Module 5

Property Modeling
Petrel Workflow Tools

Introduction Surfaces and Stratigraphic

3D Grid Construction: Structural Modeling
Data edit Modeling
Intro to Petrel
Interface
Studio

Make Horizons
Fault Modeling Pillar Gridding Zones & Layering
3D Grid 3D Grid Make contacts &
Property Modeling
Construction Construction Volume Calculation
Structural Structural Gridding
Framework

Workflow Editor
Facies &
Well Log Petrophysical
Upscale Modeling
Facies Modeling
Objectives
 General Property Modeling Workflow
 Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques
– Deterministic techniques
– Stochastic techniques.
 Learn How to use Common Settings: Set filters
 Learn How to use Zone Settings: Define zones
 Learn How to use different Algorithms
– Sequential Indicator Simulation
– Object Modeling
– Fluvial channel
– General object modeling
– Interactive Modeling.
Property Modeling General Workflow

Less data
More uncertainty

Stochastic Pixel based Object based

Estimation Interpolation Addressed Deterministic

More data
Less uncertainty
Stochastic vs. Deterministic Modeling Methods

Stochastic Deterministic
Random (Seed number) It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors.
It generates different equiprobable results for It generates the same result for a given set of initial
different seed numbers. conditions.
Variable states are described by probability Variable states are described by unique values.
distributions.
It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional Need upscaled cells; needs more data.
modeling.
Allows more complexity and variability in the model; Faster to run.
can help assess uncertainty.
Algorithms Covered in the Course

Stochastic methods Deterministic method

Pixel based technique Object-based technique Direct addressing technique

Sequential Indicator Simulation Object modeling algorithm Interactive modeling drawing

algorithm

Distributes the property using the Allows you to populate a discrete Allows you to paint facies directly
histogram. Directional settings, property model with different on the 3D model.
such as variogram and trends, also bodies of various geometries,
are honored. facies types, rules, and fractions.
Facies Modeling Dialog Box

Two main modeling settings buttons are available: (Common

and Zone settings).

Common Settings Zone Settings

Defines general settings for the grid Defines settings for individual zones
properties to be made for all zones. (captured from Models pane > Zone
filter folder).
Common Settings

Use filter: Should be chosen only if a filtered part of the

grid is to be modeled.

Ensure that all cells get a value: If there is no input

data, all cells will be populated by averaging
surrounding cells.

Local model update: Updates the model inside a

region, inside a property, or around a well

Number of realizations: When running Uncertainty

analysis, multiple realizations are made with the same
input data.

Overwrite: Will overwrite the previous realizations with

same suffix number.
Zone Settings

Zone: Click to activate zonation. Choose a

zone to model from drop-down list.

Facies: If conditioning to a previous facies

model, click the Facies button.

Lock: Leave zone unchanged; unlock to

activate zone settings.

Method: Set the appropriate method from

the drop-down list for the zone to be
modeled.
Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation
Property Model (1)
SIS is a pixel-based modeling
algorithm, using upscaled cells as the
basis for fraction of facies types to be
modeled. The variogram constrains
the distribution and connectedness of
each facies.
1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

2. Choose the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set SIS as the Method for one zone.

4. Choose the facies from the template. Click the

Blue arrow to insert them into the model.
Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation
Property Model (2)

5. Variogram (2 methods):
• Specify Range, Nugget and Type manually.
• Click Get a variogram from Data Analysis

6. Fraction (3 methods):
• Use Global fraction from Upscaled cells.
• Use probabilities (property/trend).
• Use attribute probability curves or vertical
proportion curves from Data analysis.
Variogram: Quantifies Spatial Continuity of the Data

Variogram is calculated in 3 directions

There are many variogram types that can be fit into the
data. Petrel provides three options of prominent types:
exponential, spherical, and gaussian variograms.
Major
• You need three directions: Two in the horizontal
(major and minor) and one in the vertical direction. Vertical
• The range points the distance from which above, the
spatial dependence is set to randomness.
Variogram & parameters
• The azimuth is the rotation angle of the major range.
Sill

Nugget Range
Separation
1 2 3 4 5 distance (lag)
Create a Fluvial Channel Model (1): Facies Bodies

The Object modeling method uses upscaled cells as a basis for

the fraction of facies types to be modeled. The objects follow a
strict geometry, distribution, and trend defined by the user.

1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method to use.

4. Click the Fluvial channels icon to insert a channel body.

5. Choose facies properties to match Channel and Levee.

6. Fraction (2 methods):
• Use fraction of Channels and Levees from upscaled cells. (Gray
field is not editable.)
• Enter a fraction. (The white field is editable.)
Create a Fluvial Channel Model (2): Geometry

Layout: Specify Orientation, Amplitude and Wavelength.

Note: Drift applies randomness to each parameter.

Channel:
Specify the width and thickness of the channel.
Thickness can be in distance units or as a fraction of the width.

Levee:
Levees are the wing shaped deposits on the side of the channel.
Specify width and thickness (smaller than channel).
Create a Fluvial Channel Model (3): Trends and
Probabilities

Use volume probability:

• Use a function
• Use a surface
• Use a 3D probability property (usually a seismic attribute).

Use Channel trends:

• Flow lines are digitized polygons used as fairways for the
channels to follow
• Source points are indications of paleoheighs/provenance;
where channels begin.
Create a Fluvial Channel Model (4): Background

Background facies
• After the channel is defined,
choose a background facies. This
is distributed wherever channels
are not placed.

• Background can be undefined, a

single facies type, or a previously
generated property.
Create a General Object Model: Facies Bodies

The General object modeling approach creates standalone

objects following a strict geometry defined by the user.
1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method for the zone.

4. Click the Add a new geometric body button. (Ellipse

geometry is chosen by default.)

5. Choose the facies type you want your body to have.

6. Fraction (2 methods):
• Use fraction of upscaled cells.
• Enter a fraction (white field = editable).
Perform Interactive Modeling: (Draw Facies)

Interactive drawing of facies types that are not easily modeled.

Brush type
Tip: Use Simbox view and make a copy of the property.

Facies type

Radius

Height

Note: Irreversible process: This overwrites all other Profile

facies, including upscaled cell values. No undo!
EXERCISE
Facies Modeling
Extra: Object Modeling: Fluvial Channels Result

No drift applied (0) Drift applied (>0, <1)

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (1)

Deterministic Learning system

Estimation Direct Addressing Artificial

Indicator Kriging Asign values Interactive Neural Net

Discrete distribution of Choose from Allows you to paint Uses the classification
the property honoring undefined, constant, facies directly on the model made in the Train
the predefined other property, surface 3D model. Estimation model.
histogram and vertical functions.
Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (2)

Deterministic Learning system

Estimation Direct Addressing Artificial

Indicator Kriging Asign values Interactive Neural Net

Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (3)

Stochastic
Pixel based Object based

Sequential Truncated Truncated Multi-point Facies Object Modeling

Indicator Gaussian Gaussian Simulation
Simulation Simulation Simulation with
trends
Distributes the Used mostly with Distributes the The variogram is Allows to populate a
property using a carbonates where facies based on a replaced by a training discrete facies model
histogram. facies are known to transition between image giving both the with different bodies of
Directional settings be sequential. It facies and trend facies and the relative various geometries,
(e.g., variogram deals with large direction. Trends position to each other, facies and fraction.
and extensional amounts of input are converted into describing the spatial
trends), also are data, such as global probabilities to correlation from one-to-
honored. fractions and trends. then run TGS. multiple points.
Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (4)

Stochastic
Pixel based Object based
Sequential Truncated Truncated Multi-point Object Modeling
Indicator Gaussian Gaussian Facies
Simulation Simulation Simulation with Simulation
trends
Object Modeling
Adaptive Channel Modeling
 Petrel 2008.1: modified to honor the channel-levee association with
substantial well control over several layers (cross-layer).
 Uses sequential Gaussian simulation.
A C
 Better to use than traditional object modeling
techniques in situations with large numbers B
of well constraints and honors channel
connectivity.
 In Petrel 2009.1, you condition the model
to a 3D seismic probability.
Object Modeling: Adaptive Channels

1. Property and zone selection

a. Make sure to pick the correct property; must be
upscaled, i.e., have (U) as suffix.
b. Select Object Modeling as the method for one zone.

2. Facies body:
a. Click the Adaptive channels icon to insert a
channel body.
b. Choose facies properties to match.
c. Use the fraction of the upscaled cells or enter
a value
Multi-Point Facies Simulation

 Developed by Schlumberger Research (Boston) and introduced to the

Facies modeling process for Petrel 2009.1.
 Honors well, seismic, and probability data.
 It can model complex geological features and
connectivity. It efficiently generates multi-million
cell grids.
 A geological conceptual model is needed to build
a pattern that will capture the probabilities and
distribution of the facies.
This training image subtitutes the variogram.