Kingdom

Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
- all animals are many-celled.
- the cells are differentiated to form specialized tissues.
Tissues – are usually group to form organs and the organs to form organ system.
- most animal cells have a nucleus and organelles such as:
mitochondria - its function is to break down carbohydrates and fatty acids in order to generate energy.
golgi bodies - its function is the modifying, sorting and packaging proteins for secretion.
lysosomes - its main function is to remove waste.
ribosomes - its function is in making protein.
- animal cells are bounded by a plasma membrane and not rigid like plant cells.
- animals are heterotrophic which means they feed on other organisms.
- most animals are motile and can move from place to place.
- all animals are capable of sexual reproduction although some reproduce asexually.

1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

- simplest of the animals.

- its body is perforated with minute pores called ostia for the entrance of the water into a central cavity or
spongocoel while the oscular, the large openings are for the exit of water.
- they have no organs, only tissues.
Intercellular digestion – digestion takes place within the cell.
- the flagellated cells circulate the water in the spongocoel.
- the skeleton is in form of microscopic spicules or a network of spongin or both.
- is attached to the sea bottom or to rocks by means of stolon.

a. Class Calcarea – calcareous sponges.

Example: Grantia

b. Class Hexactinellida – glass sponges.

Example: Venus’ flower basket

c. Class Demospongiae – skeleton siliceous; mostly marine.

Example: Bath sponge
d. Class Sclerospongiae – coralline sponges, massive skeleton of calcium carbonate.
Example: Merlia

2. Phylum Coenlenterata (Cnidaria) Coenlenterates

- most of them are colorful so that most of the time they are reffered to as “flower animals”.
- these are the animals that fascinate scuba divers for they abound in the sea bottom.
- its body is radially symmetrical.
- its digestive tube is in the form of a hollow, gastrovascular cavity and there is no anus.
- hence the digestive tube is incomplete.
- its mouth is surrounded with tentacles which are provided with stinging cells or nematocysts.

a. Class Hydrozoa – hydroids. Mouth opens directly into a digestive cavity that lacks partitions.
Example: Hydra (freshwater polyp)

b. Class Scyphozoa – jellyfishes. Small to large madusae, chiefly of gelatinous mesoglea and of bell or
umbrella shape, margined with tentacles.
Example: Acrometoides (found in Manila Bay)

c. Class Anthozoa – sea anemones, corals, etc. A flat oral disk with tentacles.
Example: Sea anemone
Animal Cell
GRANTIA
VENUS’ FLOWER
BASKET
BATH SPONGE
HYDRA
ACROMETOIDES
SEA ANEMONE