CHAPTER I

SKELETON

Human skeletons are grouped into three parts, they are:

1. The skull
2. The body skeleton
3. The limbs (appendages)

The human skeleton has certain functions. They are:

1. To protect the body’s organs.
a. The skull protects the brain and parts of the eyes, ears, and nose.
b. The body skeleton protects the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
c. Vertebrae protect vertebral nerves. Vertebral nerves connect all parts
of the body with the brain.
2. To shape the body
With its skeleton arrangement, human body looks different than animals.
3. To erect the body
With its skeleton arrangement, human can stand, squat, walk, and run
4. As a site where the muscles are attached
Muscle 9meat) and skeleton function together to form and move the
body. Without muscles, the skeleton cannot move.

JOINTS
A joint is the point of connection between bones. We will study moveable
joints further, such as hinge joints, saddle joints, ball-and-socket joints,
pivot joints, and gliding joints.
1. Hinge joints
 The movement direction of a hinge joint resembles the movement of a
door hinge. It enables bones to move up and down (vertically) but
hinders left or right movement (horizontally), or vice versa. Hinge joints
are found in the knee, elbow and the connection between toe bones and
between finger bones.
2. Saddle joint
A saddle joint enables forward, backwards and sideways movements. It is
found between the bones at the base of the thumb (the first bone of the
palm) and the first bone of the wrist. This joint enables thumb to touch
the other fingers.
3. Ball-and-socket joints
A ball-and-socket joint is the most flexible joint. It enables the bones to
move in all directions. For this type of joint, there is a ball-like part
enclosed by a bowl-like socket. It is found between the upper arm bone
and the shoulder girdle. It is also found between the thigh bone and the
hip bone.
4. Pivot joint
A pivot joint is found between the first and second neck bones. It enables
the head to make a rotating movement.
5. Gliding joints
In gliding joint, the bone surfaces are facing parallel to each other,
limiting movement to gliding only. This joint is found between the bones
of the wrist and ankle.

SKELETON DISORDERS
a. kyphosis is a condition where the backbone
is bent further backward

b. Lordosis is the condition where the back

bone is bent further forward

c. Scoliosis is a condition where the backbone

is bent to the right or left.
 BONE DISORDERS
1. X-shaped or O-shaped legs
This bone disorder is usually called rickets. It is caused by vitamin D
deficiency. As a result, the bones are not strong enough to sustain the
body’s weight and thereby are slightly bent or curved. This disorder
usually attacks babies and toddlers and the effect is carried out through
adulthood.
2. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a decrease of bone mass or density. It is mostly
caused by calcium deficiency. To fulfil the body’s need for calcium, the
body absorbs it from bones. Bones that are deprived of calcium will be
less dense, thus becoming fragile and easy broken.
3. Broken bone
A broken bone can caused by an accident. If it does not get proper
treatment, the broken bone will have a bulge when it is healed.
Therefore, if we get into an accident and get our bone broken, we need
proper medical treatment, such as in a local clinic or hospital.
Naturally, the broken bone will mend by itself.
4. Joint inflammation (osteoarthritis)
This disease usually attacks joints that work the hardest, such as
the joints in the knee and fingers. The cause is not clearly known yet. The
disease shows itself gradually.
The most prominent symptom is pain in certain joints, especially after
the body carries out many movements. In addition, there is also a
protrusion around the joint.
To reduce pain caused by osteoarthritis, the troubled joint should be
wrapped with warmth cloth or soaked in warm water. This should be done
repetitively. If the patient is obese, he or she must lost weight in order to
lessen the joint pain.

1. Write down the functions of the skeleton in humans!

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2. Write down the disorders of the backbone caused by poor sitting posture!
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3. Explain the natural healing process of a broken bone!
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4. What is the correct body posture during sleep?
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1. Why do mothers often sunbathe their babies in the morning?

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2. How the way to avoid lordosis, scoliosis and kyphosis?
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1. The coordination between the skeleton and . . . produce movement.

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2. The brain is protected by
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3. Vertebral nerves are protected by
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4. Aside from protecting body organs, the skeleton also functions to
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5. The joint that is located between the first and the second cervical (neck)
bones is called
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6. A knee joint is grouped as a . . . joint.
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7. Morning sunlight is good for maintaining skeletal health. Sunlight can
convert . . . in to vitamin D.
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8. Vitamin D helps the bones to absorb . . . and phosphorus from food.
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9. The number of bones in an adult human body is
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10. The radius is a part of the . . . skeleton
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EXERCISE SCIENCE Name : ……………………………../4……

1. Explain the joint base on the picture!

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2. Make some menu and activity for some one that has over age in order can keep the bone healthy!
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3. Frog is not insect. But it can do metamorphosis. Explain the reason!
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4. Skeleton has function to make the body easy to move. Worm is example of living things that not has skeleton, How the way
worm can move?
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5. Compare the following picture base on the skeleton!

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6. Compare the following picture !

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7. Caterpillar is a example stage that very disturbing in our environment. The life as pest and eat all the leaf, it can make many
plant can’t grow and die. What should you do to make the caterpillar has benefit for us and reduce the impact of it!
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8. A student do experiment to understand of substance that can make our bone get osteoporosis. He soak the chicken bone in
HCL liquid. Predicted what will happen to the chicken bone!
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9. Bone is heavy object but can hold our body. Why it can be like that?
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10. Explain about osteoarthritis!
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