Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36 doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00134.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Nursing intervention to enhance acceptance of pregnancy in

first-time mothers: Focusing on the comfortable experiences of
pregnant women jjns_134 29..36

Yasuka NAKAMURA
Women’s Health Nursing, Course of Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the present study was to describe effective nursing care through evaluation of a nursing
intervention that enhanced acceptance of pregnancy and focused on a comfortable experience for pregnant
women.
Methods: Thirty-two subjects who were expected to have a normal pregnancy were assigned into either the
intervention or the control group. The nursing intervention consisted of the use of a pregnancy diary and
four interviews, two of which were held in the first trimester, one in the second and one in the third trimester.
The nursing care given was recorded in tapes and field notes. The data were analyzed using a qualitative
content analysis method.
Results: As a result of analyzing the nursing care of 13 women pregnant for the first time who were provided
with nursing intervention, the following seven categories of nursing care were extracted for the intervention:
encouragement of women to record their experiences using a pregnancy diary; recognizing and acknowl-
edging negative feelings; reducing the negative aspects of pregnancy and reframing; expression and rein-
forcement of positive feelings; clarification and reinforcement of positive meanings; awareness of own
comfortable experiences; promotion of diverse comfortable aspects and continuation of comfortable expe-
riences. The seven nursing care interventions were effective in increasing the comfortable experiences of
pregnant women and enhancing a positive attitude towards pregnancy.
Conclusions: Nursing intervention can aid in enhancing positivity and comfort in pregnant women.
Furthermore, this nursing intervention can be applied to adolescents, socially disadvantaged pregnant
women, and hospitalized women.
Key words: adaptation, intervention studies, pregnant women, psychological, quality of health care.

INTRODUCTION Lederman, 1984). Acceptance of pregnancy affects

A woman must adapt to a dramatic shift in her lifestyle
as she changes from an individual responsible primarily
for herself to a parent responsible for the life and
well-being of a child (Klaus, Klaus, & Kennel, 1995;
Correspondence: Yasuka Nakamura, Women’s Health
Nursing, Course of Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate
School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai,
Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
Email: nakamurayasuka@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
Received 17 February 2009; accepted 4 October 2009.
various aspects of maternal life, such as motivation in
adapting to the maternal role (Shindo & Wada, 1990), a
positive feeling towards the fetus, internal motivation
for self-care behavior (Manabe, Seto, Agari, Kitagawa,
& Kotake, 2001), and adaptation postpartum (Kiehl &
White, 2003). Two reasons for child abuse is an undes-
ired pregnancy and dislike of children (Takakubo et al.,
2005). Therefore, it is important to give support to
enhance acceptance of pregnancy in prenatal nursing
care. So far, nursing care during the antenatal period has
focused on reducing the negative aspects of pregnancy,
such as stress and uncomfortable symptoms related to

© 2010 The Author

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Y. Nakamura
pregnancy (Takao, 2002; Watabnabe, Kawasaki, Sato,
Hayatu, & Ueda, 1997). Although nursing care focusing
on the positive side of pregnancy tends to be included in
antenatal nursing care (Sato & Takahashi, 2005),
research has found evidence of an absence of detailed
nursing care. Nakamura and Mori (2005) explored the
subjective comfortable experience of pregnant women
as a positive aspect of pregnancy in longitudinal inter-
views from 20 to 38 weeks of pregnancy. It was found
that women experienced various comfortable experi-
ences from the first trimester, a period of morning
sickness, to the third trimester, a period of activity
restriction. In addition, it was suggested that a positive
attitude improved acceptance of pregnancy (Nakamura
& Mori, 2005). Nursing care which promotes a com-
fortable experience for pregnant women is a positive
way to support women and enhance their acceptance of
pregnancy. It may also help in the process of becoming a
mother and influence a more comfortable delivery expe-
rience and better child-rearing. Therefore, the purpose
of the present study was to describe effective nursing
care through carrying out and evaluating a nursing inter-
vention that enhanced acceptance of pregnancy and
focused on a comfortable experience for pregnant
women.
METHODS
A longitudinal and quasi-experimental research design,
pretest and post-test design with control group, with
convenience sampling was used to recruit pregnant
women from a maternity clinic located in urban areas
near Tokyo, Japan, between 2005 and 2006. The inclu-
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Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
Figure 1 Research framework of the
present study.
sion criteria were primipara women expecting a normal
pregnancy, able to read, write and speak Japanese and
willing to participate. Exclusion criteria included having
severe pregnancy complications, or requiring hospital-
ization. To escape from interchange of those mothers,
women who participated in the first half of the research
period were grouped into a control group, and in the
latter half of the research period were grouped into an
intervention group.
The research framework (Fig. 1) considered the fol-
lowing: women show various emotional reactions, such
as positivity, negativity, and ambivalence to the preg-
nancy and to the physical, mental, and social changes
accompanying the pregnancy (Rubin, 1984; Shindo &
Wada, 1990). According to Pender (1996) and Ellis and
Harper (1975), behavior that accompanies positive
feelings tends to be repeated, and the behavior becomes
an effective motivation. A more comfortable experience
for pregnant women would be gained if positive aspects
of those reactions were to be promoted. Acceptance
of pregnancy was enhanced by the accumulation of
various comfortable experiences of the pregnant
woman. Based on cognitive restructuring theory by
Ellis and Harper (1975), the nursing intervention was
designed to enhance positive emotional reactions,
leading to a comfortable experience and acceptance of
pregnancy. Age, educational background and employ-
ment are thought to be other influential factors, but
were not analyzed here.
This study was permitted by a university ethical
board of review in a school of nursing. Women were
approached by a doctor during a prenatal clinic visit
between 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy and were
© 2010 The Author
Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
informed briefly about the study. If they were inter-
ested in the study, the researcher explained it in detail
and handed out a document for informed consent.
Pregnant women were given time to think about par-
ticipation in the study. If they agreed, written informed
consent was obtained at the next prenatal visit that
was about 2–3 weeks later. Women in both groups
received four nursing consultations on pregnancy-
related symptom management which lasted about
30 minutes, during the third, fourth, sixth and ninth
months. Moreover, women who belonged to an inter-
vention group were provided the nursing intervention
that was developed by the researcher from a previous
study and with maternal nursing experts. Nursing
counseling and interviews as an intervention focused
on the women’s comfortable experiences. In particular,
women were encouraged to express their positive emo-
tional reactions to the pregnancies and to recognize
when they felt comfortable mentally, as well as physi-
cally, during their pregnancy. Their positive experi-
ences were then reinforced via verbalizing the
experience and positive feedback. The original preg-
nancy diary was developed (Nakamura, in press) to
encourage the pregnant women to record their com-
fortable experiences during the periods between the
interventions and to help them better recall their com-
fortable experiences during the subsequent interven-
tions. The aims of these nursing interventions were as
follows: that pregnant women had a positive attitude
toward pregnancy such that they could cope with
symptoms accompanying the pregnancy by themselves;
that being pregnant and its physical changes was a
comfortable experience for pregnant women; that
pregnant women were made aware of the comfortable
experience of pregnancy. To maintain consistency of
the nursing consultation, intervention and counseling,
all were performed by the same researcher. For this
reason, the sample size of each group was approxi-
mately 15 women.
The nursing intervention was recorded in field notes
and on tape with the subject’s permission. Demographic
data were collected from simple questionnaires and
clinical records. Operational definitions of the patients’
attitudes were as follows: acceptance of pregnancy –
accept being pregnant and the physical changes accom-
panying pregnancy, and being prepared to become a
mother; comfortable experience – a realized or perceived
experience with a positive emotional reaction towards
being pregnant and re-evaluation of the pregnancy as
being associated with positive feelings such as happi-
ness, joy, pleasure or relief.
© 2010 The Author
Journal compilation © 2010 Japan Academy of Nursing Science
Enhancing acceptance of pregnancy
The attitudes of both groups of women to being
pregnant were estimated by asking them the following
questions: “What do you think about being pregnant?”
and “What do you think about the physical changes of
pregnancy?” Depending on each woman’s reply, their
acceptance of their pregnancy was characterized as
positive acceptance, passive acceptance or negative
acceptance.
Verbatim transcribed recorded interviews and field
notes were used as qualitative data in this study. A
qualitative conventional content analysis (Hsieh &
Shannon, 2005) was used for analysis. This is usually
appropriate when research literature on a phenomenon
is limited (Hsieh & Shannon), and researchers avoid
using preconceived categories (Kondracki, Wellman, &
Amundson, 2002). In the present study, because exist-
ing nursing care was not applied in this nursing inter-
vention and because of the present study’s aim, this
analysis method was selected. First, after the interview
data and field notes were read repeatedly, the nursing
intervention was summarized into a simple sentence and
assigned a code. The nursing care codes were then cat-
egorized into subcategories according to the efficacy of
the nursing care in enhancing acceptance of the preg-
nancy. Depending on the relationships between the sub-
categories, they were combined or organized into
categories. To confirm the reliability and validity of the
qualitative data, analyses were supervised and discussed
with maternal nursing experts before transcribing the
results to text.
RESULTS
Thirty-two women were eligible for the present study,
of whom 24 (75%) participated at 9–37 weeks gesta-
tion. The remainder could not continue because of relo-
cation to another area, or because of hospitalization for
preterm labor. The number of subjects who completed
all the nursing consultations and the interventions was
13 in the intervention group and 11 in the control
group. The mean age of each group of subjects was
27.8 (SD = 3.5) years in the intervention group and
29.7 (SD = 3.8) years in the control group. The mean
age of the male partners was 30.5 years (SD = 4.4) and
30.5 (SD = 3.6) years, respectively. Nine of the women
(69.2%) in the intervention group and eight of the
women (72.7%) in the control group were employed,
with six of the nine, and five of the eight, respectively,
leaving her job during the research period. The mean
duration of marriage was 18.7 (SD = 22.6) months
(range 0–64) and 28.5 (SD = 36.2) months (range
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Y. Nakamura
0–98), respectively. Nine women lived with their part-
ners, with one of nine leaving her partner to live with
her parents. Previously, three women in the interven-
tion group and two women in the control group had
experienced spontaneous abortion. In the intervention
group, one had an elective abortion, and one had infer-
tility treatment.
As a result of analyzing the nursing care codes, 45
subcategories were recorded as nursing behavior. Then,
the characteristics of the nursing care, which was
carried out as a series or combined with the nursing
behaviour in each pregnancy period, were integrated
and the following seven categories of nursing care were
extracted for the intervention: encouragement of
women to record their experiences using a pregnancy
diary; recognizing and acknowledging negative feelings;
reducing the negative aspects of pregnancy and refram-
ing; expression and reinforcement of positive feelings;
clarification and reinforcement of positive meanings;
awareness of own comfortable experiences; promotion
of diverse comfortable aspects and continuation of
comfortable experiences. The seven nursing care inter-
ventions were effective in increasing the comfortable
experiences of pregnant women and enhancing a posi-
tive attitude towards pregnancy.
Encouraging memories of pregnancy
experiences using a pregnancy diary
This nursing intervention was to encourage descriptions
of events that had mainly positive feelings, but also to
record events associated with negative feelings, such as
anxiety, in a pregnancy diary. Women were asked to
record entries daily, if possible, but at a minimum of
once a week. Most women made diary entries more than
once a week, with greater detail and increased frequency
as the pregnancy progressed. In the first trimester, they
described their anxiety and nervousness more than their
positive feelings, but this made their concerns obvious at
interview. Moreover, their pregnancy was analyzed
objectively by reading the diary. It also led to a positive
aspect of looking for pleasurable experiences in order to
describe them in the diary.
Recognizing and acknowledging
negative feelings
This nursing care focused on negative emotional reac-
tions, such as anxiety, uncomfortable symptoms, dis-
satisfaction, hatred, shock caused by the pregnancy
itself, morning sickness, tiredness, physical changes
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Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
(i.e. enlarged abdomen), social changes (i.e. managing
work), and physiological changes (i.e. mood swings).
First, women were encouraged to verbalize their feel-
ings and events by answering questions about their
pregnancy, distress and uncomfortable symptoms. At
the same time, those negative feelings were recognized
as such. Women were encouraged to understand that
every pregnant woman might have some negative atti-
tudes towards their pregnancy and to not necessarily
feel bad about this, but recognize that negative feelings
naturally arise. The nursing care was carried out from
the first to the third trimesters, but was particularly
emphasized in the first trimester. Negative feelings
occurred not only in pregnant women who had nega-
tive attitudes to pregnancy because they were unmar-
ried or had an unexpected pregnancy, but also in those
who had a positive attitude to their pregnancy, but
who had vague feelings of anxiety and some slight
concerns. In the second trimester, some women
expressed dissatisfaction with their husband or partner.
In the third trimester, although women complained
about uncomfortable symptoms accompanying their
enlarged abdomen, talking about their feelings made
them feel better.
Reducing the negative aspects of pregnancy
and reframing
This nursing care was carried out after “recognizing and
acknowledging negative feelings”. Women were encour-
aged to clarify the reasons why they felt negative, such
as discomfort or anxiety. Suggestions were made for
coping with the symptoms, with support and encourage-
ment given to regard their pregnancy in a different way.
For changes accompanying pregnancy, women were
assured that these changes were a result of pregnancy
and were normal. Technical knowledge about physi-
ological changes occurring throughout pregnancy was
given. Women were encouraged to explore the positive
aspects of their feelings and events; for example, confir-
mation of their pregnancy, recognizing that changes
were temporary during the pregnancy period, proof of
the baby’s health, and opportunities for child care after
giving birth. Nursing care included recognition of the
husband’s, partner’s, or surrounding people’s behavior
and discussing their feelings to encourage positivity;
such as the anticipation of becoming a father and affec-
tion for the baby. Moreover, after recognizing their
negative attitudes to pregnancy, women were encour-
aged to take the opportunity to think about the different
aspects of their pregnancy.
© 2010 The Author
Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
Expression and reinforcement of
positive feelings
This nursing care encouraged a positive emotional
reaction, such as happiness, joy, relaxation, ease with
the pregnancy itself, physical changes (i.e. enlarged
abdomen and fetal movement), social changes (i.e.
becoming a mother), psychological changes (i.e. becom-
ing calm), and seeing the partner’s attitude change.
Women recalled the time they recognized they were
pregnant, and were encouraged to have receptive atti-
tudes, such as showing interest and talking about them-
selves. Pregnant women who did not mention any
happiness about their pregnancy were encouraged to
recognize positive feelings of events accompanying preg-
nancy such as enlarged breasts and abdomen, ultra-
sound findings, preparation of baby goods and the
husband’s and family’s behavioral changes. Reinforce-
ment of positive feelings was carried out by promoting
expression and verbalization of positive feelings, verbal-
ized feedback, providing support and empathizing with
their positive feelings.
Women with ambivalent feelings first expressed their
negative feelings, and then a relative reduction of the
negative aspect was promoted by expression and rein-
forcement of the positive side of pregnancy. In the first
trimester, expressing positive feelings in their own voice
was particularly encouraged. As the pregnancy pro-
gressed, women could find pleasure in an event and
verbalize their feelings. Empathy was mainly given in the
third trimester.
Clarification and reinforcement of
positive meanings
This nursing care was carried out after “expression and
reinforcement of positive feelings”. Verbalization and
clarifying the meaning of positive feelings was encour-
aged by asking how joyful and happy the woman was
feeling. This nursing care was carried out for women
who were not good at verbalizing their feelings. A posi-
tive outlook was recognized and reinforced by feedback
by talking about their feelings again. Reinforcement of
the positive aspect of comfortable experiences was done
by positive feedback at the same time. From the first
trimester, clarification of the reasons accompanying
positive feelings was carried out carefully one by one
This nursing care helped pregnant woman analyze more
objectively why they were happy, and encouraged them
to reassess the husband’s, baby’s and surrounding
people’s feelings. Since they were then able to express
the reasons for positive feelings by themselves as the
© 2010 The Author
Journal compilation © 2010 Japan Academy of Nursing Science
Enhancing acceptance of pregnancy
pregnancy progressed, empathy and support were
mainly given in the third trimester.
Awareness of own comfortable experiences
This nursing care was carried out after women’s recog-
nition of the positive feelings towards their pregnancy
and the accompanying changes. Having a comfortable
experience was reinforced by repeating verbalized feel-
ings and meanings and promoting diverse comfortable
experiences. This awareness was also recognized by
positive evaluation of the husband’s and surrounding
people’s behaviors. A pregnant woman objectively
evaluated the comfortable experience of her pregnancy,
and the comfortable experience was impressed upon her
by appreciating that she had many of these. In the first
trimester, because women did not talk about comfort-
able experiences, this nursing care was carried out
repetitively. When women came to talk about their expe-
riences with positive feelings and positive meanings,
empathizing care was mainly performed.
Promotion of diverse comfortable aspects and
continuation of comfortable experiences
This nursing care was carried out at the same time as
“awareness of own comfortable experiences”. After the
full expression of a comfortable experience, this was
expanded by asking about other pleasant events, and
other aspects of the comfortable experience were
expressed and reinforced. Behavior that produced posi-
tive feelings was supported and approved, and women
were encouraged to continue the comfortable experi-
ence. In circumstances where a woman did not talk
much, she was encouraged to talk about a previous
comfortable experience and was reassured and praised
for continuing. A new comfortable experience was
expected by supporting a forward-looking attitude, such
as trying to enjoy the pregnancy and trying to make time
to feel happy. In the first trimester, a comfortable expe-
rience relevant to the woman was mainly encouraged. A
comfortable experience relevant to the fetus was mainly
encouraged in the second trimester and, in the third
trimester, various aspects of the comfortable experience,
including its relevance to surrounding people, were pri-
marily encouraged.
DISCUSSION
Nursing care directed towards negative
emotional reactions
Effective nursing care to reduce negative emotional reac-
tions focusing on a comfortable experience with two
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Y. Nakamura
interventions, “recognizing and acknowledging negative
feelings” and “reducing the negative aspects of preg-
nancy and reframing” were derived. It was reported that
listening and empathizing allowed people to feel at ease
and accept their condition. Doing so makes self-help
solutions easier (Yoshimoto & Kojima, 1999). This
allows recognition and expression of the pregnant
women’s negative feelings as an aid to discussing vague
and ambivalent feelings that are often experienced by
pregnant women in the first trimester, and to gain accep-
tance of the pregnancy. Another report found that relief
of negative feelings by counseling of pregnant women
required acceptance of the pregnancy (Shindo & Wada,
1990) and supported the efficacy of nursing intervention
in promoting acceptance of the pregnancy. Attentive
listening and empathy deepened the relationship of
mutual trust (Yoshimoto & Kojima, 1999). This report
found that someone being available to affirm, accept
and respect attitudes was important for the woman to
accept her own attitudes. Hirose (2003) also found that
this type of nursing care was effective and important. In
Japanese culture, Japanese people are required to always
show socially acceptable behavior (Kudo & Matsu-
moto, 1996). The Japanese way is that women should be
happy with pregnancy and should not have a negative
attitude. For these reasons, Japanese do not express
negative feelings even when they have them (Kudo &
Matsumoto, 1996). Therefore, pregnant women cannot
express negative attitudes toward pregnancy and so
keep them to themselves. They can be relieved of nega-
tive feelings about pregnancy and can accept the preg-
nancy positively when those negative feelings are
recognized as a normal reaction to pregnancy. In the
present study, the midwife who performed the nursing
intervention became not only a person who could be
consulted, but also a partner who empathized with and
understood the pregnant woman.
Nursing care towards a positive
emotional reaction
For effective nursing care towards a positive emotional
reaction that focused on a comfortable experience, two
nursing interventions, “expression and reinforcement of
positive feelings” and “clarification and reinforcement
of positive meaning”, were derived. Because the Japa-
nese nature is such that it is not favorable to express
one’s feelings (Kudo & Matsumoto, 1996), most preg-
nant women were not good at verbally expressing them-
selves about their experiences. However, verbalization
focusing on the positive aspects was carried out continu-
ously throughout the pregnancy, and the women became
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Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
able to express their positive feelings using their own
initiative. Beck (1976) proposed that expressing one’s
positive emotions verbally has the effect of allowing the
person to transform these into enhancing experiences.
By considering the positive emotions and their related
causes, pregnancy can become a more pleasant experi-
ence for the woman as she can gain a greater awareness
of her experiences. Taking stock of experiences can
allow the woman to become more comfortable about
this important life event.
Greenspoon (1955) said that a client’s behavior was
formed by “ah-hah” and other consensual actions and,
in later research, he also showed how an interviewer
could encourage the client to verbalize with repeated
simple actions. This nursing intervention had the effect
of making pregnant women speak more often and
strongly by using continuous interviews and nursing
care, such as agreement, empathy, and approval. During
this nursing care, some women talked about their
anxiety and concerns about their pregnancies. Nursing
care towards a positive emotional reaction was ineffec-
tive if the nursing care towards negative emotional reac-
tions was not adequately carried out at the same time.
Maternity life can be made comfortable to some extent
after ensuring the pregnant women’s safety. So, with
respect to the reinforcement of positive feelings, nursing
care towards negative emotional reactions is required at
the same time.
Nursing care towards a comfortable experience
As effective nursing care towards a comfortable experi-
ence, three nursing interventions, “encouragement of
the memory of experiences using a pregnancy diary”,
“awareness of own comfortable experiences”, and “pro-
motion of diverse comfortable aspects and continuation
of the comfortable experiences”, were derived. Even if
there were some opportunities to discuss anxieties and
concerns about pregnancy with a friend or family
member, the opportunity to share pleasure and joy with
people does not occur very frequently. It is often difficult
to find a companion to share pleasant experiences of
pregnancy, due to urbanization and the cultural shift
from extended families towards nuclear families.
However, the subjects in the present study had an oppor-
tunity to recognize the positive aspects of their preg-
nancy and be in a place where they could express their
positive experiences. Once people experience comfort,
their wish for it becomes stronger, and reward further
strengthens it. As a result, people will cope with work
more enthusiastically and productively (Beck, 1976). In
this study, pregnant women had their comfortable expe-
© 2010 The Author
Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2010) 7, 29–36
riences recognized. It was found that they could increase
their variety of comfortable experiences by receiving
praise at regular prenatal check-ups and could cope with
the events accompanying positive feelings better and
more productively. Moreover, it has been suggested that
expressing one’s own positive feelings strengthens resis-
tance to stress (Ellis & Harper, 1975). Thus, talking
about comfortable experiences might lead to better
coping with stress related to pregnancy changes. The
experience of imagining the child or life with the child,
which was one comfortable experience in this study, is
the same as “fantasy” (Rubin, 1984); meaning the cre-
ation of a bond between the mother and her child. This
is also related to the process of maternal role attainment
(Rubin, 1984). Promoting a comfortable experience
enhances the process. In general, although pregnant
women want to live peacefully without stress to the
fetus, they lack the knowledge of how to live in such a
way. It is accepted that for Japanese to feel safe and at
ease, they must conform to formal courteous behavior,
and that self-expression tends to cause distress (Haga,
2004). In keeping with this Japanese characteristic,
pregnant women had a more comfortable experience
when they were provided with information about fetal
movements, spent time making items for the baby and
when they had their abdomen caressed by their
husband. In other words, the midwife with technical
knowledge can increase the diversity of comfortable
experiences in pregnancy and the midwife can provide
an actual example of what the woman can do.
Implications and applications for nursing
Although the subjects were medically low-risk primi-
para, approximately 30% of the current subjects were
women who married after pregnancy or who were
unmarried. This nursing intervention is expected to have
a beneficial effect on unmarried women, women with an
unplanned pregnancy, socially disadvantaged women,
such as adolescents, and women whose attitude towards
pregnancy is negative. Even if their pregnancies were
planned, women with uncomfortable pregnancy symp-
toms who have social stress and conflicts with their
career also tended to have negative attitudes towards
their pregnancy. This nursing intervention should
support those pregnant women, and would be expected
to have a positive effect on their attitudes toward preg-
nancy. In this study, a daily pregnancy diary was used as
a supplement, and the effect was greater than expected
(Nakamura, 2009). The daily diary can be useful in the
setting of the outpatient clinic where interview time is
limited. In the case of the high-risk pregnant woman
© 2010 The Author
Journal compilation © 2010 Japan Academy of Nursing Science
Enhancing acceptance of pregnancy
who needs hospitalization, this nursing intervention
could be applied once the acute situation has passed.
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