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CHABELITA ORONOS POLIGOV

11506399 DGE01

I. Identify and enumerate the different political parties that proliferated in the elections after Post
EDSA Revolt (1986). You may start with the election year 1992 and the succeeding three-year
election cycle for the local which is 1995, and the national election cycle of six years, 1998.

Political Parties in 1992

1. Lakas-NUCD (Lakas)
2. Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (LAMMP)
3. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP)
4. Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC)
5. Liberal Party (LP)
6. People’s Reform Party (PRP)
7. Nacionalista Party (NP)
8. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)

Political Parties in 1995

1. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP)
2. Lakas-NUCD (Lakas)
3. Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC)
4. People’s Reform Party (PRP)
5. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino - Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban)
6. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)

Political Parties in 1998

1. Lakas-NUCD (Lakas)
2. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP)
3. Liberal Party (LP)
4. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino - Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban)
5. Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP)
6. Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC)

II. Research about these parties' platforms, front-runner candidates, prominent officials and members,
ideology, stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues.

A. Lakas-NUCD (Lakas)
• Lakas-NUCD means Lakas ng Tao-National Union of Christian Democrats
• Its name was changed to Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats, or Lakas–CMD during the 2004 elections
• Platforms, Ideologies and Views: Lakas describes itself as maka-Diyos (pro-God), makabayan (pro-country
or nationalist), makatao (pro-people) and maka-kalikasan (green or pro-environmental welfare). It pledges
itself to work for a strong and stable republic, the enhancement of representative government, people
empowerment, establishment of a market economy, protection of the environment, and progressive
development of the rule of law.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Fidel V. Ramos and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• Prominent Officials and Members: Jose de Venecia, Jr., Gilbert Teodoro, Bong Revilla, Jr., Lito Lapid
(1998-2012), Renato Cayetano
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on the alleged mastermind in the killings of AKO-Bicol party-list Rep. Rodel Batocabe
and his security aide: Lakas-CMD revoked the CONA issued to Mr. Baldo. Hence, Mayor Baldo is
no longer the official candidate of Lakas-CMD for the position of Mayor of Daraga.
• Stand on Charter Change: Lakas has an advocacy to amend the 1987 Constitution. It wanted to
transform the form of government from presidential to parliamentary.
B. Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (LAMMP)
• LAMMP is the coalition of two main and one minor opposition parties, Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP),
the Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) and the Partido ng Masang Pilipino (PMP)
• It was founded in 1991 and was dissolved in 2001
• Platforms, Ideologies and Views: LAMMP has adopted the FLAMES program, which stands for Food
security and environmental protection, Livelihood and jobs, Anti-graft and corruption, Mass transportation and
traffic management, Education and health reform and Safety and public order
• Front-Runner Candidates: Joseph Estrada (1991-1997),
• Prominent Officials and Members: Edgardo Angara, Orlando Mercado, Vicente Sotto III, Eduardo
Cojuangco Jr.
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
▪ Stand on CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development: Under the reign of former
President Joseph Estrada, there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 Constitution which they
called the CONCORD proposal. It would only amend the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the
constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines

C. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP)

• LDP was the largest opposition party before its merger with NPC to form LAMMP. It was formed in 1998 by
then Senate President Neptali Gonzales, and was the ruling party during the Aquino administration. The party
lost credibility due to the loss of House Speaker Ramon V. Mitra Jr. From there, the organizational problems
spiralled further due to factionalism between the sides of Senator Angara and Senator Gonzales. The Angara-
led LDP allied with the NPC and PMP to form the LAMMP in 1997.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: The LDP sought to ‘promote the rule of law, national political stability,
self-reliant economy, and improvement of the standard of living of the people’. It pledged to work for ‘the
development of a national philosophy and the growth of a socially progressive citizenry’.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (left 1997), Vicente Sotto III (left 1997), Fidel V. Ramos
(left 1991), Ramon V. Mitra, Edgardo Angara
• Prominent Officials and Members: Panfilo Lacson, Sonny Angara, Neptali Gonzales
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on TRAIN Law: LDP member Sonny Angara rallied for the approval of the TRAIN Law, citing
it as having benefited millions of families amongst the criticism of the law for worsening poverty.
• Stand on divorce: Angara is against divorce, as he believes that ‘the family is the cornerstone of
Philippine society’.
• Stand on political dynasties: Angara is among the 13 senators who signed Senate Bill 1765, a
consolidated Bill banning political dynasties.
• Stand on federalism: Although Angara is for federalism, he believes that congress should further
explain the concept to the public before approving its implementation. “At the end of the day, the
people still have to approve, and I think the level of awareness is mababa pa, hindi pa naiintindihan
tao”, he said in an interview with ABS-CBN.

D. Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC)

• NPC was the second-biggest opposition party before its coalition with the LDP and PMP. It was formed in
1992 primarily to support the presidential campaign of its candidate, Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. --a wealthy
Marcos crony and cousin of President Aquino. Its candidate lost presidency but the party won some seats in
the Senate, in the House of Representatives, and in the local government units.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: Like the NP, the NPC also promotes conservatism and positions itself at
the center-right of the political spectrum. NPC aims to establish a system of governance that improves the
quality of life of all Filipinos by addressing poverty, spreading prosperity and ensuring social justice.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Loren Legarda, Vicente “Tito” Sotto, Sherwin Gatchalian, JV Ejercito,
• Prominent Officials and Members: Eduardo Cojuanco Jr., Mark Cojuanco, Lito Lapid, JV Ejercito
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
 • Stand on Death Penalty: Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) will not support death penalty just
yet even if the party already signed a coalition deal with presumptive President Rodrigo Duterte’s
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP)-Laban that regards the restoration of the capital punishment as
a priority. Quezon Rep. Mark Enverga, the spokesman for the NPC, noted that they are backing
discussions on the revival of the death penalty, but they are not committed to a favorable vote for it
now.
• Stand on Political Support: Hugpong ng Pagbabago chairperson and Davao City Mayor Sara
Duterte’s bet for speaker of the House of Representatives can count on the solid support of
Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) congressmen in the 18th Congress.
• Stand on Political Dynasty: Ejercito has left his father’s political party Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
(PMP) and transferred to the Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) due to the “awkward” situation
between him and Estrada. Ejercito, Estrada’s son with San Juan City Mayor Guia Gomez, had long
since advocated for the passage of an anti-political dynasty measure.
• Stand on Federalism: Sotto said the Nationalist People’s Coalition, where he belongs, had
conducted a briefing regarding federalism.“Are we going to support it or not? And after the briefings
that we had, the sentiment of the Nationalist People’s Coalition is, we should study it further. We
realized that the transition alone from the present form to federalism would be at least five or even
10 years. I cannot say, I cannot agree that the composition of the new Senate will expedite the shift
to federalism. It will depend on its merits.”

E. Liberal Party (LP)

• This is the only party that remains of the pre-1972 parties.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: LP has developed positions on specific issues, such as opposition to
nuclear weapons, the reduction of the foreign debt, and genuine land reform. In its 1995-revised party
program, it reiterated its support for a free market economy and downplayed nationalist protectionism.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Jose Avelino, Diosdado Macapagal, Benigno
Aquino III, Corazon Aquino, Leni Robredo, Mar Roxas
• Prominent Officials and Members: Leila De Lima, Alfredo Lim, Jovita Salonga, Franklin Drilon, Erin Tañada
III, Joseph Estrada (1988-1991), Francis Pangilinan, Chel Diokno, Samira Gutoc, Bam Aquino, Gary Alejano
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on EJK: They want to end EJKs in the war on drugs, to shift to a “healing approach” in dealing
with the drug menace, to stop the “murderous” operation of the national police against drugs, 5to
stop “resorting to the language of misogyny,” to be fair in ending corruption, and to “stop weakening
democratic institutions”.
• Stand on the recent senatorial race: The Liberal Party is eyeing the youth sector to rebuild support
for the political party that was wiped out of the recent senatorial race. They said that they will not
give up and the race continues (Tuloy pa ang laban!)
• Stand on the problems with China:
“The President has never given any serious attention to issues concerning the seizure by China of
our territory and the abuse of our fishermen and our troops,”- Gary Alejano
“[We need] to act on the rising number of Chinese vessels around Pag-asa Island and protest China’s
illegal actions” before it’s too late - Gary Alejano
• Stand on Death Penalty: LP said it opposes the reimposition of the capital punishment because it
is “ineffective” and “overly inflicted on the poor and powerless.” They also states that “As a party that
envisions and works for a just, prosperous, and more peaceful country, we at the Liberal Party
strongly maintain our stand against the re-imposition of the death penalty, and support all opposition
against the passage of a death penalty bill,”

F. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)

• Formerly known as Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ng Nagkakaisang Nacionalista, Liberal, at iba pa. (KBLNNL). It
was formed in 1978, as an umbrella coalition of parties supporting then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos for
the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), and was his political vehicle during his rule.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: KBL ideologies are Filipino Nationalism, Authoritarianism and Anti-
Communism. Anti-communism has been an element of movements holding many different political positions,
 including nationalist, social democratic, liberal, libertarian, conservative, fascist, capitalist, anarchist and even
socialist viewpoints
• Front-Runner Candidates: Larry Gadon,
• Prominent Officials and Members: Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., Imee Marcos,
Roberto "Amay Bisaya" Reyes, Salvador Panelo
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on Drug War/ EJK: “I don't believe there are EJKs. Those killings are perpetrated by drug
syndicates.” -Larry Gadon. He is against drug personalities and according to him, if he was the
president he would kill more.
• Stand on Human Rights Violation: Gadon said that the Aquinos had more human rights violations
committed under their watch compared to Marcos – the Mendial massacre and the killing of union
leaders in Hacienda Luisita under Cory (1986-1992) and SAF 44 massacre under PNoy (2010-2016).
• Stand on Death Penalty: Imee Marcos was in favor of reimposing the death penalty law but only
for high-level drug trafficking.

G. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino - Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban)

• This party endorsed the presidential campaign of Rodrigo Duterte. It also nominated former President Corazon
Aquino as its candidate for the 1986 snap elections.
• PDP-Laban was established through a merger between the parties Partido Demokratiko Pilipino and Lakas
ng Bayan (founded by former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr.) in 1983, led by former Senate President Aquilino
“Nene” Pimentel. Its creation was to overthrow the Marcos administration.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: The party’s inherent ideologies lie in democratic socialism. These days,
however, it is also mixed with populism and federalism. It is also currently the ruling political party in the
country.
PDP-LABAN seeks a peaceful and democratic way of life characterized by "freedom, solidarity, justice, equity,
social responsibility, self-reliance, efficiency, and enlightened nationalism". Its five principles are theism,
authentic humanism, enlightened nationalism, democratic socialism, and consultative and participatory
democracy. The party advocates a transition to a federal, semi-presidential parliamentary form of government
from the current unitary presidential system, through revision of the present 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III, Rodrigo Duterte, Teodoro Locsin Jr.
• Prominent Officials and Members: The party holds three upper house seats and 114 lower house seats.
Senator Aquilino “Koko” Pimentel serves as its president. Corazon Aquino, Gloria Arroyo, JV Ejercito, Manny
Pacquiao, Lani Mercado, Sergio Osmena III
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on Death Penalty: Koko Pimentel now favors the death penalty but only for high-level illegal
drug trafficking. Before Pimentel, Senate President Vicente Sotto III raised that death penalty should
only be reimposed for drug lords and big-time drug pushers to prevent them from continuing their
operations while in jail.
• Stand on Chinese Issue: Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III said Filipinos should not fear China if it
engages in joint exploration with the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea. Instead, Filipinos should
pay attention to how legally sound and consistent with the Constitution any agreement with China on
joint exploration will be.
• Stand on Federalism: Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III is hopeful that the shift to federalism will
gain more ground in the Senate under the 18th Congress.
• Stand on Legalizing Divorce: Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III is cold over the proposal to
legalize the absolute divorce in the Philippines, saying that are already “remedies” in place for
separating spouses. Pimentel said the Senate is unlikely to approve a measure on divorces such as
what is currently being allowed in the United States and other countries.
• Stand on Political Dynasty: Koko Pimentel confident of anti-political dynasty bill passage in the
Senate.
H. Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP)
• Formerly Partido ng Masang Pilipino (lit. Party of the Filipino Masses) is a populist political party in the
Philippines. It is the political party of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada. In the 1998 presidential
election, it aligned itself with other political parties to create Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino or LAMMP
(Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino Masses).
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: The ideology of PMP is having a Welfare State that protects and
promotes the economic and social well-being of the citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity,
equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal
provisions for a good life.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Joseph Estrada, Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada,
• Prominent Officials and Members: JV Bautista, Jun Lozada, Regalado Maambong, Francisco Tatad,
Rodolfo Plaza, Joey de Venecia, Lito Atienza,
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
▪ Stand on Death Penalty: Estrada says, “Kung ang ating mga kabataan ay mga nagdudurog, ang
kinabukasan ng ating bansa ay magkaka-durug-durog din.”. He is in favor of the death penalty.
▪ Stand on Chinese Issue: Joseph “Erap” Estrada has reiterated his support to the Duterte
administration’s independent foreign policy stance and even pitched for closer ties with neighboring
China.
▪ Stand on Federalism: Mayor Joseph Estrada expressed his support for shifting to a federal form of
government, saying it will ensure the equal distribution of funds to local government units.
▪ Stand on Political Dynasty: Joseph Ejercito Estrada claims that political dynasties are non-existent
in the Philippines, a subject often debated in a country where many politicians come from the same
families. "There's no such thing as dynasty," Estrada said

I. People’s Reform Party (PRP)

• Founded on April 12, 1991, as the political party of former Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor
Santiago for her bid as President in the 1992 Presidential Elections.
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: Reformism
• Front-Runner Candidates: Miriam Defensor Santiago
• Prominent Officials and Members:, Narciso Santiago Jr., Sec. Esperanza Cabral (DOH), Mike Defensor
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on Political Alliance: The political party of the late senator Miriam Defensor Santiago,
People's Reform Party (PRP), is now allied with the regional party of presidential daughter Sara
Duterte, in preparation for the 2019 elections. Duterte's Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP), a Davao-
based party, signed an alliance agreement with PRP on Monday, December 3, in Manila.
• Stand on the current administration: PRP president Santiago was asked if the alliance means the
party is now officially pro-administration.
"Kami ay tumutulong sa administrasyon at sumusuporta kay Mayor Sara (We are helping the
administration and supporting Mayor Sara)," he said in response.

J. Nacionalista Party (NP)

• It is the oldest political party in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia responsible for leading the country
throughout the majority of the 20th century since its founding in 1907, being the ruling party from 1935 to 1944
(under President Manuel Quezon), 1944–1946 (under President Sergio Osmeña), 1953–1957 (under
President Ramon Magsaysay), 1957–1961 (under President Carlos P. Garcia) and 1965–1972 (under
President Ferdinand Marcos).
• Platforms, Ideologies, and Views: The Nacionalista Party was initially created as a Filipino nationalist party
that supported Philippine independence until 1946 when the United States granted independence to the
country. Since then, many scholarly articles that dealt with the history of political parties during the Third
Republic agreed that the party has been increasingly populist, although some argued they had conservative
tendencies because of their opposition to the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party. The populist ideology
of the party remained to present day as described on their website.
They affirm their unswerving loyalty to the Constitution. In accordance with its preamble, it is our purpose to
maintain a government that will at all times be in consonance with the ideals of the Filipino people, conserve
 and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to them and their posterity
the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty and democracy.
• Front-Runner Candidates: Cynthia Villar, Pia Cayetano,
• Prominent Officials and Members: Antonio Trillanes, Bongbong Marcos, Manuel Villar
• Stand on controversial socio-economic and political issues:
• Stand on Political Support: Nacionalista Party (NP) stalwarts Rep. Luis Raymund ”LRay”
Villafuerte ( 2nd District, Camarines Sur) and Deputy Speaker Raneo Abu ( 2nd District of Batangas)
affirmed their party’s commitment to support Cayetano in his bid to become Speaker of the House
of Representatives.Cayetano is the current Secretary General of the Nacionalista Party.
• Stand on Federalism: Ilocos Norte Governor Imee Marcos re echoed her full support for President
Rodrigo R. Duterte’s move for federalism and urged fellow local chief executives to follow closely the
developments towards a possible shift in government system.
• Stand on Term Limits: Ilocos Norte Governor Imee Marcos favors removing term limits of elected
officials saying it does not deter political dynasties, but even worsens it.“Tanggalin na ang term limits
at hindi nakakatulong,” Marcos said during "Debate 2019: The GMA senatorial face-off"

III. How did these political parties contribute to the progression or regression of democratization, institutionalization, and
professionalization of electoral systems in the Philippines?

The principle political parties would in general help compare points of view for various reasons. In the first place, the social
foundation of post 1896 gathering pioneers varies from that of the pre-1972 gathering elites, which was smaller and was intently
connected with the landed theocracy whose lease looking for advantages were secured on state support and intercession.
Second, the new first-class shares for all intents and purpose the way that its individuals all accomplished the Marcos autocracy
and were partners during the 1986 People Power Revolution. They support decisions and other quiet and popularity-based
methods of progress in the wake of having seen rehashed open dismissal of military upsets and other vicious intends to settle
clashes. At last, the expert and material interests of gathering elites have developed during the post-1986 law-based routine.

In most liberal vote-based systems, ideological groups assume the significant job of speaking to the interests of their voting
public, utilizing races to make an interpretation of these into strategies with which to satisfy the goals of gathering individuals
and supporters. In any case, given the proceeded with control of elites that make for uneven portrayal in the Philippines,
ideological groups regularly work to dissuade vote-based system. UP Sociology Professor Randy David gives a convincing
depiction of what recognizes ideological groups in the Philippines from other working popular governments:

“Our political parties are incoherent and unstable. They have no enduring organizational identities and no clear constituencies.
They promote no distinctive visions or programs. Their hold on their leaders and members is weak. They are dormant much of
the time, coming alive only during elections. They have no sustained programs for recruiting and nurturing new leaders. The
leader of the party is usually the one who can fund its electoral participation. A leader with no funds of his own to dispense will
be unable to hold the party together. Party members do not pay regular dues to fund party operations. They expect the party to
financially support them. Philippine political parties are really brand names whose current owners trade on a bit of history to give
themselves a touch of stature.”

Here, political resistance is generally constrained inside intra-class terms—elites versus elites—instead of between class battle.
As in quite a bit of Asia, Philippine oppositional parties, particularly those made out of agrarian or work bodies electorate
contradicting tip top standard, will in general be viewed as incendiary.

Each gathering in the race has embraced some rendition of a similar talk that propounds comprehensive development, improved
administrations, and killing debasement. These almost indistinguishable stages underline absolutely the spot of characters over
arrangements and thoughts.

Gathering exchanging is overflowing in our present framework—seen for instance in the expression "visitor hopeful" to
demonstrate how little responsibility there is to the gathering. Without voting public sponsored political stages, our races can
frequently appear to be an unscripted tv appear or a games challenge. Both US President George Washington and our own
President Quezon really cautioned against ideological groups—doubting them as harbingers of interest and disruptiveness.
Notwithstanding, they would never envision the intensity of media and advertising we see today proficient, with the correct mix
of famous disposition and creation control, of catapulting characters to the viral dimension of AlDub hysteria.
Reference:

Morada, M.; Encarnacion-Tadem, T. (2006). Philippine Politics and Governance. Diliman, Quezon City,: Department of Political Science,
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