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Setting SEL-321 Relays in The Computer-Aided Protection Engineering System (CAPE)
Setting SEL-321 Relays in The Computer-Aided Protection Engineering System (CAPE)
in the
Prepared for
This document is the sole property of Electrocon International, Inc. and is provided to the
CAPE Users Group for its own use only. It may not be supplied to any third party, or
copied or reproduced in any form, without the express written permission of Electrocon
International, Inc. All copies and reproductions shall be the property of Electrocon
International, Inc. and must bear this ownership statement in its entirety.
Application Note on Setting SEL-321 Relay
I. Relay Models
A. Description
• Four zones of phase and ground mho elements plus four zones of ground distance
quadrilateral elements, each reversible, with independent phase and ground timers
• Voltage elements
• Single-phase elements
• Weak-infeed logic
• Remote-end-just-opened (REJO) logic, using 50A, 50B, 50C and 3P50 IOC elements
• Fault Locating
• Power-swing blocking and tripping (but the out-of-step elements can be plotted in CAPE
CG)
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• Internal supervision of phase distance zones 1-4 by the Loss-of-Potential Logic, Single-
Pole Open Logic, and Out-of-Step Blocking Logic
• Zone 1 extension
• Switch-Onto-Fault Logic
You can continue to use your existing relay STYLEs, or you can replace the older STYLES
with the SEL-321-1 or SEL-321-5, without losing your system settings. The database editor
can compare any two STYLEs to show the taps that are different.
SEL-321-1_5A 5.0 A
SEL-321-1_1A 1.0 A
SEL-321-5_5A 5.0 A
SEL-321-5_1A 1.0 A
The following older STYLES are no longer distributed to new users in the
database “cape_starter.gdb.”
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50ABC
32QF 21P
PHASE
50PP DISTANCE
50L
50G 21G
GROUND
32Q DISTANCE
TRIPPING LOGIC
OR
50N PILOT SIGNAL
67N
32Q INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT
50Q
67Q
32Q
INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT
51NP
51N
32Q
GROUND TIME
OVERCURRENT
All element settings, except for contact logic, are taken from the common taps. If you
change a setting or drag a curve, CAPE automatically changes the corresponding common
taps.
A. CT and VT Connections
When you place a relay style in your system, you will have to choose an appropriate
operating CT and VT. This can be done by clicking on the “Connect Op CT” button in the
relay setting form of the Database Editor, and choosing a suitable CT from the list shown.
If no CT exists, you will have to create one. The CT you choose will be assigned to all
elements that need a current input. For the voltage input, click on the “Connect Op VT”
button and choose an appropriate VT.
The SEL-321 does not require a separate directional polarizing VT or polarizing CT,
because CAPE stores the negative-sequence directional elements as distance elements
(with ZONE_CHARAC_UNIT_1 defined as “DIRECTIONAL”).
Do not change the CT and VT quantities; CAPE copies the defaults from the database
library.
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B. Negative-Sequence Directional Elements 32QF and 32QR
Z2 = Re
FG V
2
e − jMTA
IJ
HI2 K
The MTA is the tap setting Z1ANG. For forward faults, Z2 is usually negative and must be
less than the tap setting Z2F. For reverse faults, Z2 is positive and must be greater than
Z2R. For the optimum MTA, the positive-sequence line angle is a good approximation.
CAPE models these elements as DIST elements. All settings are made from the relay
common taps. You do not have to visit the individual element setting forms. You must set
the common taps as follows:
See [1] for setting rules, or use the CAPE Relay Setting macro “sel_321_nseq”.
C. Distance Elements
Reach and torque angle settings are made from the relay common taps. You do not have to
visit the individual element setting forms. CAPE does not allow external supervision in the
SEL-321. The DIST elements are already internally supervised and the present code
allows only one supervisor per element.
To set the DIST elements you specify the common taps, which are listed in detail below.
• Enabling taps PMHOZ, GMHOZ and QUADZ (N,1,2,3,4). The default for these is “N”
(no operation).
• A single line angle (MTA) set as Z1ANG degrees for all zones.
• Zone reach (secondary ohms). For zone 1, for example, Z1P, Z1MG and XG1 are all
measured from the R-X origin to the MHO circle or QUAD reactance line in the MTA
direction.
• Zero-sequence compensation taps (complex k0) for the GROUND DIST elements: k01M,
k01A for zone 1 and k0M, k0A for zones 2, 3 and 4.
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• Nonhomogeneous system compensation angle T for the ground quadrilateral element.
• Pickup taps for internal overcurrent supervision: 50PP phase and 50L and 50G ground.
DIST “Z1G” Zone 1 Ground distance with Mho and Quad units
DIST “Z2G” Zone 2
DIST “Z3G” Zone 3
DIST “Z4G” Zone 4
DIST “ZLIN” Zone 1 Left part of ZLOAD characteristic; operates only for positive-
sequence current > 0.1 * rated current and for arg(Z1)
between 90 and 270 degrees (inward load)
DIST “ZLOUT” Zone 1 Right part of ZLOAD characteristic; operates only for positive-
sequence current > 0.1 * rated current and for arg(Z1)
between -90 and 90 degrees (outward load)
Phase distance zones 1-4 are also supervised internally by the directional element 32QF or
32QR; these constraints are in the program code.
Operation of phase distance zones 1-4 is blocked by operation of either ZLOAD element
when Load-Encroachment Logic is enabled (tap ELE = ‘Y’). This constraint is in the
program code.
Ground distance zones 1-4 are also supervised internally by the directional element 32QF
or 32QR; these constraints are in the program code.
For DIST elements, you may set the Desired Primary Ohms and angle (degrees) for
informational purposes only.
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D. Instantaneous Overcurrent
To set the IOC elements you specify the pickups, torque control and timer settings as
common taps. Also set the “Enabling” taps E50N and E50Q (N,1,2,3,4).
The CAPE model treats directional and non-directional IOC elements separately; use either
in the contact logic.
IOC “50Q1”
IOC “50Q2”
IOC “50Q3”
IOC “50Q4”
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Additional elements:
1. Elements
To set the TOC elements you specify the curve type, pickup, time dial setting and torque-
control choice as common taps. Also set the Enable taps E51N and E51Q. You do not have
to visit the individual element setting forms.
CAPE uses a fixed dropout time of 1 cycle; the reset equation is not implemented.
The time-dial Common Tap ranges are 0.01 - 15 with step 0.01 for all STYLES, to cover the
ranges of both US curves (0.5 to 15) and IEC curves (0.01 to 1.0).
Phase TOC elements may be blocked by one of the forward or reverse load-encroachment
elements (ZLOUT or ZLIN), or may be supervised by the Zone 2 element M2P. These
options are included in the library model.
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2. Increasing the TOC operating time for high currents
The SEL-321 has three IOC elements to provide logical outputs for the TOC pickups with
no time delay: 51NP, 51QP and 51PP. These have the same torque-control taps as the TOC
elements 51N, 51Q and 51P. You may use these to provide a minimum operating time after
the TOC element picks up.
For the ground TOC element 51N, for example, choose 51NP to supervise an AUX element
TX set with the required tripping delay. Use 51N and TX as the contact logic codes for
elements 51N and TX. Then set a contact logic expression for the LZOP to include terms
(51N AND TX).
G. Timers
You set all TIMERs using the common taps. (Earlier versions of the SEL-321 library used
the TIMER element setting form instead.)
For each timer that you intend to include in the trip logic, set a suitable
CONTACT_LOGIC_CODE.
For instantaneous tripping of a zone, give its TIMER tap an operating time of zero.
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The three timers TX, TY and TZ are stored as AUX elements; CAPE automtically sets their
pickup and dropout times from the common taps.
Other timers are provided for record-keeping only. It is unlikely that they will be included
in the LZOP trip path.
H. Voltage Elements
Voltage element 59PR, if modeled fully, would need to be a DIST element in CAPE as it
operates on both current and voltage. It estimates a remote-bus overvoltage for long lines
as (Vo - a1 * Z1L * Ip). The element is not normally used in distance or pilot protection
schemes. The CAPE model uses Vp only and treats tap “a1” as zero.
I. AUX Elements
The following AUX elements may be used in the system data with any supervising
elements. You must specify the supervisors separately in the system Aux Element Data
form for each SEL-321 relay in the system. The pickup and dropout times are read from
the common taps specified in the library data.
TX TXPU TXDO
TY TYPU TYDO
TZ TZPU TZDO
Let the (+/-/0) sequence relay voltages and currents be (V1, V2, V0) and (I1, I2, I0). Let the
phase A, B and C voltages and currents be (Va, Vb, Vc) and (Ia, Ib, Ic).
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⎛ V2 ⎞
Z2 = ⎜ exp (-j MTA) ⎟
⎝ I2 ⎠
The MTA is the tap setting Z1ANG. For forward faults, Z2 is usually negative and must be
less than the tap setting Z2F. For reverse faults, Z2 is positive and must be greater than
Z2R. For the optimum MTA, the line angle Z1ANG is a good approximation.
Abs(I2/I1) must exceed the setting “a2”, and abs (3*I2) must exceed the pickup 50QF
(forward) or 50RF (reverse).
and
If fewer than three DIST phase loops operate, the phase element is also supervised by the
negative-sequence directional element, directly in the program code. If all three phase
loops operate, the phase element operation is restricted by the ZLOAD limit as in [1].
All three phase-phase or phase-ground loops are evaluated; the element asserts if any one
phase asserts.
In the phase distance elements, a memory-polarized mho comparator evaluates the three
phase-phase loops “A-B,” “B-C” and “C-A.” The zone will operate if any one of the three
loops operates according to the following equation (shown for loop “A-B”):
c
Re VAB ⋅ conj VAB,MEM h < Z REACH
c
Re e jMTA ⋅ I AB ⋅ conj VAB,MEM h
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VAB and IAB are the voltage and current in the loop. The “MEM” subscript denotes memory
(prefault) voltage in the loop. MTA is the tap setting Z1ANG. ZREACH is the reach of the zone
being evaluated (the circle diameter and the magnitude in the MTA direction).
The other two loops are evaluated similarly. The Operating CT Quantity and Operating VT
Quantity are set internally in the code as “Three Phase” (A or B or C).
For the ground distance elements, both the MHO element and the reactance portion of the
quadrilateral element compare the reach with its tap setting (e.g. Z1P, Z1MG, X1G) at the
line angle Z1ANG, not at 90 degrees. The quadrilateral element sees fault resistance up to
the tap setting (e.g. RG1) for a radial line. For a non-radial line, the remote-end infeed
reduces the resistive reach.
The ground distance comparator equations are quoted below from reference [2] for mho,
reactance, and resistance boundaries. The negative-sequence directional element
determines the boundary behind the relay.
Excerpt from [2] showing ground mho comparator equations for SEL-321 distance elements.
k0 is the zero-sequence compensation setting (Z0L/Z1L –1)/3 for the protected line. Ir = 3 I0
= residual current into the protected line.
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Excerpt from [2] showing ground quad comparator equations for SEL-321 distance
elements.
The "S-bus" is the local bus at the relay. k0 and T are relay settings.
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The ground quadrilateral element is bounded at the top by the reactance line. The tilt
angle T is set nonzero for a nonhomogeneous system (where the zero-sequence source
impedance angles at the line ends are different from the line angle). T should be estimated
for a single-line-ground fault as:
T = arg(fault current from line to ground) - arg (zero-sequence current from relay to fault).
When you apply a fault and plot it in Coordination Graphics, the apparent impedance that
is reported and displayed (for the ground distance element) depends on the type of unit that
is enabled in the relay.
If both the MHO and QUAD units are enabled, then, the apparent impedance is the
ground-current compensated value given by
VA
ZAPP =
IA + 3I0 ⋅ K 0
The above value is shown and reported irrespective of which of the two units operated.
If the QUAD unit is the only one enabled, the apparent impedance is not a single
calculation. It is made up of two parts: (a) the calculation of the reactance according to
equation 18 above (excerpt from [2]), and (b) the calculation of the fault resistance RF
according to equation 20 above (excerpt from [2]).
Therefore, the calculated apparent impedance must be manipulated a little bit before it can
be plotted in CG, and reported.
This identifies the faulted phases in ground faults. If the ground current (3I0) is greater
than 0.1 * rated current, the phase and ground distance elements are blocked for selected
phases. Otherwise, any phase can cause tripping.
Let I0 and Ia2 be the relay zero-sequence and negative-sequence currents (the phase A
sequence components).
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Let arg (Ia2/I0) = S, when both 3*Ia2 and 3*I0 magnitudes exceed 0.1 * rated current.
If -30 <= S <= 30 degrees, the fault is A-G or B-C-G and is measured by elements A-G and
B-C only. The remaining elements are blocked.
If -30 <= arg (Ib2/I0) <= 30 degrees, the fault is B-G or C-A-G and is measured by elements
B-G and C-A only. Here Ib2 is the phase B component of negative sequence current:
Similarly, a C-G or A-B-G fault is detected when 90 <= S <= 150 degrees.
The margin of 30 degrees is arbitrarily suggested in [3] because most faults have an angle S
close to one of the center values (0, 120, -120). If S differs by more than 30 degrees from all
the center values, there is no phase selection in CAPE and any element can operate. The
additional rules for the actual relay are not available.
V. Contact Logic
To assign contact logic, first enter the element data for the system. In the database editor,
select the Elements tab of the Protective Device Data form. You specify a contact logic code
for each element that directly trips the breakers in the relay LZOP. All other contact logic
codes can be blank. In the simplest schemes, only the TOC element, the ZONE 2-4
TIMERS, and the ZONE 1 DISTANCE elements need contact-logic codes.
Next go to the Contact Logic Data form and enter the contact logic codes and expressions.
You can enter the tripping code as a single long expression or in several stages.
Finally view the LZOP Data form and assign the highest-level LZOP logic code. When this
asserts as TRUE, the breakers in the LZOP open.
The DIST, IOC and TOC elements can be taken out of service by setting their “Enable” taps
appropriately (N, 1, 2, 3, 4), or by setting their CONTACT_STATUS to ‘O’.
The contact-logic-code names will help you to interpret the reports from CAPE RC and SS.
The names of the SELogic variables are suitable. Since each contact logic code can refer to
at most one element in the LZOP, you should add a prefix if there are two similar relays in
the LZOP.
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The following are examples.
For DIST elements the Contact Logic Code is usually blank except for Zone 1. Suggested
values for Zone 1 Contact Logic are:
If you want to use the elements 50PP, 50L, or 50G in your trip logic, you can define the
following intermediate contact logic codes in the Contact Logic Data.
Only the taps that CAPE uses are shown here. All the taps are shown in the database
editor. They may be set for recordkeeping by the user.
All taps are set in secondary (relay) units (amps, volts or ohms).
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Line Settings
Enable Zones of Distance Settings (N = none, 1 = zone 1 only; 2= zones 1 and 2, etc.)
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XG3 Zone 3 Ground QUAD Reach at Z1ANG
XG4 Zone 4 Ground QUAD Reach at Z1ANG
Load Encroachment
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PLAR Load-Encroachment Reverse Positive Angle
NLAR Load-Encroachment Reverse Negative Angle
18
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element
Voltage Element
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Loss-of-Potential: for information only
Miscellaneous Timers
Special taps for CAPE model (setting fixed for each STYLE)
References
1. “SEL-321, SEL-321-1, and SEL 321-2 Phase and Ground Distance Relay, Directional
Overcurrent Relay, and Fault Locator Instruction Manual,” Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc., Pullman WA; November 20, 1996.
3. E. O. Schweitzer III and Jeff Roberts, “Distance Relay Element Design,” 46th Annual
Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas; April 12-14, 1993.
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