EXTENSI

VESURVEYPROJECTWORK 2017

NEW TANK
PROJECT

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1.
NEW TANKPROJECT

ENTFEATURESOFTHEPROJECT:
SALI

Nameoft
hepr
oject
:Const
ruct
ionofanewt
ankacr
ossast
ream atkar
ighat
ta.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Tankirri
gationmaybedef inedasst orageirr
igati
onscheme, whichutil
izesthe
waterstoredont heupst r
eam sideofasmal leart
hendam cal ledabund( generall
y
l
essthan12m hei ght).Theseearthendam r eservoi
rsarethus,infact,call
edast anks,
speci
fical
lyinsout hI ndiawheresuchwor ksarev erycommon.Thi st echnologyis
thusli
mi t
edt oIndiaonl y
.Hencet hereisnot echnicaldif
ferencebetweenar eservoi
r
andat ankexceptt hatal ar
gesiz edtankwi l
lbet ermedasar eservoir.Moreover,a
reser
voirwillgener al
lybef ormedbydamsofanymat er
ialsuchasmasonr ydam,
concretedam, earthdam, et
c;wher easatanki sgenerall
ysaidtobef ormedbyear th
bundsonl y.Thesebundsspanni ngacr osst hestreams,ar ecalledt ankbunds,or
tankbanks.

Mostoft heexist
ingtanksofSout hIndiapossessamaxi mum dept hof4.5m,
whi l
eaf ew ar earound7.5t o9. 0met ers.Likeal leart
hdams,t ankbundsar e
gener all
yprovidedwithslui
cesorout l
etsfordi schargingwat erfr
om t hetanksfor
i
rrigationorot herusefulpurposes.Thesesl uicesmaybepi pesorr ect
angularor
archedopeni ngspassi ngneart hebaseoft hebundandt hroughthebodyoft he
bund and car rying t
he waterintot he downst ream channelbel ow the bund or
tr
anspor t
ing t
hrough dist
ances wher e everr equired through pipes and canals.
Somet imesthesuppl yslui
cesmaynotpasst hrought hebodyoft hebund,and
i
nst eadmaybecar ri
edadjacenttoitt
hroughoneendoft hebund.

Si
milarl
y,inthecaseofal ldam r eservoirprojects,tanksarepr ovidedwi th
arrangement sforspi l
l
way st odisposet hesur pluswat erduri
ngf l
oodi nor dert o
av oidov ert
oppingoft het ankbund.Thesesur pluswei rs( wasteweirs)pr ovidedi n
thebodyoratoneendoft hetankbund( orsomeot herar r
angement sl i
kesi phon
spi l
lway )maybepr ovidedasi tisdonei nthecaseofear t
hendam pr oj
ect s.The
sur plusescapewei risgener al
lymasonr ywei rwi t
hi t
st op,i.
e.crestl
ev elatt hef ul
l
tankl evel(FTL),whent het ankisf ullupt oFTL,andext rawat ercomesi ni tis
dischar gedov erthesur pluswei r
.Thel engthorcapaci t
yoft hissurpl
uswei rwi l
lbe
sodesi gnedthatwat erlev elinthet ankdoesnev erexceedt hemaxi mum wat erlevel
(MWL) .Thetopoft het ankbundwi l
lbekeptatal evel
,soast oprovideasui table
freeboar dabovethisMWL.
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Si
ncethesur
plusescapewei
risamasonryweiri
twi l
lhavetobepr
oper
ly
connectedt
otheear
thenbundbysui
tabl
edesi
gnedt
ankconnecti
ons.

THETANKWEI
RSORSURPLUSWEI
RSANDTHEI
RDESI
GNPRI
NCI
PLES

Thesurpl
uswat erisspil
ledf
rom atankint
ot hedownst r
eam channelsoast o
avoidtheri
seofwat erinthetankabovet heMWL.I nfactwaterwillact
uall
yst ar
t
spil
li
ngoverthecrestofthisweirasandwheni tr
isesabov eFTLandt hedi
scharging
capacit
yoft hiswei rwi l
lbe designed so ast o passt he f
ullmaximum f lood
dischar
geli
kelytoent erthetankwithadepthov erthewei requalt
ot hedif
ference
betweenFTLandMWL.

Althoughtheef fectivestoragecapacityofatanki sl
imitedbyFTL,butt he
areasubmer gedbyt het ankbundandr evetmentareal ldependentonMW.I tis
desi r
ablet okeept hediff
er encebetweenFTLandMWLt oami nimum.Ont heother
hand,smal lerist
hedi ff
erence,thelongerwillbethesurplusweirlengt
h.Hence,t he
differencebet weent heFTLandMWLi sf i
xedonacompr omi sebasis,ineach
projectsoast oobt ai
nov eralll
argesteconomyandef f
iciency.I
nsmal landmedi um
sizedt anks, t
heusual di
fferencebetweenFTLandMWLi skeptf r
om 0.3to0. 6m and
rarelyallowedt oexceed0. 9m.

SURPLUSWEI
R

Thesurplusortheexcesswat erisspi
ll
edfrom atanki
ntothedownstream ort
othe
channel
,soast oav oi
dther i
seofwat eri
nthetankabovetheMWL.I nfact
,thewat
er
wil
lgeneral
lystartspi
lli
ngov erthecrestofthi
sasandwheni tr i
sesabovetheFTL
and the di
scharging capaci
tyoft hi
swei rwil
lbe designed so asto passthe
maximum flooddischarge.

I
tisalwaysdesirabl
et oselectasiteforalocati
onofthewei rwherethestr
eam or
theri
verhasf air
lystr
aightcourse.Thesiteshouldbesucht hatwit
hami ni
mum
hei
ghtofweir,watercouldbedi vert
edtothedownstream side.Thefoundat
ionhas
tobeexpl
oredt overi
fythenatureofthesoi
l,i
.e.;
whet
heritispervi
ousorimpervi
ous
andwhetheri
tcanbeart hewei ghtofthest
ructur
ewit
houtset t
lement
.

FLOODDI
SCHARGE

I
fthest r
eam gauger ecordsar
eav ai
l
ableovera lar
geper i
od and yearlyfl
ow
di
schar
gesareavai
labl
e,thenusi
nganyofthev
ariousst
ati
sti
calmethodst hefut
ure
onein100yearfl
oodcanbecomput ed.Someti
mesobservedfloodrecordsont he

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banksofthestr
eam mayindicat
et hel
evelt
o whi
chfl
oodshavecome.Local
enqui
resal
sogiv
eusefuli
nfor
mationint
heabsenceofanysuchdat
a.Empi
ri
cal
for
mulaemaybeused.

TYPEOFTANKWEI
RS

Type–A: Masonryweirswi
thaverti
cal dr
op.
Type–B: Rocksfi
llwei
rswi
thaslopingapr on.
Type–C: Masonryweirswi
thaslopingmasonr yapron(GLACI
S)
Besi
desthesethr
eetypes,onemorety
pewhi chisacombinationoft
ypeAand
Ccanalsobeused.Thi
stypeDi sknownasawei rwithsteppedapron.

TANKOUTLETSANDSLUI
CES

Anout leti
sanopeni
ngi ntheform ofaculv
ertorapiperunni
ngunderthetankbund,
andsuppl yi
ngwaterf r
om t hetanktot hedist
ri
butorchannelbelow t
omeett he
i
rri
gationorotherwaterrequir
ementsasandwhenneeded.Sui t
abl
ewingwal l
sand
otherbankconnecti
onsar ealsoprovi
dedasrequir
edatt heheadandtai
lendofthe
culver
t.

Theventwayoft heslui
cedependsupont hetypeofi
rr
igat
ionpr
oposed.I
fthe
sl
uicehast oserveasaheadsl uiceforf
eedi
ngtanks,t
henthewater
wayhastobe
fi
xedwi t
hr ef
erencet othatdischargewit
haheadwayofabout15cms.( Between
crestl
evelofanicutandFSLoft hechannel
).

I
fthestream i
sperenni
alandcanbedependeduponforsupplytotheir
ri
gat
ion
ri
ghtthroughthecropperi
od,thentheventwaymaybef i
xedwithrefer
encetothe
dutyatwhichwaterisr
equir
edfortheachcutdur
ingt
het
ranspl
antat
ionperi
od.

LOCATI
ON

Dependingupont
heconv
eni
encet
heheadsl
uicecanbet
reat
edper
pendi
cul
art
othe
weiroratanangl
etot
hewei
raxi
s.

SCOURSLUI
CES

Inor
dertopreventdeposi
tionofsi
ltandsandattheheadoftheof ftaki
ngslui
ce,i
tis
cust
omarytolocatescourv entsi
nt hebodywallofthewei
ritself.Thesi
llofthese
vent
shast obesuffi
cient
lylowerthanthesil
loftheofft
aki
ngsl uicessothat
,when
oper
atedthebedwi l
lbeclear.

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Iftheheadsl ui
cesarelocatedinlinewithbot
htheheadslui
ceshutt
ersand
scoursluiceshutt
erscanbeoper atedfr
om acommonoper ati
ngpl
atf
ormresti
ngon
pressconst r
uctedovertheweirbodywal l
.Iti
salwaysbet
tert
ohavetwoventways
atleastdoublecapacit
yoftheheadsl ui
ce.

Asthi
sproj
ectisr
elat
edtotheconstr
ucti
onofadam,t
heprel
i
minar
yinvest
igat
ion
and pl
anni
ng pr
ogrammef orsurvey
si sto bepr
epar
ed i
nacompl et
emanner ,
i
ncl
udingworki
ngdrawi
ngs.

Thegeneralmapshowi ngtheelevat
ionofthewatercourses,canalr
outes,dams,
andimportantoccupat
ionalfeat
uressuchasveget
ati
on,cul
ti
vati
onlands,
roadsand
otherr
ail
-r
oadshast obeprepared.

SURVEYSTOBECONDUCTED

1.Longi
tudi
nal
andcr
osssect
ioni
ngoft
hemai
nbund.

2.Capaci
tycont
our
s.

3.Bl
ockl
evel
i
ngatt
hewast
ewei
randsl
uicepoi
nts.

4.Canal
ali
gnment
.

RECONNAI
SSANCESURVEYOFTHEAREA

I
nordertofixt hecenterl
ineofthebundwi thit
sendst at
ionsatsuit
abl
er educed
l
evel
sandalsot ol
ocat
epr opersi
tesforthewasteweir.Tanksluiceandcanaltake
of
fpointetc.,itisnecessarytoinspecttheprojectareabeforesurvey
ing. This
pr
eli
minar
yi nspecti
onisknownasr econnai
ssancesurveyoft heareawhichi sat
mostimport
ant.

Fav
orabl
econdi
ti
onsofsi
teforr
eser
voi
r
1.Lengthandhei
ghtoft
hedam shoul
dbemi
nimum.

2.Ther
eshoul
dbenat
ural
div
ersi
oncanal
tocar
ryt
hesur
pluswat
er.

3.Thel
engt
handhei
ghtoft
hewast
ewei
rshoul
dbeeconomi
cal
.

4.Goodfoundati
onsoi
lshoul
dbet
her
efort
hemai
ndam aswel
laswast
ewei
r
andt
anksluice.

5.Av
ail
abi
l
ityofconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
alsandi
tst
ranspor
tat
ion.

6.Thecostoft
hepr
otect
ivewor
ksshoul
dbemi
nimum.

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GEOLOGI
CALI
NVESTI
GATI
ONS

Thegeol
ogicali
nvest
igat
ioni
scar
ri
edoutt
ohav
edet
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ionoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts.

1.Wat
ert
ight
nessoft
her
eser
voi
r.

2.Sui
tabi
l
ityoff
oundat
ionsf
ort
hedam.

3.Geol
ogi
calandst
ruct
uralf
eat
uressuchasf
olds,f
aul
ts,j
oint
sandf
issur
esof
t
hebasi
n.

4.Ty
pesanddept
hofsuper
fi
cial
deposi
ts.

5.Locat
ionofper
meabl
eandsol
ubl
erockmat
eri
als.

6.Gr
oundwat
ercondi
ti
onsi
nther
egi
on.

7.Locat
ionofquar
ri
esf
orconst
ruct
ionofdam.

Thegeol ogyoft hecatchmentar eamustbest udied,si

nceiteffectsther unof f
percolati
on.Thespeci
alrequir
ementf ort
hegeologyofthereser
voi
rsiteisthatthere
shouldbenodangerofser i
ousleakagewhent hegroundisunderpressurefrom the
ful
lheadofwat erfrom thereser
voir
.Thegeologyoft hedam si
teisimpor t
antf r
om
thepoi ntofv i
ew ofsecur efoundationforthedam.Thenat ur
eofsub- surface
geology should be explor
ed by tri
albor es orv ar
ious means ofgeophy sical
explor
at i
on.

HYDROLOGI
CALI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

Thehydr
ologi
calinv
est
igat
ionisav er
yimpor
tantaspectofr
eser
voirpl
anni
ng.
Thecapaci t
yofirri
gat
ioncanalwilldependupontheav ail
abl
esuppli
esf r
om the
reser
voir.

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
udi
esar
econduct
edf
ort
hispur
pose:

1.Col
l
ect
ionandpr
ocessi
ngofr
ainf
all
dat
aoft
hecat
chment
.

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2.St
udyofr
unof
fpat
ter
natt
het
anksi
te.

3.Det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hest
oragecapaci
tyt
oagi
vendemand.

4.Study offl
ood hydr
ograph t
o obtai
n,the wor
stf
lood condi
ti
on f
ort
he
deter
minat
ionofthewastewei
rcapaci
ty.

LONGI
TUDI
NALANDCROSS-
SECTI
ONOFMAI
NBUND

I
nst
rumentsRequir
ed:Chain,Tape,Ar
rows,Pl
umbbob,woodenpeg,DumpyLev
el
wi
thTri
pod,Rangi
ngrods,
Lev el
i
ngStaff
,Pri
smati
ccompass,
Theodol
i
teet
c

Pr
ocedure
1.Cent erli
neal i
gnmentoft hebundf rom t heper manentbenchmar ki st obe
carri
edoutbyf lyleveli
ngandest abli
shat empor arybenchmar konl ef
tor
ri
ghtbank( whereev erthewor ki stobest art
ed) .
2.Locat ethet opbundRL’ Sonei therside.Usi ngt heodolit
ef i
xt hecent erli
neof
thebund,dr i
vewoodenpegsatr egularintervals.Not edownt hebear ingsof
thecent erli
neusi ngpr ismat i
ccompass.Al sot akebear ingst oper manent
objects( suchast r
ansmi ssiontower s,electr i
cpoles,buildingset c.
)f orboth
thebanks.
3.Al ongt hecent erl
ineoft hebundal readyf i
xed,takeL-sect ionsatev ery10m
(i
.e.RLal ongcent erl i
neonl y)andcr osssect i
onsatev er y30m upt oor
beyondt heembankmentedgesonei t
hersi deatev ery5m int erval
s.
Heightofbundatcent erlineH=( TBL–GL) .
Ther ef
orebasewi dthoft hebund={ (u/slopexH)+t opwidt h+( D/sl
opexH) }
.
4.Compl eteorcl osetheday ’sworkbyt akingf l
yl evel
st othetempor ar
ybench
mar k.

Dr
awi
ngsRequi
red

1) Longitudi
nalsecti
onoft hepr
ofi
leofdam toahori
zont
alscal
eof1:500and
ver
ti
calscaleof1:
100.
2) Thecrosssectionatvari
ouschai
nagesshowingt
heprof
il
eofthebund,MWL,
FTLanddeadst or
agelevel
etc.,
toascal
eof1:
100.

BLOCKLEVELI
NGATWASTEWEI
RANDSLUI
CEPOI
NTS

I
nstr
uments Requi
red:Levelwith stand,Leveli
ng st
aff
,Chai
n,Tape,Ar
rows,
Pr
ismat
icCompasswi t
hstandandrangingrods.

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Pr
ocedure
Thefol
lowingarethewor kst obecar
riedouti
nthesurvey.
1.Thet opofthewei rshouldbeattheFTL.Fixthecenterl
i
neofthewasteweir
andnot edowni t
sbear ingswit
hrespecttonort
hlineandalsof
ixthel
eftand
ri
ghthandcor nersoft hecenterl
ineofthewast eweirwit
href
erencetothe
temporarybenchmar k.

2.Constr
uctablockof40m lengt
h( al
ongthecenterl
ine)
,ext
endi
ng20m each
onupstream anddownstr
eam sides.Carr
youtblocklevel
i
ngwor katever
y
5m int
erval
s.Notethatworkisst ar
tedafterf
lylevel
saretakenfrom t
he
per
manentbenchmar k.

3.Blocklevel
ingatthesluicetheRLoft het opofthecanalattakeoffpointis
l
ocat edont hecenterli
neoft hedam.Consi derabl ockof20m (alongt he
centerli
ne)and20m onei t
hersideoft hecent
erli
ne.Divi
det hi
sentir
ear ea
i
nt osmal l
erblockof5m* 5m.Car ryoutblocklevel
i
ngal ongthesepoi nts;
startandclosetheworkwi thr
eferencetothepermanentbenchmar k.

Dr
awi
ngsr
equi
red:

Pl
anofthebl
ocktoascal
eof1:
500showi
ngt
heR.
Lateachcor
nerwi
thcont
our
s
i
nter
pol
atedati
nter
val
sof0.
5m.

CAPACI
TYCONTOUR

Object
:Deter
mi nat
ionofst
oragecapaci
tyofr
eser
voi
randext
entofar
eat
obe
submergedafterconst
ruct
ionofdam.

Equi
pment
’sr
equi
red:
Tot
alst
ati
onwi
thSt
and,
Pri
sm Ref
lect
orandGPSRecei
ver
.

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Establ
i
shpr
omi
nent
,easi
l
yident
if
iabl
epoi
ntsi
nthear
eaoft
hesur
veywor
k.

2.Det
ermineandrecor
dtheX,
Y,Zcoor
dinat
esoft
her
efer
encepoi
ntsusi
ng
GPSrecei
ver.

3.SetuptheTot
alSt
ati
onatacommandingposi
ti
onont
heupst
ream si
deof
thepr
oposedcent
erl
ineoft
hebund.

4.Deter
mi neandrecordtheco-or
dinatesoftheinst
rumentst
ati
onby
conductingtwopointr
esecti
onwi t
hr espectt
otwocontrol
point
sandst
ore
thedatai ni
nst
rument.

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5.Sightthetar
getstaffhel
datdiff
erentgr
oundpointsatappr
oxi
mately15-
30m
spacinginalldi
rect
ionsandrecordthecoor
dinatesofeachpoi
nt.

6. Si
ghtthestaffhel
datv ar
ioussali
entt
opogr
aphi
cal
feat
uresli
kestream,
road,
culver
t,cult
ivat
edland,bui
ldi
ngs,f
enci
nget
candrecordstheco
ordi
natesofeachf eat
ure.

7.Usemoret hanonei
nstr
umentstat
iont
ocov
ert
hecompl
eter
elev
antar
eaon
theupst
ream si
deofthepr
oposedbund.

8.Det
ermineandrecor
dthecoor
dinat
esoft
hesubsequenti
nst
rumentst
ati
on
bef
oreshi
fti
ng.

9.Takeproperprecaut
ionst
omini
mizet
heer
ror
sduet
ocol
l
imat
ion,
incor
rect
poi
nti
ngandr ecordi
ngofdat
a.

10.
Transfert
hecol
l
ecteddatatot
hecomputer.Usi
ngsui
tabl
esof
twar
epl
ot
contourmapoftheareawit
hacontouri
nter
valof5m.

11.
Computet
hesubmer gedareaandstor
agecapaci
tyofthereser
voi
rand
measur
efetchlengt
h,corr
espondi
ngtoassumedFullTankLevel(
FTL)and
maxi
mum Wat erLevel(
MWL) .

DRAWI
NGSREQUI
RED

Cont
ourplanshowi
ngthedet
ail
soft
opogr
aphyet
c.,wi
thcent
erl
i
neofbundand
wast
eweirtoascal
eof1:
500.

CANALALI
GNMENT

Obj
ect

1.Todet
ermi
net
heal
i
gnment
,lengt
handsect
ionofcanal
.

2.Tof
indt
hel
ocat
ionandext
entofi
rr
igabl
elands.

I
nst
rumentr
equi
red

Levelwi
thstand,Level
i
ngst
aff
,Chain,Tape,Ar
rows,Pr
ismat
icCompasswi
thst
and
rangi
ngrods,pl
anetabl
ewit
haccessori
esetc.

TOFI
NDTHEGRADI
ENTANDR.
LOFCANAL

Thecanali
sal
i
gnedi
naf
all
i
nggr
adi
entof50cm.perkm.i
.e.
,1i
n200.Thesi
l
llev
el
Depar
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ofthesl ui
ceistobedeci dedafterobtai
ningthereser
voi
rstoragedet
ail
sand
capaci
ty.Thestaf
freadi
ngatadistanceof30m shouldbeincr
easedby=1/200x
30=0.15Mt s.
TheR.L.ofcanalt
akeoffpoi
ntonthegroundi
sgivenby
= Silll
evel
ofslui
ce+depthofflow+freeboar
d

Pr
ocedure
1.Flylevel
sarecarr
iedfrom thecausewayofknownR. L.Unti
ltheR.
L.of
st
arti
ngpoi
nti
sobt
ainedonthecent
erli
neofbundatsayst
ati
on.

2.Thepositi
onoft hecent
erli
neofthebundPQ andstar
tingpointofthe
channel
isplot
tedont
heplanet
abl
esheetbyt
hemet
hodofinter
secti
on.

3.Setupthel
evelatacommandingposi
ti
onandf
indt
hehei
ghtofi
nst
rument
bytaki
ngabacksi
ghtonst
ati
onpoi
nt.

4.Thepl
anetabl
eiscent
eredov
erst
ati
onpoi
ntandor
ient
edbybackor
ient
ati
on
tot
heprev
iousst
ati
on.

5.Ther equir
edf allingradi
entis015m forevery30m.Ther equi
redst
aff
readi
ngt oobtainthi
sfalli
ngradi
entf
ort
hepar
ticul
arsetupoft
heinstr
ument
i
scalculated.

Eg:Supposebacksi ghtreadingonst ati

oni s
H.I.=R.L.ofst ati
on+backsi ght
R. L.@ 30Mt s.Chainage=R. L.ofsil
llevel –f alli
ngradient
Requi redstaf freadi
ng=H. I.–R.L.@ 30Mt s.Chainage
Witht hezeroendoft het apehel datstationswi nganar catadi st
anceof30
m. Mov et hestaffalongt helengthoft hear ct
il
l r
equiredstaffr
eadingi
s
obtained.Dr iv
eapegt oindicatethefirstfall
ingcont ourpoi nt
.
6.Ar angingrodi shel datf ir
stpoint,thesur vey oratthepl anet abl
ebisectst
he
pointandar ayi sdrawni nthatdirecti
onandt hedi stancebet weenstati
onand
fi
rstpointisdr awnt oascal eof1: 1000.

7.Pegsar edri
venatevery30m i nt
erval
salongt
hel ongi
tudi
nalsecti
onofthe
canalandcrosssecti
onaretakenatevery60m i
nterval
stoadistanceof9m
oneithersi
deataninter
valof3Mt s.

8.Theplanetabl
ewor kshoul
dhav ethecheckpoi
nts,gr
oundfeat
uressuchas
vi
ll
ages,st
ream (
motherval
ley
),hi
ll
s,cul
ti
vat
edlandbarr
enlandet
c.,onei
ther
si
deofthecanalali
gnment.

9.Theabov
est
epsar
etober
epeat
edt
il
lendpoi
ntoft
hecanal

Note:
1.Thest
affr
eadi
ngcal
cul
atedi
snotconst
antandchangesf
orev
eryshi
ftoft
he

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dumpyl evel.Thenewst af
freadingiscal
culat
edforfallof0.
15m, f
orevery30Mts.
Dist
ances.
2.Thedept hofthecutshouldbemi ni
mum.
3.Ast raightchanneli
spreferr
edandcur vesareavoidedasf araspossibl
eandif
i
nevitabl
et heradi
usofcur vemustbel ar
gerthan50t i
mesbedwi dthoft
he
channel.

DESI
GNASPECTS

TOCALCULATETHEYI
ELDATTHESI
TE

Thecat chmentareaoftheproposednetworkasobt ainedfrom thet

opo-sheeti
s
foundtobe2. 232Sq.Km.Theaverageannualr
ainfal
lrecordisfoundtobe80cm.
assuming therunoffco-
eff
ici
entfortheconcer ned catchmentarea t
o be40%
averagerai
nfal
l.

USEFULSTORAGEOFWATERI
NTHERESERVOI
R

Assuming10%ev apor
ati
onlosses,10%bei
ngthedeadstoragei
nthereser
voirand
another5%i
nfi
l
trati
on,t
heusefulst
oragemaybetakenas80%oftheannual
yiel
d.

Assuming2600cubi
cmet
erofwat
erperhect
areast
hedut
y,t
hear
eat
hatcanbe
i
rri
gat
edwill
be

DESI
GNOFBUND

Therequi
redhei
ghtoft hedam isf i
xedkeepinginvi
ewt heyearlyyiel
dofwaterand
fr
eeboard.Thenat ur
eoff oundation,bodywallandtheirdi
mensi onsetc.
,depend
upon t
hegeologicalformation att hesit
e,avail
abl
econst ructi
on mater
ial
sand
economyofconst
r uct
ion.I
tisdecidedtohavethefoll
owingfeatures.

Topbundlevel(TBL) -823. 830

Maximum waterlevel
(MWL) -821.820
Ful
ltankl
evel(FTL) -819.830
Deadstor
agelev el
(DSL) -802.833

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Deepestbed(reduced)lev
el -798.
335
Maximum depthofwat erstorage(H)=MWL–Deepestbedl ev
el
=823.830–798. 335=25. 495m
1/
2
Topwidthofthebund=0. 3H +1. 5=3.025m Sa y3m
FreeBoard=0.6m
Prov
ideanupstream slopeof1. 5H:1Vandadownst r
eam sl opeof2H:1Vf ort
he
bundwithapuddl ecoreinside.Ar ev
etmentof20cm t hickst oneisprov
idedon
upst
ream ext
ending30cm abov etheMWLwi th15cm t hi
ckgr avelbacki
ng.
DESIGNOFPUDDLECOREWALL

(
Atdeepestbedl
evel
/poi
nt)

Topwi
dthoft
hepuddl
ecor
e( 05 H+0.
a)=0. 5
=0.05 25.
845+0.
5
=2.
0m

Assumi
ngt
hatt
hehar
dst
rat
aisav
ail
abl
eatR.
L112.
610m
a=2.
0m
823.
330

1 1

8 8 22.
94
Puddl
e

800.
390
b=9m
3.
00
2 2
1 797.
390
1

b’
=7.
75m

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DESI
GNOFCANAL

DI
SCHARGEOFWATERI
NCANAL

Areatobei
rri
gated =206Hect
ares
Assumingf
utureexpansi
onof20%
Total =240Hect
ares

SI
.No Nat
ureofcr
ops Area Dut
y
(
Hect
ares) (
Hect
are/
cumec)

1 Sugarcane 80 800
2 Ri
ce 85 900
3 Coconut 40 500
4 Vegetabl
es 35 400

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CANALDETAI
LS

DATA: DSL=803. 335

Di
schar gethroughcanal ,
Q=0. 624cumec
Veloci
tyoff l
ow, V=0. 6m/ sec
Crosssect i
onalareaoff l
ow, A=( B+nD)D
2
=BD+D…. .(
1)
Q=AV
A=Q/ V
=0. 624/0.6
2
A=1. 12m
Wet t
edPer i
met er,Pw =1.
5m
Depthoft hecanal, D=0.7m
Widthofthecanal ,B=2. 0m
Si
desl ope,n=1: 1

803.
535

1
1

2.
00m

GRADI
ENT

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30m
0.15m

Take1i
n200

For30m,
Gr
adi
ent=1/
200x30 =0.
15m

WATERSUPPLY
AND
SANI
TARY
PROJECT

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2.
WATERSUPPLYANDSANI
TARYPROJECT

SALI
ENTFEATURESOFTHEPROJECT

Nameoft
hepr
oj :
ectPl
ananddesi
gnofwat
ersuppl
ysy
stem atkar
ighat
ta.

Necessityofthepr oj :kar
ect ighat
taisl ocat
ed nearsr i
rangapat
tana.Thewat er
supplytothev i
l
lageisnotwel lpl
anned.Theexi st
ingsourcesofwat ersuppl
yt o
vi
llageareborewel l
sandst reettaps.Thesani t
arysystem inthev i
ll
ageisopen
drainagesyst
em atpr esentwithsepti
ct anksinsomehouses.Hencet oprovi
de
gooddr i
nki
ngwat erfacil
i
tyandsanitaryseweragesy st
em theplanni
nganddesign
hast obemade.

Pr
oj ea:
ectar kar
ighat
ta.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Theplanni
nganddesi
gnoft
hewat
ersuppl
yandsani
tarysy
stem f
ortownshi
por
l
ocali
tyismaj
orworkint
hefor
mat
ion`oft
helay
outalongwit
hroadsandpower
suppl
y.

Wat eri
sachemi calcompoundandmayoccuri nliqui
df orm orinsoli
df orm ori n
gaseousf orm.Allthesethreeformsofwat erareext remelyusefultoman, providing
him luxur
iesandcomf orts,inaddit
iont of ul
fi
lli
nghi sbasi cnecessit
iesofl ife.
Everyoneonear t
hknowshow i mportantandpr eci
ouswat eri
s.Nol i
fecansexi st
withoutwat er,si
ncewat erisasessentialforli
feasai r.Ithasbeenest i
mat edt hat
two-thi
rdsofhumanbodyi sconst
it
utedofwat er.Wat erisnotonlyforsur vi
valof
humanbei ngs,butalsof orani
mals,plantsandal lotherlivi
ngbeings.Further,iti s

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necessaryt hatthewat errequi r
edf ortheirneedsmustbegood,andi tshouldnot
contain unwant ed i
mpur i
ti
esorhar mf ulchemi calcompoundsorbact eri
ai ni t
.
Thereforeinor dertoensuret heav ail
abili
tyofsuf ficientquant i
tyofgoodqual it
yof
water,itbecomesal mosti mper ati
vei namoder nsoci et
y,topl anandbui l
dsui t
able
watersuppl yschemes,whi chmaypr ovidepot ablewat ertov ar
ioussectionsof
communi t
yi naccordancewi ththeirdemandsandr equi
rement s.Thepr ovi
sionof
suchaschemeshal lensureaconst antandar el
iablewat ersuppl ytothatsecti
onof
thepeopl ef orwhichithasbeendesi gned.Suchaschemeshal lnotonlyhelpi n
supplyi
ngsaf ewholesomewat ertopeopl ef ordrinking,cooking,bat hi
ng,washing,
etc,
andt hushel pinmai nt
ainingbettersani t
ationandbeaut if
icati
onofsur r
oundings.
Besidespr omot i
ngov eral
lhy gieneandpubl icheal thitshallensur esafetyagainst
fi
rebysuppl y i
ngsuffi
cientquant i
tyofwat ertoext i
ngui shit.Theexi st
enceofsucha
watersuppl yschemeshal lfurtherhelpinat t
racti
ng

Indust
riesandtherebyhel
pingini
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ionandmodernizati
onofthesoci
ety
,
consequentlyreducingunemploymentandensuringbet
terlivi
ngstandar
ds.Such
scheme
shallt
herefor
ehelpinpromotingweal
thandwelfar
eofent
irehumanityasawhole.

I
npl anni
ngawat ersuppl yscheme,itisessenti
alto,firstofall
,suchasour ceof
waterint hevi
cinit
yoft hetownort hecityforwhichschemei st obedesigned.
Somet i
mes,watermaybeav ail
abl
enear by,andsomet i
mesi tmayf araway.Furt
her
i
tmaybeanunder groundwel l
,oritmaybear iver
,stream oral ake.Henceitis
necessarytoseekoutal lthepossibl
esour cesandev al
uat eeachint ermsofquali
ty,
quantit
yandcost ,
andt hent akeaf i
naldecisi
onregardi
ngt heut
il
izationofasource
orsourcesdependi ngupont heav ai
labi
li
tyofwat eri
nt hosesour cesandt hewater
demandoft helocalit
y.

Suitabl esy st
em shoul dbedesi gnedf orcol l
ecti
ng,t ransmi tti
ngandt reat i
ngt hi
s
water .The t reated wat erisf i
nal l
ydi str
ibuted t
ot he r esidence and i ndust ri
es
dependi ngupont hei rr equir
ement s,throughanet wor kofdi stri
butionsy stem.The
essent ialelement sofapubl i
cwat ersupplyschememayconsi st
sofi ntakeand
reserv oirs,a wat ert r eatmentpl anthav i
ng screening,sedi ment ati
on,f il
tration,
disi
nf ect i
onunits,etc,el evatedt anksandst andpiouswhi chpr ovidestoraget omeet
peekdemandsoccur ri
ngf orlimitedper iods.Valvest hatcont rolthef l
owofwat erin
thepi pesy st
em.Hy drant swhi chpr ovi
deaconnect ionwi ththewat erint hemai ns
forfight i
ngf i
res,f
lushi ngst reets, etc,mains,submai nsandbr anchlineswhi chcar ry
thewat ertothest reets.Ser viceswhi chcarrythewat ertot heindividualhomeset c.

Thewasteproductsofthesoci
etyincl
udi
nghumanexcr et
ahadbeencol l
ected,
car
ri
edanddisposedofmanual
lytosafepoi
ntofdi
sposalbysweeper
s,si
nceti
me
i
mmemor i
al.Thi
spr i
mit
ivemethodofcol l
ect
inganddisposi
ngoft hesoci
ety’
s

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wastehasnowbeenmoder ni
zedandreplacedbysy st
em, inwhicht
hesewast esare
mixedwi thsuffi
cientquantit
yofwaterandcar r
iedthroughclosedconduit
sunder
theconditi
onofgr avi
tyf l
ow.Thismixtureofwast ewat eri
spopul ar
lycal
ledas
sewage,thusaut omat i
cal
lyflowsuptoapl acefrom wher ei
tisdisposedof,af
ter
giv
ingitsuit
abletreatments,t
husavoi
dingt hecarri
ageofwast eonheadsandcar ts.
Thetreatedsewageef fl
uentsmaybedi sposedofei therinrunni
ngbodyofwat er,
suchasast ream, ormaybeusedf ori
rri
gatingcrops.

Thesewagesy stem mustpr operl

yandski llfull
ypl annedanddesi gnedsoast o
remov etheentir
esewageef fectivel
yandefficientlyfrom houses,andupt othepoint
ofdi sposal
.Thesewer smustbeadequat esi ze,soast oav oi
dt heiroverfl
ow and
subsequentdamages t o properti
es and heal th hazards.I n ordert o pr ov
ide
economi call
y adequate si
zed sewer s,i tis necessar yt hatt he likel
y sewage
dischargesbeest i
mat edascor rect
lyaspossi ble.Thesewer spipesshoul dthenbe
designedt obelaidonasl opet hatwillper
mi tr easonableveloci
tyoff low.Thef l
ow
velocityshouldneitherbesol arge,ast or equi r
eheav yexcav ationandhi ghlif
t
pumpi ngnorshoul ditbesmal l
,ast ocauset hedeposi ti
onofsol i
dsi nthesewer
bottoms.

TREATMENTOFWATER

Thenecessi tyoft r
eat mentofwat ersol el ydependsupont hequal it
yofav ai
lableraw
wat er.Mostoft he bi g and v isibl
e obj ects,such as t r
ees,br anches,st i
cks,
veget ation’s,fish,ani mall i
fe,etc,r esenti nther awwat erofsur facesour cescanbe
remov edbyscr eeni ng.Thecoar sersuspendedmat eri
alscant henber emov edby
l
et ti
ngt hewat ert o set t
lei nsedi ment ati
onbasi ns.Thepr ocessi scal ledpl ain
sedi ment at i
on.Theef fecti
venessoft hesedi ment ati
onmayhowev er,bei ncreased
bymi xingcer tainchemi calswi thwat er,soast of ormf l
occul entpr eci
pitate,whi ch
carries t he suspended par ti
cles as i tset tl
es.The pr ocess i s call
ed chemi cal
coagul at i
on.The f inalpar ti
cles i n suspensi on,whi ch may av oi
d set t
li
ng of
sedi ment at i
onbasi nev enaf t
erusi ngchemi calcoagul at
ion, mayt henber emov edby
fi
lteringt hewat ert hr oughf il
ters.Thepr ocessi scal l
edf iltr
ation.Thef i
lteredwat er
whi chmayst i
llcont ai npat hogeni cbact eri
ai sthenmadebact eriaproofbyaddi ng
certainchemi cal ssuchaschl orine,et c.Thi spr ocessofki ll
ingger msi scal ledas
disinfect i
on.
Ther esul ti
ngwat er,t houghnow becomessaf e,y etmaynotbeat tr
act i
vet ot he
tongueoft heconsumer .Unpl easantt asteandodor smayt henber emov edby
addi ngcer t
ainchemi calcompoundsuchasact i
v atedcar bonorbyusi ngozone.Thi s
process i s cal led aer ati
on.The r esulting wat ermay somet i
mes gi v en further
treatment ,suchasf luor i
dat i
oni .
e.addi t
ionofsol ublefluor i
def orcont rolli
ngdent al
caries, l
imi ngdesal i
nat ioni.e.remov alof
Excesssal tifatpr esent .
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ACTI
VITI
ESI
NVOLVEDI
NWATERSUPPLYANDSANI
TARYPROJECT

 I
dentifi
cat ionofsour cesofwat er.
 Coll
ectingt hedat ar
egardingthepresentpopulati
on.
 Si
tesel ectionf orwatertreatmentplant.
 Profi
lelev elingfrom undergroundsourcetobeginningofvi
ll
age.
 Preparationofbl ockl ev
elingofproposedoht.
 Si
tesel ectionf orsewaget reatmentplantandblocklev
eli
ng.
 Profi
lelev elingfrom endoft hevi
ll
aget osewaget r
eatmentpl
ant.

I
DENTI
FICATI
ONOFSOURCESOFWATER

Foranywat ersupplyscheme,thesourceofwat eritmaybear iver

,l ake,pond,
stream,et c,beforefixi
ngthesource,wehav eknownt hequali
tyandquant i
tyof
wat erav ail
able.Thequantit
yofwat ercanbedet er
mi nedbyl aboratoryt estin
dif
f erentseason.Whent hequali
tyofwat erissatisf
ied,wehav et ocol lectdata
regar di
ngwat eravai
labi
li
tydur
ingsummer ,winterandrainyseason.Thequant i
tyof
wat ermai nlydependsont hepopulat
ionoft heareaandt hehabit
soft hepeople.
Based on t hi
swecan deci dewhet her,theser vi
ng sourceissuf fi
cientorany
alt
er nati
veisrequir
ed.

COLLECTI
NGTHEDATAREGARDI
NGTHEPRESENTPOPULATI
ON

Thedat ar egardingt hepresentpopulati

oncanbedonebycensusoft hearea,or
col
lectingt her ecordf r
om thenearpanchayat
,ormunici
pal
it
y.
Aft
erget tingt hepr esentpopulati
onwecaneasi l
ycal
culat
et hef
uturepopulat
ionby
anyoft hesemet hods.
A.Arit
hmet icalincreasemet hod
B.Geomet ricalincreasemet hod
C.Increment alincreasemet hod
D.Graphi cal met hod.Etc.
Aft
ercal cul ati
ngf uturepopulati
on,wehav etoknow thepercapit
ademandoft he
people.Usual l
yinI ndi
a,percapit
ademandoft hepeoplewi
llbe90to135l pcd.

SI
TESELECTI
ONFORTHETREATMENTPLANTANDSERVI
CERESERVOI
R

Thest orager eservoirsel

ectedonthebasisoflevelofthev i
ll
age,wehavetoselect
thereserv oi
rsiteabov ethenthevi
ll
ageinordert
oav oi
dt heunnecessar
ypumpingof
watert ot hepeopl e.Thesiteshouldbehigherlevelsot hatwatercanbesupplied
thr
ought hegr avi
tyflowandi twi
llbeeconomical.I
nsomecasewewoul dnotgeta
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hi
gherl
evel
groundatt
hatweconst
ructanov
erheadt
ankt
ost
oreandsuppl
ywat
er.

PROFI
LELEVELI
NGFROM RESERVOI
RTOBEGI
NNI
NGOFVI
LLAGE

From t
heserv
icer
eservoi
r,pr
ofil
elev
eli
ngisdoneal
ongtheproposedali
gnmentup
tobeginni
ngofvil
lage.Compasst r
aversewit
hlevelr
eadi
ngsar etakenat10m
i
nterv
alandal
soatplacesofchangeint
opogr
aphy.

PREPARATI
ONOFTHEVI
LLAGEMAP

Thest r
eetmaporv il
l
agemapi spreparedbypl anet ablesurveyingusi ngal arge
scal
et oshow di st
inct
lythenet workofst reet
,road,l anes,parks,et c.Nameoft he
str
eets,houses,lanesshouldbement i
onedi nor dert olaythewat ersuppl ypi
pes,
sewagepi pesetc.I ncaseoft ownshipar ea,areai sdi vi
dedintodi f f
erentsectors.
Thest r
eetofmapofeachsect orispr eparedbypl anet abl
eandi nsuchmapst he
l
ocati
onofi nteri
ordetail
sneednotbeshown.Fl ylev el
ingisdoneal ongt hestr
eets
andbenchmar ksareestabl
ishedatdi f
ferentpointsf orfutur
ereference.

DESI
GNDATAFORWATERSUPPLYSCHEME

Numberofhouses=300

Assumet
hehouseswi
l
lgr
owt
o350i
n1decades,
6peopl
eperhouse.

Desi
gnper
iod=10y
ear
s

Desi
gnpopul
ati
oni
ncl
udi
ngf
utur
efor
ecast
ing=1980

Percapi
tademandofwat
er=135l
pcd

Peakf
act
or=1.
5

Sour
ce=under
ground

Tot
alquant
it
yofwat
err
equi
r 00m3/
ed=1980x135=267. day

Assume1%demandf
ormai
ntai
ningandgar
deni
ng.

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Av
eragedai
l
ydemand=267+40.
10=307.
10

Peakdemand=1.
5x307. 10m3/
10=461. day

DESI
GNOFI
NTAKESTRUCTURE

Assumev
eloci
tyV=1.
5m/
sec

Pumpswor
kfor3hr
/day

Di
schar
ge=v
olume/
ti
me,
461.
10/
(3*
60*
60*
) 04264m3/day
=0.

Ar
ea=Di
schar
ge/
Vel
oci
ty,
0.04264/
1. 0284m2
5=0.

d=0.
2m

DESI
GNOFRI
SINGMAI
N(PUMPI
NGUNI
T)

Assumetobewatersuppl
i
edt
woperi
ods&hal
foft
het
ownsuppl
i
edi
nthemor
ning
andremai
ningt
ownsuppli
edi
naf
ter
noon
Tankcapaci
ty=461.
1/ 55m2
2=230.

Assumedept
hof3.
0

Ar
ea*
3=230.
55

D=9.
81say10m

Lengt
hofthepi
pef
rom t
reat
mentpl
antt
oOHT=1200m
Assumef=0.
015

f699m3 i
I stobepumpedi
n2hr
s

Q=230.
55/
(3*60*60)
3
Q=0.
0213m / sec

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Q=A.
V
0.
0213=A*1.
5
D=0.
134say13.4cm
V=0.
213/A
V=1.60m/sec

2
Lossofhead=Hf =(4f
lv )/
2gd=( 4*0015*1200* 32)
1. /(
2*9.81*
.21)
=39.31m
Heightoflif
t =H=39. 31+3+15.11
=57.42m
Effi
ciency80%
BreakHor sepower =WQH/ n75
=(1000* 0.
0213*39.
31)/
(0.8*
75)
=13.
95say14HP
Adopt i
ng50HP2N0si nstandby

DESI
GNOFGROUNDLEVELRESERVOI
R

2daysofwat
errequi r
ement
3/
Perday=461.
1m day

Fortwodays=2*461.
1=922.2m3/day
Assumedepth=3m
A =922.
2/m
=307.4m2
AdoptSquar
etank
Si
zeoftank =17.
53*17.
53*
3

DESI
GNOFCASCADEAEREATORS

Peakdemand =461. 1m3/day

=461. 1/(24*60*60)
=0.0053say0. 06m3/day
Assumewi dthofweir =1. 5m
ForBroadcrustedwei
r=Q=1. 6B* H3/2
H =( Q/1.65*1.5)3/2
H =( 0.
006/ 1.
65* 1.5)3/2
=0.
030m =3. 09cm
SothatDepth=3.09cm shallbeflowingov erthewei
r

DESI
GNOFSEDI
MENTATI
ONTANK

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Assumedetenti
onperi
od=3hr
Volume=Q* T
=0.0426*3*
60
3
=460.08m
Assumev el
oci
ty = 0.
5m/ sec
= 0.
15* 3*60
= 27m.
C/Sarea = 460.08/27
= 17.04m2

Assumedept
h = 3m
Width = 17.04/3
= 5. 68m
Assumefreeboar
d =0.5m
Si
zeoftheTank =27*
5.68*3.
5m

DESI
GNOFFLACULATI
ONCHAMBER

Designoffl
occulationchamber = 3/2=1. 5
Assumedet ent
ionper iod = 20mi n
Capacit
yofthet ank = 0.
0426*20*60
= 51. 12m3
Depth = 1. 5m
Wi dth = 5. 68m
Lengthofthechamber =51.
12/1.
5*5.
68
=6

DESI
GNOFSLOWSANDFI
LTER

Rateoffi
lt
rati
on = 150l i
t /m3off
er i
lt
erarea
Area =Q/ 150
= 0.0462*1000*60*60/
150
2
=1022.4m
Provi
de4uni t
s,outof1iskeptst
and&3uni tsi
snecessaryt
ofi
l
ter
Areaofeachfil
teruni
t =½* 1022.
4
2
=511.2m
Assume L=2B
Area =511.2
L*B =511.2
2B*B =511.2

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B=16m L=32m

DESI
GNOFCHLORI
NATI
ONUNI
T

Nor
mal
cl2cl
oser
equi
redf
ordi
sinf
ect
ion =0.
03ppm =0.
3mg/
l

Cont
actper
iod = 300mi
n

Chlor
inecont
actont
hebleachi
ngpowder= 30%
(I
tmeans30kgofcl2iscontai
ned100kgofbl
eachi
ngpowder
)

Bl
eachi
ngpowderr
equi
redf
orday =2.
5*(100/
30)
= 8.33kg

Annual
consumpt
ionofbl
eachi
ngpowder=8.
33*365
=3041.
67say3t
on

DESI
GNOFCLEARWATERSTORAGETANK

Det
ent
ionper
iod = 3hr
Vol
ume =0.0426*3*60*60
3
=460.08m
Depth =4m
Area =460. 08/
4
=115.02mm2
Pr
ovi
desquar
etank =√115.02
=10.72 say10. 75m
Pr
ovi
defreeboard =0.5
Si
zeoft
het ank =10.75*10.
75*4.5m

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HI
GHWAYPROJECT

3.
HIGHWAYPROJECT

SALI
ENTFEATURESOFTHEPROJECT

Nameoft
hepr
oject
:Const
ruct
ionofamaj
ordi
str
ictr
oadatkar
ighat
ta.

Necessityoftheproject:Tol ocateanewal ignmentf orav i

l
lageroadfordivert
ing
thetraf
fi
cent er
ingkarighatta.Bef or
estartingt heactualsurveywork,a
reconnai
ssancesur veyisconst r
uctedalongt heal t
ernati
vealignmenttoselectthe
suit
ableali
gnment soralignment sareselect edf orprel
iminarylocat
ionsurveyfor
detai
ledinvesti
gati
ont oobt ainmosteconomi calali
gnment .Themosteconomi cal
ali
gnmenti sselect
edf oranal yzi
ngt hemer its, demerit
s,costofconstruct
ionetcf or
theproposedalignmentaf terpr el
iminar
yl ocat ionsurvey.

Pr
ojectar
ea:kar
ighat
ta.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

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Transportati
oncontribut
est heeconomi cal
,industrial
andcul tur al
dev el
opmentofanycount ry.Transportati
onisv i
talf
oreconomi cdev elopmentoft he
regionsinceev erycommodi typroducedneedst r
anspor tatallstagesf rom
productiontodi str
ibut
ionandconsumpt ion.Theinadequat etransportationf aci
l
iti
es
retardtheprocessofsoci o-
economi cdev el
opmentoft hecount ry.Theadequacyof
transportat
ionsy stem ofacountryindicatesit
seconomi candsoci aldev el
opment .

Inhi
ghwayplanni
ng,i
tisessent
ial
toplanr
oadnetworkf
oref f
icientand
saf
etraf
fi
coperat
ionatmini
mum costandalsotoarr
iveatr
oadsystem andl engt
hs
wit
hmaximum uti
li
tytopr
ior
it
izedevel
opmentofeachroadi
nphasingt he
devel
opmentpr
ogram.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFROADTRANSPORT

Thef
oll
owi
ngarethechar
acter
isti
csofr
oadtranspor
t:
1.Roadisusedbyvar
ioustypesofv
ehi
cles.

2.Roadtransportper
mi t
scompletedegr
eeoffr
eedom t
oit
suser
stot
ranspor
t
ortr
ansferthevehi
clesfr
om onelanet
oanot
her.

3.I
npar
ti
cul
arf
orshor
tdi
stancet
rav
el,
roadt
ranspor
tsav
est
ime.

4.Roadt
ranspor
tistheonl
ymeansoft
ranspor
tthatof
fer
sit
sel
ftot
hewhol
e
communit
yalke.
i

GEOMETRI
CDESI
GNOFHI
GHWAYS

I
tdealswitht
hedimensionsanddesi
gnsofvisi
blef
eatur
esofhighwaysuchas
ali
gnment,si
ghtdist
ance,camberet
c.Thegeometr
icdesignofhi
ghwaydeal
swit
h
thefol
l
owingelements:
1.Crosssecti
onalel
ements.

2.Si
ghtdi
stanceconsi
der
ati
ons.

3.Ver
ti
cal
andhor
izont
alal
i
gnment
.

4.I
nter
sect
ionel
ement
s.

PAVEMENTWI
DTH

Thepav
ementwidthandcarr
iagewaydependonwidt
hoftraff
icl
ane.The
l
anewidt
hisdet
erminedonthebasi
sofwidthofmaximum wi
dthofthevehi
cleand
mini
mum si
declear
ancewhichmaybeprovi
dedforsafet
y.

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CAMBER

I
tist
heslopeprov
idedt
otheroadsurf
acei
ntr
ansv
ersedi
rect
iont
odr
ain
of
fther
ainwaterf
rom t
hepavementsur
face.

SI
GHTDI
STANCE

Iti
sthemi nimum distanceavai
l
ableforadri
veratanypoi
ntoft
imeal ong
t
heroadsurface.Themaxi mum sightdi
stanceavai
l
ableshoul
dbesuffi
cientf
orthe
v
ehicl
estoav oi
dcolli
sion.
2
Si
ghtdistance=v t+v
2gf
Where,v=speedoft hevehi
cle(m/s)
t=r
eact
iont
ime(
s)

OVERTAKI
NGSI
GHTDI
STANCE

O.
S.D=0.
28Vbt+0.
28Vbt+0.
28VT
Wher
e,Vb=speedofov
ert
aki
ngv
ehi
cle(
kmph)
V=desi
gnspeed(
kmph)
S=spaci
ngofv
ehi
cl
e(0.
2Vb+6)
A=accel
erat
ion(
kmph/
s)

MI
NIMUM RADI
USOFHORI
ZONTALCURVE

From IRCspeci f
ication,f
orv=65kmphandf orplainterr
ain,
themi nimum radi
usof
hori
zont ali
s155m.
Thisisav ai
labl
ef orthedriv
erintendi
ngtoover
takeasl owmov i
ngv ehicl
eaheadof
him withsafetyagai nstt
hetraff
icwit
houtanycoll
isionwiththevehiclecomingin
theopposi t
edirection.

EXTRAWI
DENI
NG

I
tist
heusualpract
icet
owi dent her
oadatthehori
zont
alcurve.Itisdonet
oal
l
ow
t
herearwheelt
opassthrought hecurvewit
houtanyl
ater
alskidding.
2
We=nl + V .
2R 9. 5R1/2
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VERTI
CALALI
GNMENT

Inordert
osmoothent
hev ehicul
artr
affi
cfl
owonther
oad,t
hechangeinthegr
ades
shouldbesmoot
henbyverticalcur
ve.Themaxi
mum val
uesofgr
adient
s
recommendedbyIRCare

TERRAI
N RULI
NG LIMI
TING EXPERI
MENTAL
GRADI
ENT GRADI
ENT GRADIENT
Pl
ainorr
oll
i
ng 3.
3per
cent(
1in 5per
cent(
1in20) 6.
7per
cent(
1in15)
30)
Mount ai
nous
terr
ainandsteep
terr
ainhavi
ng 5per
cent(1in20) 6per
cent(
1in 7per
cent(
1in14.
3)
elevat
ionmore 16.
7)
than3000m abov e
themeanseal evel
Steepterr
ain3000
m heightabovethe 6percent(
1in 7per
cent(
1in 8per
cent(
1in12.
5)
meanseal evel 16.7) 14.
3)

ACTI
VITI
ESI
NVOLVEDI
NHI
GHWAYPROJECT

 Mapst
udy

 Reconnai
ssancesur
vey

 Pr
eli
minar
ysur
vey

 Fi
nal
locat
ionanddet
ail
edsur
vey

MAPSTUDY

Usingthetopogr
aphi
cal
mapofthearea,mar
kthepossibl
er out
esf
orthenewly
constr
ucti
nghighway
.Whil
esel
ect
ingthepossi
bler
outes,onemustknowallt
he
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requi
rementsoftheroad.Wear
econduct
ingsur
veyf
oranexi
sti
ngv
il
lager
oadt
o
converti
tasrur
al hi
ghway.

PRELI
MINARYSTUDY

Inordertofi
xt hecenterli
neofthehi ghwayali
gnmentwi thit
sendst at
ionsat
suit
ableRL,Reconnai ssancesurveyistobeconduct ed.Itisthepreli
minary
i
nspect i
onorsur v
eyoft heareaandi sofatmosti mpor t
ance.Onar r
ivi
ngatt he
proj
ectsite,t
hesur v
ey orshoul
dexami newholeareacar ef ul
l
ysoast odecideupon
thebestpossiblearrangementtot hesurveywork.Heal somustpr epareakeypl an
oftheareaindicati
ngt heaboveinformati
onrequiredfort hesurveywor k.The
surveyorshouldconsiderthefol
lowingaspectswhi l
ear r
angingthenet wor kofthe
survey.

a.Val
ley
s,ponds,lakes,mar
shyland,r
idges,per
manentst
ruct
ures,hi
l
lsand
ot
herobst
ruct
ionsalongt
herout
ewhicharenotavai
l
abl
einthemapstudy
.

b.Appr
oxi
mat
eval
uesofgr
adi
ent
,lengt
hofgr
adi
ent
,radi
usofcur
ves.

c.Numberandt
ypeofcr
ossdr
ainagest
ruct
ure.

d.Soi
lty
peal
ongt
her
out
es.

e.Sour
ceofconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
als,
wat
erandl
ocat
ionofquar
ri
es.

Basedont hepr
acti
calconsi
der
ations,
againafewalt
ernat
eali
gnment
smaybe
chosenforfur
therst
udy.
Aft
erhavingaroughidea,
adet ai
l
edpreli
minar
ysurv
eyincl
udingthef
oll
owi
ngi
s
done:

1.Pr
eli
minar
ytr
ansv
erse.

2.Col
l
ect
ionoft
opogr
aphi
cal
feat
ures.

3.Lev
eli
ngwor
k.

4.Hy
drol
ogi
cal
dat
a.

5.Tr
aff
icsur
vey
.

DETAI
LEDSURVEYOFHI
GHWAYANDFI
XINGTHECENTRELI
NE

TemporaryBM wasfixedatdi
ffer
enti
nter v
alsandatalldr
ainageandunder pass
st
ruct
ures.Thelevel
salongfi
nalcent
erlineweretakenatallstakedpoints.Level
ing
worki
sofgr eati
mpor t
anceasthevert
icalali
gnment,eart
hworkcalculati
onsand

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drainagedet ailsaretobewor kedoutfrom thelevelnot
es.TheCSwast akenat
every30m i nt erval
supt othedesir
edwi dth.TheCSmaybet akenatcloserinterval
s
athor i
zontal curvesandwher ether
eisabr uptchangeincrossslope.Allr
iver,
stream, v
alleycr ossingsurvey
edwer edetail
edupt oconsi
derabledist
anceonei t
her
si
de.Wher everpr iv
atelandisacqui
red,thensomesi mplesurveyhadbeencar ri
ed
outt ofi
ndt heacqui redareas.

FI
NALALI
GNMENT

Thealignmentisfinal
izedattheoffi
ceaft
ertheprel
iminarysur
veyisdoneonthe
fi
eldbyestabli
shingthecenterli
ne.Next,
surveyshouldbecarr
iedoutforcol
l
ecti
ng
theinf
ormationforthepreparat
ionofplanandconstruct
iondetai
lsforhi
ghway
proj
ect.

HI
GHWAYPROJECT

1.Si
ngl
elanecar
ri
ageway

2.I
nit
ial
traf
fi
cint
hey
earof

Complet
ionofconst
ruct
ion(A) =450CV/
day
3.Tr
aff
icgr
owthrateperannum(r
)=7.
5%

4.Desi
gnper
iod(
n) =15y
ear
s

5.Vehi
cledamagef
act
or(
F) =2.
5(STDaxl
espercommer
cial

Commer
cial
vehi
cle)
6.Desi
gnCBRofsubgr
adesoi
l =4%

HI
GHWAYDESI
GN

Typeofr oad=v il
lageroad(r
ural
road)
Widthofcar ri
ageway=3. 5m
Roadwaywi dt
h=6m
Landwi dth=18m
Terraintype=rolli
ng
Rainfall
=l i
ght
Pavement=f l
exible
Designspeed=r uli
ng,
40kmph/mi n,35kmph
Gradient:

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Downwar
dgradi
ent=0.
029
Upwar
dgradi
ent=0.
33

Co-ef
fi
cientoflater
alfr
ict
ion(f
)=0.15
Co-ef
fi
cientoflongit
udi
nal f
ri
cti
on=0.38f
or30-
40kmph
Superel
ev at
ion(e)=0.07
Camber=1IN50or2%
SafeSSD=45m f
or40kmph
React
iont
imeofdri
ver(
t)=2.
5sec

1.SI
GHTDI
STANCE:

V²
Saf
eSSD=0.278xVt+
254(f±n)
40²
=0.
278x40x2. 5+
254(0.38±0.
029)
=45.74m

I
SD=2xSSD
=2x45.
74
=91.
49m

OSD=0.
278Vbt+[
0.278Vb+2s]+0.
278VT

14.
4S
S=[
0.2Vb+6] T=√
A

14.
4*10.
8
=0.
2*24+6] =√
4.
45

=10.
8m =5.
91sec

Vb=V–16
=40-16
=24kmph

ForV=40kmph,
A=4.
45Kmph

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OSD=0.
278x24x2.
5+[
0.278x24x2.
5+2x10.
8]+0.
278x40x5.
91

=120.
67m

=121.
00m

Saf
eov
ert
aki
ngsi
ghtdi
stancef
orV=40kmphi
s165m

HenceSAFE.

2.RADI
USOFHORI
ZONTALCURVE:

v
²
a.Mi
nradi
us=
127(e+f
)

40²
=
127(0.07+0.15)
=57.27m
I
tshoul
dbegr
eat
ert
han60m,hencepr ov
ide60m
v ²
a.Minr
adi
us=
127( e+f)

35²
=
127( 0.07+0.
15)
=43.840m
I
tshoul
dbemor
ethan45m,hencepr ovi
de45m.

3.SUPERELEVATI
ON:

(0.
75v
)²
e=
225xR

(0.
75x40)
²
=
225x60

=0.
093

Hencepr
ovi
dee=0.
07

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Checkf
orco-efficientoff r
ict
iondevel
opedforful
lspeed.
v²
f= –0. 07
127xR
40²
= -0.07
127x60
=0. 149
Astheval
ueislesst han0. 15thedesi
gnissafe.
Takee=0.07
(0.75x35) ²
e=
225x43. 84
=0. 093

4.EXTRAWI
DENI
NGPAVEMENT:

nl² v
We= +
2R 9.5√R
1x6. 1² 0.1x40
= +
2x60 √60

=0.
31+0.
77

=1.
08m

Tot
alwi
dthofpav
ement@ hor
izont
alcur
ve=W +We

=3.
75+1.
08

=4.
80m

5.TRANSI
TIONCURVE:

0.
0215V³ 80
a.LS= C=
CR 75+R

0.
0215x40³ 80
= =
0.6x60 75+60

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=40.
0m =0.
6m/
sec²

N
b.LS=(
W+We)xex
2

150
=(
3.75+0.
852)x0.
07x
2

=24.
160m

2.
7V²
c.LS=
R

2.
7x40²
=
60

=72.
0m

Ther
efor
eLS=72.
0m

DEI
SGNOFPAVEMENTTHI
CKNESS:

DATA:

Si
ngl
elanecar
ri
ageway

I
nit
ial
traf
fi
cint
hey
earof

Compl
eti
onofconst
ruct
ion(
A) =450CV/
day

Tr
aff
icgr
owt
hrat
eperannum(
r)=7.
5%

Desi
gnper
iod(
n) =15y
ear
s

Vehi
cledamagef
act
or(
F) =2.
5(STDaxl
espercommer
cial

Commer
cial
vehi
cle)

Desi
gnCBRofsubgr
adesoi
l =4%

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CALCULATI
ON

1.Di
str
ibut
ionf
act
or(D)=.075
2.Cumulat
ivef
act
orofst
andar daxl
estobecat eredfori
nthedesi
gn
n
365x[ (
1+r)- 1]
(N)= xAxDxF
r
15
365x[ (
1+0.075) -1]
= x450x0.75x2.
5
0.075
=8. 0msa

3.Totalpavementt hicknessfor
CBR4%andt raffi
c8. 0msa =825mm
4.Pavementcomposi t
ionint
erpol
ated f
rom pl
ate1,
CBR4%
i
.wear i
ngcour se =25mm
i
i.Bindercourse =50mm
b.Granularbase =250mm
c.Granularsubbase =500mm

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OLDTANKPROJECT

4.OLDTANKPROJECT

SALI
ENTFEATURESOFTHEPROJECT

Nameoft heProj :Reconst

ect ruct
ionofanol
dtankacr
ossast
ream atbagal
i
,
Chamar
ajanagar
aDistr
ict
.

Necessit
yoft heProject
:Theagr i
cul
turalar
eaar oundBagal iispresent
lybei ng
i
rr
igatedbyt ubewell
sandsmal ltanks.Ifol
dt ankisr econst
ruct
ed,runofffrom
r
ainfal
lcanbeef f
ect
ivel
yuti
l
izedf orir
ri
gati
on.Thusgr oundwatercanbepr otected
f
rom beingdeplet
edandusefulr
ainwatercanbeut i
li
zed.

Topogr
aphyandSoilcondit
ion:Thecatchmentareahasahill
yter
rai
n.Theproj
ect
ar
eaisundul
ati
nginfewpl aces.Thegeneralsl
opeofthear
eaistowardst
hemai n
st
ream.Thecommandar eaisv erygentl
etoslopi
ngplai
noccurri
ngont heboth

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si
desoft
hemai
nst
ream.

Agricul
tur
e:The agri
cul
tur
e her e mai
nlydepends ofrainfal
l.Majorpar
toft he
catchmentareaisuncul
ti
vatedandbar r
en.However,dur
ingt hemonsoonseasons
cropsli
keRagi,
Vegetabl
es,etc.ar
egrownontheareaneart hemainstr
eam.

Yi
eld:
Yi
eld=Cat
chmentar
eaXRunof
f

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

At anki sar ainwat erharvestingsy stem, extensi

velyusedi nSout hIndia.Ev en
thoughr ainwat erstoredi ntankhasv ari
oususesi nmostcasesi rri
gat i
onf ormst he
singl egr eatestconsumerofwat er .Thet echnologyoft anki rr
igat i
onhasbeen
dev elopedov ery earsandi sani nt egralpar tofther uralsetupi nt hi
spar toft he
wor ld.Ther ear eov er40,000t anksinKar nat akaaloneandabout1. 5l akhsmal ltanks
i
nSout hI ndi
a.Thus,t heConst r
uction,mai ntenanceandmanagementoft hesear e
an i mpor tantengi neeri
ng act ivi
tyoft he st ate.The t echnologyofl arge wat er
resour cedev elopment( WRD)pr ojectshasal soev ol
vedasar esultoft heabov e
activ i
ti
es;t hebasi cengi neeri
ngpr inciplesassoci atedwi t
hWRDcanbeunder stood
through smal ltank pr oject
s.Exper ience gai ned t hr
ough f i
eldwor kf ora model
syst em wi l
lcer t
ainlybehel pfulinunder standingt hebasi cpr i
nciplesi nvolvedi n
i
nv est i
gatingt hefeasibili
tyofapr oject .

TANKI
RRI
GATI
ONSYSTEM

At ankreservoirformedinor dertostorerainwater( alsoknownasr unof f

)
fl
owingi nast ream byconst r
ucti
ngabundacr osst hev al
leyi nwhi chthestream
fl
ows.Thewat erstoredisusedfori r
ri
gati
onbymeansofacanal ;t
hef l
owintot he
canaliscontrol
ledbyat ankslui
ce.Thecanal i
sprovi
dedwi t
hasl opewhichislesser
thanthest r
eam gradient.Thecanalwillal
waysbeatahi gherl evelt
hant hest
ream.
Therefore,wateristhecanalcanf l
owsbygr avit
yintothear eabet weenthecanal
andt hest r
eam.Thi sar eainwhi chcanalwat ercanbeut i
lizedfor msthecanal
command.Thatpar toft hecommandwher ewateri
susedt oi r
ri
gatelandiscalled
theculti
vablecommandort heachkat.

Thetankbundhasbeenconst r
uctedatsuchasi tethatther eservoirformedhast he
maximum possi
blecapaci
tyforagivenareasubmer sion.Thi sispossi bl
eifthebund
i
sdeep.Thebundi nt
hiscaserunsbet weentwohi ghelevatedpoi nts.Thelengthof
thebundbecomesmuchl argerthantheheightandthet ankpr ojectwillbe
economical
onlyi
fanearthenembankmenti susedast hedam.Wat erstoredbehind

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t
hebunduptoFul
lTankLevel(
FTL)whi
chi
sbel
owt
heTankBundLev
el(
TBL)
.Thus
wat
ernev
erovert
opsthebund.

Thedif
fer
encebet
weenTBLandMWLi scall
edfreeboar
d(f
)andi
snecessar
yto
avoi
dwaterwav
esreachi
ngt
het
opbund.Hence,

TBL–MWL=f

Usual
ly
,hisassumedtobe0.
5m f
ordesi
gnpur
posesandfi
skeptas0.
6.Thewast
e
weirmaybelocat
ed:

ACTI
VITI
ESI
NVOLVEDI
NOLDTANKPROJECT

 Reconnai
ssancesur
vey
ing.

 Cent
rel
i
neal
i
gnmentofbund.

 Capaci
tycont
our
ing.

 Bl
ockl
evel
i
ngatsl
uice

HYDROLOGI
CALI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

Hydr
ologicalinv
esti
gat
ionisav eryi mport
antaspectofr eser
voi
rpl
anni
ng.
Thecapacityofi rr
igat
ioncanalwil
ldependupont heav ai
l
ablesuppli
esfr
om the
reser
voir
.
Thefoll
owingst udi
esareconduct
edforthispurpose:
 Collecti
onandprocessi
ngofrainfal
ldataofthecatchment.

 St
udyofr
unof
fpat
ter
natt
het
anksi
te.

 Det
ermi
nat
ionofst
oragecapaci
tyt
oagi
vendemand.

 Studyoffl
oodhydrographtoobtai
n,thewor
stf
loodcondi
ti
onf
ort
he
deter
minat
ionoft
hespi
l
lwaycapaci
ty.

CAPACTI
YCONTOURI
NG

Theai m ofthissur
veyistofi
ndoutt hehei
ghtofdam requir
edtostorethe
cal
cul
atedv ol
umeofwat erandital
soaimsatdet er
mini
ngthear eaandextentof
submergence.
Capacitycontour
ingisdonebyrunni
ngaplanetabl
e.Theplanetabl
etr
averse
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shouldcov ertheentir
et heproj
ectarea.RLar et akenat. .
.m inter
valsalongthe
planetabletraver
se.Thedetai
lsofvar
iousf eat
urescomi ngundert hesubmergence
arenoted.
Levelsarealsotobet akenwher ethegroundpr ofi
lesuddenlychanges.Fly
backleveli
ngi sdoneattheendoftheday '
swor kandl ev
elsarecheckedbyappl yi
ng
arit
hmet i
ccheck.
Contoursatdeadstor
agelevel
,FTL,MWL, &TBL, di
rectl
ylocat
ed&t herear
e
pl

EXI
STNGTANKDETI
LS

Topbundl evel(TBL) -100. 000

Maximum wat erlevel
(MWL) -99.
500
Ful
ltanklevel(FTL) -99.000
Deadstoragelev el
(DSL) -95.000
Deepestbed( r
educed)level -94.000

Maxi
mum dept
hofwat
erst
orage(
H)=MWL–Deepestbedlev
el
= 99.500-
94.
000=5.5m

PROPOSEDTANKDETI
LS

Topbundl evel(TBL) -101.000

Maximum wat erlevel
(MWL) -100.500
Ful
ltanklevel(FTL) -100.000
Deadstoragelev el
(DSL) -95.
000
Deepestbed( r
educed)l ev
el -94.000
Maximum dept hofwat erstor
age(
H)=MWL–Deepestbedl ev
el
=100.500-94.
000=6.
5m

REFRENCES

1. Sur
vey
ingVol
1-Dr
.B.
C.Punmi
a
2. Sur
vey
ingVol
2-Dr
.B.
C.Punmi
a

Depar
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3. Hi
ghwayEngineer
ing–S.K.Khanna&C.E.
G.Justo
4. Watersuppl
yEngi
neer
ing-S.K.
Garg
5. I
rr
igati
on&waterpowerEngg.-Dr.B.
C.Punmia&PandeyLal

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tmentofCi
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