Designing the Data Center

Asef Baddar, RCDD May 4 - 5, 2009

 Talking points
– What are Data Centers?

– Why Data Centers?

– The components of the Data Center

– Approaching the Data Center design

– Breakdown of the components

– Nuggets of information from TIA-942

– Forward looking designs for Data Centers

 What is a Data Center?
– A place to locate computer, storage and networking
devices safely and securely

– A place that provides un-interruptible power needed to

power a Company’s mission critical devices

– A place that provides a temperature controlled

environment for equipment to operate properly

– A place that provides connectivity to other devices inside

and outside the data center
Components of the Data Center

– Physical space
– Raised flooring
– Electrical
– Standby Power
– Cooling
– Fire Suppression
– Physical security
– Physical access
– Cabling
Why Data Centers?
Why are Data Centers Important?

Wiring Closet Data Center

Passive connectivity Critical Applications
Pass-through ¾ ERP
Cross-connect ¾ CRM
¾ SCM
CEO’s, CFO’s, CIO’s and ¾ Back office
other senior mgmt ¾ eCommerce
don’t spend much time
and focus on closets
Critical Computing
Systems
¾ Servers
¾ Storage
¾ Networking
 Why are Data Centers Important?
50-60% of all IT dollars are spent in the data center!

“Because that’s
where the money
is!”

Willie Sutton
The Approach
The Approach to designing a Data Center
– KISS – Keep it simple sir

– Flexibility – equipment changes

– Scalability – 2K sq.ft. or 2M sq.ft.

– Modularity – logical and master plan for equipment

– Standardize – consistency and uniformity

– The Human Factor – promote good habits

– Don’t lose your sanity! “Oops” will happen.

 What is tiering?
• Tier 1 – Basic

• Tier 2 – Redundant Components

• Tier 3 – Concurrently Maintainable

• Tier 4 – Fault Tolerant

Tiering look
 What is “ N “ ?
• N = Maximum capacity needs
• N+1 = Max. plus 1 extra device(s)
• N+2 = Max. plus 2 extra device(s)
• N=3 = Max. plus 3 extra device(s)
• N*2 (2N) = doubles need
• N*3 (3N) = triples need

• Balance Need versus cost and complexity of

redundant systems
 Tiering for availability
Level of availability Percent Downtime per year

Six nines 99.9999 32 seconds

Five nines 99.999 5 minutes and 15 seconds

Four nines 99.99 52 minutes and 36 seconds

Three nines 99.9 8 hours and 46 minutes

Two nines 99 3 days, 15 hours and

40 minutes

• Downtime affects productivity and business functions

 Flexibility
• Data Centers are not static – use products that can be
easily changed or moved
• Cabinets that can accept various equipment

• Panels that accept copper or fiber

• Outlets that can be changed with a cord

vertical Scalability
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Modularity
Standardize
The Human Factor
Hope for the best and plan for the worst
Understanding the
components
 Physical space
Data Center selection should consider:

– Seismic areas – use earthquake resistant technologies

– Ice storms – ensure backup generators can run for extended

periods

– Hurricanes – shelter against high winds

– Tornadoes – no windows

– Flooding – build on elevated ground

– Landslides – have retention walls

– Fires – install fire resistant walls and suppression systems

 Physical space continued…
– Polluted air – limit outside air or use high filtration air systems

– EMI – build away from sources of EMI

– Vibration – stay away from railroads, airports, major

thoroughfares

– Political climate – labor issues and materials delay

– Flight paths – distribute servers

– Service provider – can you get enough bandwidth

 Raised flooring
• Floor height – 24” for plenum is average
– Ensure there is enough ceiling height for heat exhaust

• Weight bearing capacity – should be rated with same strength

as sub-floor

• Sub-floor – shall be sealed to prevent concrete dust

• ESD – floors shall have static control

• No perforated tiles in main pathways – heavy equipment being

transported over them can break them

• Ramps – should have a 1 in 12 incline, be 6’ in width and have

landings on both ends or 6’ square for maneuvering equipment
 Electrical
Electrical specification should consider:

• Separate power sources – building system power feed

shall be isolated from server equipment power feed

• Bypass – have maintenance bypass options for normal

maintenance without taking down equipment

• Pre-wire cabinet locations – adds more upfront cost

but less disruptive

• PDU loads – do not load circuits more than 50 percent

• Use whips – flexibility for moving power

 Electrical continued…

• Receptacles – limit to 1 per circuit

• Heavy guage wire – 10 AWG is better than 12 AWG

• Run six 10 AWG wires – 3 phase conductors, 1 neutral, 1

equipment ground and 1 isolated ground

• Labeling – label the circuit and location in circuit panel

• Convenience outlets – do not tie into equipment power

feed
 Standby power
Standby power should be specified with the following
considerations:

• Sizing of UPS
– Use peak load and not operating load
– Uptime should be a minimum of 20 minutes at full load with
generator backup or 2 hours without a generator backup

• Generators – should be designed into your Data Center if

uptime will be critical for extended outages in the area

• Battery room – ensure adequate ventilation

• Monitoring lights – utilize color coded domes and wire the lights
into the various backup systems for instant visual clues such as
red for UPS and blue for generator
 Heat is destructive to electronics
“For every 18 degrees above ambient temp. (72F-75F) reduces
equipment life by ½” Intel 1987
 Cooling
Specifying cooling should consider:

• Fans – balance air flow with noise

• Ton of cooling – melting of 2,000 pounds of ice in 24 hours

– 1 ton = 12, 000 BTUs
– 1 watt = 3.41 BTUs

• Perforated tile – can displace approximately 4KW of heat

• Ideal temperature – 68 – 72 degrees is ideal

• Ideal static pressure - 0.2 - 0.5 in. water column

 Cooling continued…
• Containing pressure – seal all tile cutouts, walls and doors

• Ideal humidity – 50 percent plus or minus 10%

• Air handlers – have a buffer space around air handlers

• Cabinets – use solid side doors and install blanking panels

on cold side intake to increase pressure

• Air change – design for 50 air changes per hour

• Chilled water pipes – insulate them to prevent condensation

Overhead discharge
Hot and cold aisle discharge
 Hot and cold aisles

Front Power bank

HOT

1 tile can output

4KW BTU’s Front
 Cooling needs chart
Watts/sq.ft BTUs/sq.ft. DC size Total BTUs Tons of # of air
(sq.ft.) cooling handlers
50 170.5 10,000 1,705,000 142.1 5-7

75 255.75 10,000 2,557,500 213.1 7-10

100 341 10,000 3,410,000 284.2 10-14

125 426.25 10,000 4,262,500 355.2 12-18

150 511.5 10,000 5,115,000 426.3 14-22

175 596.75 10,000 5,967,500 497.3 17-25

200 682 10,000 6,820,000 568.3 19-29

 Fire Suppression
Fire suppression specification needs to address:

– Gases
• Inergen (IG-451) – removes oxygen from the air and ozone friendly
• Argonite (IG-55) – reduces oxygen in the air and ozone friendly
• FM-200 or HFC-227 –absorbs heat energy and ozone friendly
• FE13 or HFC-23 – absorbs heat energy and not ozone friendly

– Sprinklers – has a threshold rating of 155 degrees on the bulbs and

you should utilize a dry system in the server room

– Smoke and heat detection – allows a proactive approach

– Handheld extinguishers – use Class C which is CO2 or dry foam

 Physical security
Physical security specification needs to address:

– Door controls – use badge access or combination door locks

– Cages – additional physical security of sensitive equipment

– Locking cabinets – key or combination but be aware of cooling

implications

– CCTV – place at entrances into DC and at sensitive equipment

– Access Policies – have a policy on how access is granted

 Physical space
Physical space specification needs to address:

– Aisle size – 5’ for main thoroughfare

– Door size –shall be a minimum of 3 ft wide and 7 ft high, without

doorsill, hinged to open outward (code permitting) or slide side-to-
side, or be removable. Doors shall be fitted with a lock and have
either no center post or a removable center post to facilitate
access for large equipment

– The minimum ceiling height shall be 2.6 m (8.5 ft) from the
finished floor to any obstruction such as sprinklers, lighting
fixtures, or cameras. Cooling requirements or racks/cabinets taller
than 7 ft may dictate higher ceiling heights. A minimum of 18 in
clearance shall be maintained from water sprinkler heads.
Cabling
 TIA 942 – Telecommunications
Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
What kind of information can I find in the document?

– Scope
– Definition
– Design Overview
– Cabling system overview
– Cabling system infrastructure
– Telecommunications spaces and Related Topologies
– DC cabling systems
– DC cabling pathways
– DC redundancy
– Multiple Annexes
 Cabling Topologies

Direct Connect Distributed

 SD
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WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48
47

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
WS-X6548-GE-TX
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2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48
47

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 47
14 24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETHERNET SWITCHING MOD ULE PHONE
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Sample Application
 Patch Cord
SD
into Server
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WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE PHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ETHERNET
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
ETHERNET PHONE
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ETHERNET PHONE
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36
35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE PHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ETHERNET
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
ETHERNET PHONE
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
ETHERNET PHONE
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
ETHERNET PHONE
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET 28
PHONE
25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X6548-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 35 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 P ORT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE PHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ETHERNET
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40
37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Sample Application
 48-Port Patch Panels
SD
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Servers
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Patch Cord
THE SIEMON COMPANY
SD
into Switch
SD
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Patch Cord
Switch
WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 1112 13 23 25 35 37
2 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
ETHERNET PHONE
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38
36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

into Server
WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 1112 13 23 25 35 37
2 14 47
24 26 36 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETHERNET SWITCHING MODULE PHONE
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
WS-X654 8-GE-TX 47 48
1 11 1314 23 25 3536 37
2 12 47
24 26 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24
ETHERNET PHONE
22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 41
37 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 11 1314 23 25 3536 37
2 12 47
24 26 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24
ETHERNET PHONE
22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 41
37 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 3536 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 38 48

Horizontal
STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T
SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET PHONE
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38
37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 3536 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET PHONE
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38
37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 11 13 23 25 3536 37
2 12 14 47
24 26 38 48

Cabling
STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T
SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET PHONE
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38
37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1 1112 13 23 25 3536 37
2 14 47
24 26 38 48

FA STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
STAT
N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ETHERNET
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
PHONE

US WS-X654 8-GE-TX
1
2
1112 13
14
23
24
25
26
35 37 47
36 38 48

STATUS 48 PO RT 10/100/1000 BASE-T

SWITCHING MODULE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24
ETHERNET PHONE
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38
37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Power Power
Supply 1 Supply 2

Catalyst SERI
ES
6500

Zone Distribution Area

Data Center topology
Sample of Panel Identifiers on Rack
 942 design guidelines
– In addition to satisfying today’s telecommunication requirements,
the horizontal cabling should be planned to reduce ongoing
maintenance and relocation. It should also accommodate future
equipment and service changes. Consideration should be given
to accommodating a diversity of user applications in order to
reduce or eliminate the probability of requiring changes to the
horizontal cabling as equipment needs evolve.

– Change your equipment and not your cabling!!!

– Minimum of Category 6 is recommended.

– Minimum of Laser Optimized 50 micron is recommended.

 942 design guidelines continued
– For copper cabling, in order to reduce the effect of multiple
connections in close proximity on NEXT loss and return loss, the
horizontal distribution area termination should be located at least
15 m (50 ft) from the main distribution area termination. *NOT
necessary!

– Overhead cable trays should be suspended from the ceiling

– 75 ohm cable (type 734 , 735) is allowed for application specific

applications such as DS-3

– Use a minimum of 4” wide vertical management on both sides of

racks and a minimum of 10” wide vertical between racks
 942 design guideline continued
– Power strips shall be labeled with the PDU/panel identifier and
circuit breaker number.

– Racks that are supported by the access floor shall be bolted to

the cement slab or a metal channel secured to the slab by
threaded rods that penetrate through the floor tiles.

– Sharp edges on the top of the threaded rods shall be covered

using domed nuts or other method. Exposed threads under the
access floor should be covered using split tubing or other
method.

– Power strips with indicators but no on/off switch or breaker

reset button should be used to minimize accidental shut-off.
Forward looking design
Overhead conveyance or under floor?
Utilize pre-terminated Category 6A systems

– Great for quick network deployment

– Excellent Channel to Channel characteristics
– Ideal for data center Server Row designs
– Lifetime System Warranty
– No field testing required at all
• 100% performance tested at factory to TIA CAT6A
– UTP or STP cables secured in braided sleeve
– Jack-to-Jack or Jack-to-Open configurations
 Utilize pre-terminated MTP design
– Consider OM3 fiber or better
– Great for quick network deployment
– Cabling harness can be changed for new equipment
– Excellent Channel to Channel characteristics
– Ideal for data center 4 connector low loss channels
– Lifetime System Warranty
– No field testing required at all
• 100% performance tested at Factory

MTP - SC MTP - LC
Duplex Duplex
 Switch or Server Cabinet Options

– 72 x CAT6A UTP ports in 2U

– Minimizes server or switch cabinet rack space

– 3 panel options

• Standard Flat

• Angled

• Recessed Angled
 Server Cabinet Panel Option
• VertiGO Patch Panel
– 12 x CAT6A ports
– Consumes zero rack space
– Provides easy access to servers
– Improves airflow
– Improves cable management
 Never worry about wiring cabinets again
– Reduces cabling/congestion inside of cabinet
– Allows for copper and/or fiber connectivity
– Supports 10G connectivity
– No need to wait on cabinets for your data center projects!!
 Summary
– Simplify

– Build it for scalability

– Build it using modularity

– Changes to your design can impact other areas

– Remove the “oops” factor by planning

Thanks you for your time!