 θ θ θ
2 cos + 2sin cos
2 2 2
θ θ
4sin cos
⇒ 2 2 =x
θ⎡ θ θ⎤
2 cos ⎢cos + sin ⎥
2⎣ 2 2⎦
θ
2sin
⇒ 2 =x ...(1)
θ θ
cos + sin
2 2

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θ θ θ
2sin 2 + 2sin cos
1 − cos θ + sin θ 2 2 2
=
1 + sin θ 2 θ 2 θ θ θ
sin + cos + 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
θ⎡ θ θ⎤ θ
2sin ⎢sin + cos ⎥ 2sin
2⎣ 2 2⎦ 2
= = = x (∵ from(1))
⎡ θ θ ⎤ θ θ
⎢⎣sin 2 + cos 2 ⎥⎦ sin + cos
2 2

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