EEET2274/ EEET2337

Electrical Energy Conversion

Switched Converters

Professor Grahame Holmes

Dr Richardt Wilkinson
 I
o
DC-DC Step Down (Buck) Converter
L
i V
DC
VD

Vs V t
DF C o
DT T

Interval I Interval II

i ΔΙ
i
Interval I I
Vs Vo o
C
t
DT T

ΔV
i v
Interval II V c
V V o
s C o
t
DT T
Interval II

Interval I

Switch Turned On Switch Turned Off

di ΔI di ΔI 2
VDC − Vo = L =L 1 − Vo = L =L
dt DT dt (1 − D )T
RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 2
 Buck Converter – Simulation Investigation

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 3

 DC-DC Step Down (Buck) Converter
Equating ΔI1 to -ΔI2 gives
LΔI1 = − LΔI 2 = LΔI = (VDC − Vo )DT = Vo (1 − D )T

Vo = DVDC , 0 ≤ D ≤1 I
o
i V VD
L DC
This is a step-down in the
Vs outputD voltage.
C
V
o F
t
DT T

Interval I Interval II

i ΔΙ
Inductor current ripple is determined
V Interval I using Vo
I
o
i

s C
di t
v=L for Interval II
dt DT T

ΔV
i v
V (1 − D )T DVDC (1 − D ) Interval1II V c
ΔI = o = V
s where f = C
V
o
o
L Lf T t
DT T

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 4

 DC-DC Step Down (Buck) Converter
dv
Output voltage ripple is determined using i =C over ΔT/2
dt
⎧ DT (1− D )T ⎫ DT (1− D )T
1 ⎪⎪ 2 ΔI 2t 2
ΔI 2t ⎪⎪ ΔI ⎡ t 2 ⎤ 2 ΔI ⎡ t 2 ⎤ 2
ΔVo = ⎨ ∫ dt + ∫ dt ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
C ⎪ 0 2 DT 0
2 (1 − D )T ⎪ CT ⎢⎣ 2 D ⎥⎦ 0 CT ⎢⎣ 2(1 −
I
D ) ⎥⎦ 0
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ o
i V VD
L DC
ΔI ⎧⎪ D 2T 2 (1 − D )2 T 2 ⎫⎪ ΔI .T V⎧ D (1 − D )⎫ V t
= ⎨ + ⎬ = ⎨s + ⎬D F C o
DT T
CT ⎪⎩ 8 D 8(1 − D ) ⎪⎭ C ⎩ 8 8 ⎭
Interval I Interval II

i ΔΙ
i
Interval I I
o
ΔI .T D(1 − D )VDCVs (1 − D )Vo C
Vo
ΔVo = = 2
= t
8C 8Lf C 8Lf 2C DT T

ΔV
i v
Interval II V c
V V o
s C o
t
DT T

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 5

 Low Side DC-DC Buck Converter

Interval I

Interval II

Switch Turned On Switch Turned Off

Analysis and Performance is same as High Side Buck Converter

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 6
 I
o
DC-DC Step-Up (Boost)
L Converter
i
D F V
o
V
T
V T V
s C o t
DT T

Interval I Interval II
Io
L i ΔΙ
i
Interval I
V V
s C o
Io
t
DT T

I
o
L i ΔV v
c
Interval II Vo
V V
s C o
t
Interval I T
DT

Interval II

Switch Turned On Switch Turned Off

di ΔI di ΔI 2
VDC = L =L 1 VDC − Vo = L =L
dt DT dt (1 − D )T
RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 7
 Boost Converter – Simulation Investigation

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 8

 DC-DC Step-Up (Boost) Converter
Equating ΔI1 to -ΔI2 gives
LΔI1 = − LΔI 2 = LΔI = VDC DT = (VDC − Vo )(1 − D)T
I
o
V i
Vo = DC , 0 ≤ D ≤1 L DF V
o
V
T
1− D Vs T
C
V
o t
This is a step-up in the output voltage. DT T

I Interval I Interval II
o
L i ΔΙ
i
Interval I
Vo
Inductor current ripple is Vdetermined
s using
C
Io
t
di DT T
v=L for Interval I
dt I
o
L i ΔV v
c
Interval II Vo
Vs Vo
VDC DT DVDC 1 C
t
ΔI = = where f =
L Lf T DT T

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 9

 DC-DC Step-Up (Boost) Converter

Output voltage ripple is determined using I

o
L i V
DF V T
o
Vs T V
C o t
dv T
i =C for Interval I
DT
dt Interval I Interval II
I
o
L i ΔΙ
i
DT Interval I
Vo
1 1 Vs DI o DVo C
− ΔVo = − I dt
∫ o C o = I DT = = Io
t
C 0
Cf RLCf DT T

I
o
L i ΔV v
c
Interval II Vo
Vs Vo
C
t
DT T

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 10

 Buck/Boost Converter

Interval I Interval II

(Mohan, Fig 7-19)

Using same approach

as before
VDC DT Vo (1 − D )T
ΔI = =
L L

Vo D
=− Switch Turned Off
VDC 1− D Switch Turned On

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 11

 Buck/Boost Converter – Simulation Investigation

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 12

 Relationship between Buck, Boost & Buck/
Boost Converter

D = Sbuck duty cycle

V1 V3 V V1 DVdc
= DVdc = dc =
V3 V2 1 − D V2 1 − D

Buck Boost Buck/Boost

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 13

 Discontinuous Conduction
Discontinuous conduction occurs when the current flowing
through the inductor of the converter reaches zero before
the end of its energy discharge period. This causes the
associated diode in the conduction path to turn off,
generating a step change in the output voltage.

The simple duty cycle analysis of voltage transfer presented

so far is invalid for discontinuous conduction operation, and
a more complex analysis of the converter input/output
voltage relationship is required.

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 14

 Discontinuous Conduction – Buck Converter

IL,peak

Average Voltage across L must DT δT

T
always be zero per switching
cycle (no DC residual)
(VDC − Vo ) DT = Vo δT Vo D
I L, peak = =
L L VDC D + δ

I L, peak (D + δ )T Vo 2 LI o
I o = I L( av ) = = (D + δ )δT = DVDC T δ δ=
DVDC T
2 T 2L 2L

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 15

 Discontinuous Conduction – Buck Converter

IL,peak

Vo D 2 LI o 1 DT δT
= and δ= fs = T
VDC D + δ DVDC T T

Vo D2 D2 Vo
= = since Ro =
VDC D 2 + 2 Lf s I o VDC D 2 + (2 Lf s Ro ) ∗ (Vo VDC ) Io

Vo D2 VDC
= 2 where I B =
VDC D + I o 4 I B 8Lf s

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 16

 Discontinuous Conduction – Buck Converter
Vo
VDC

Io
IB

Buck Converter: Input/output voltage relationship during

discontinuous conduction with constant D

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 17

 Discontinuous Conduction – Buck Converter
Buck Converter: Variation of D to maintain constant output
voltage under discontinuous conduction conditions
Rearrange Vo D2 D2
= 2 = 2
VDC D + 2 Lf s I o VDC D + (2 Lf s Ro ) ∗ (Vo VDC )
V
2 ⎛⎜ ⎞ Vo 2LfI o
to get D ⎜1 − o ⎟⎟ = ∗
⎝ VDC ⎠ VDC VDC
Vo 2 LfI o 1 V 2 LfI o Vo V 2 Lf Ro
D= = o = o
V DC V DC (1 − Vo V DC ) V DC (1 − Vo VDC ) VDC (1 − Vo VDC )

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 18

 Discontinuous Conduction – Boost Converter

Average Voltage across L must always be zero per

switching cycle (no DC residual)
Vo D +δ
VDC DT = (Vo − VDC )δT ⇒ =
VDC δ
VDC iL, peak δT VDC
iL, peak = DT Io = = DTδ
L 2 T 2L
2 LI o
δ=
DTVDC

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 19

 Discontinuous Conduction – Boost Converter
Vo D +δ 2 LI o
VDC
= and δ=
δ DTVDC

Vo D 2 + 2 LfI o VDC D 2 + (2 Lf Ro ) ∗ (Vo VDC )

= =
VDC 2 LfI o VDC (2 Lf Ro ) ∗ (Vo VDC )

Rearrange to solve for D to maintain constant Vo

2 LfI o ⎛ Vo ⎞
D2 = ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
V DC ⎝ VDC ⎠

2 LfI o ⎛ Vo ⎞ 2 Lf Vo ⎛ Vo ⎞
D= ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
VDC ⎝ VDC ⎠ Ro VDC ⎝ VDC ⎠

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 20

 Discontinuous Conduction – Boost Converter
Boost converters required a minimum output load to
operate (must discharge energy from inductor each cycle)

Energy stored in inductor for each cycle (during

discontinuous conduction) is
2
1 2 1 ⎛ VDC DT ⎞ (VDC DT )2
EL = LI L, peak = L⎜ ⎟ =
2 2 ⎝ L ⎠ 2L

Minimum load is therefore given by

Vo2 (VDC DminT ) 2 (VDC Dmin ) 2
Pmin = = f =
RL 2L 2 Lf

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 21

 Combine Buck/Boost Converter Topologies
Two major topologies are single switch buck and
single switch boost

Buck Boost
While there are many variations of these basic structures, a
large number are relatively minor extensions or
combinations with additional auxiliary circuits

Major characteristics are ONE primary switching device, and

(to some degree) limited internal energy storage

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 22

 Two Quadrant DC-DC Chopper
One very common variation is to combine a forward buck and
a reverse boost converter into one structure that can
transfer power in either direction

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 23

 Two Quadrant DC-DC Chopper (Phase Leg)
One very common variation is to combine a forward buck and
a reverse boost converter into one structure that can
transfer power in either direction

Vo = Dbuck VDC , 0 ≤ Dbuck ≤ 1

Vo = (1 − Dboost )VDC , 0 ≤ Dboost ≤ 1

Dbuck = 1 − Dboost

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 24

 Four Quadrant DC-DC Chopper (2 Phase Legs)
Two phase legs combined makes a 4 quadrant DC-DC
converter, that can produce either polarity output voltage,
conducting current in either direction.

D1 T D3 T
1 I 3
o
Vs
V
o
D2 T Load D4 T
2 4

Two Quadrant Chopper #1 Two Quadrant Chopper #2

Vo = D1VDC − D2VDC = (D1 − D2 )VDC

D1 = 1 − D2 = D Vo = (2 D − 1)VDC so that − VDC ≤ Vo ≤ VDC

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 25

 Single Phase DC-AC Converter – Simulation
Investigation

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 26

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter
Switching the duty cycle between 0 and 1 at a low frequency
creates an AC square wave output voltage (block modulation).

Vs
D T D T VA t
1 1 Io 3 3
A B
Vs
V
Vo VB s t
D2 T2 Load D4 T4

V
Vo s t
V
s
2Vs ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫
VA = ⎨cos ωt − cos 3ωt + cos 5ωt − cos 7ωt + …⎬
π ⎩ 3 5 7 ⎭
2Vs ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫
VB = − ⎨cos ωt − cos 3ωt + cos 5ωt − cos 7ωt + …⎬
π ⎩ 3 5 7 ⎭
4Vs ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫
V AB = ⎨cos ωt − cos 3ωt + cos 5ωt − cos 7ωt + …⎬
π ⎩ 3 5 7 ⎭

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 27

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter
1.5

1
Vs
D T D T VA t
1 1 Io 3 3
A B 0.5
Vs
V
Vo VB s t
D2 T2 Load D4 T4 0
V
Vo s t
-0.5 V
s

Harmonic Components of -1
Phase Leg Square
Waves -1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

2Vs ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫
VA = ⎨cos ωt − cos 3ωt + cos 5ωt − cos 7ωt + …⎬
π ⎩ 3 5 7 ⎭
2Vs ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫
VB = − ⎨cos ωt − cos 3ωt + cos 5ωt − cos 7ωt + …⎬
π ⎩ 3 5 7 ⎭
4Vs " 1 1 1 %
Vo = VA −VB = #cosω t − cos3ω t + cos5ω t − cos 7ω t +…&
π $ 3 5 7 '

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 28

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter
Load currents flow sequentially between switches and diodes
over a fundamental cycle

T1 & T4 D2 & D3

D1 & D4

T2 & T3

Note the phase delay between the fundamental voltage and

current == load power factor angle

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 29

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter
Block modulation can be modified by Phase-Shifting Square
Wave (adjusting α) to control the output voltage -> PSSW
switching
+Vs

α α α α

0 ωt
π 2π

-Vs

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V3 30

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter – PWM Modulation

Sinusoidal - Cross Cross

Target + Over Over
Delay Delay
Voltage
Load

M
D= sin(ωo t ) + 0.5 Vo = VDC (2 D − 1) = VDC M sin(ωo t )
2

Compare a sinusoidal reference against a high frequency

triangular carrier to create a pulse train series that has the
same fundamental frequency as the target reference

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 31

 Modulation of Single Phase Inverter

T2

T3 T4

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 32

 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter – PWM Modulation
1
0
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Sine-Triangle comparison
1
0
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Phase Leg A
1
0
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Phase Leg B
1
0
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Phase Leg A – Phase Leg B

Two level modulation – switch each phase leg oppositionally from

one carrier comparison
RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 33
 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter – PWM Modulation
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Three level modulation – switch each phase leg separately from

two carrier comparisons
RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 34
 Single Phase DC-AC Inverter – PWM Modulation
0
10
Fundamental for Phase Leg a Triangular Carrier
Phase Leg Harmonics
t
-1
10

Triangular Carrier

t -2
10

Switched Waveform Fundamental for Phase Leg b

for Phase Leg a
+Vdc
-3
10
t
−Vdc
Switched Waveform
+Vdc
for Phase Leg b -4
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t Harmonic Number
−Vdc 0
10
Switched l−l
+2Vdc
Output Waveform Output Harmonics
t
-1
−2Vdc 10

+Vdc
Phase Leg a -2
−Vdc 10
+Vdc
Phase Leg b
−Vdc
+2Vdc Vz Vz Vz Vz -3
Vactive Vactive 10
Vactive
l−l Output Voltage
Vactive
−2Vdc Vz Vz Vz Vz

t i−1 ti ti+1 tj−1 tj tj+1

-4
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Harmonic Number

RMIT EEET2274/2337 Energy Conversion Systems Buck/Boost Converters V2 35