STANDARD

FIRST AID
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES

Saves the lives of patients in need of blood or blood components on
a system of free and voluntary donation of blood through a national
network of blood service facilities. Education programs are
conducted to encourage people to donate blood.
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

DISASTER MANAGEMENT SERVICES

Is in charge of conducting disaster preparedness programs, relief
operations for disaster victims and rehabilitation projects to help
victims recover faster from their experience.
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

SAFETY SERVICES
Is tasked to implement a nationwide educational campaign to
ensure the safety of the Filipino people. To effectively carry out this
task, the service conducts training in First Aid, Basic Life Support,
Water Safety, and Accident Prevention. It also renders first aid, life
guarding, rescue, and ambulance services.
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

COMMUNITY HEALTH & NURSING SERVICES

Focuses on helping vulnerable groups by promoting health and
preventing illness in the community. It targets the most vulnerable
not only as clients but as partners and major players in the
community health development. Thus, it provides training on
community based health management, home nursing and disaster
nursing.
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

SOCIAL SERVICES
Provides welfare services to individuals,
families and communities through
counseling, inquiry, tracing, health and
welfare reporting, inter country case work
and emergency leave assistance for Filipinos
in the US military service. Service is also
given to vulnerable group like disadvantaged
women, street children, disabled persons
and elderly. It also conducts training on
stress debriefing and provides psychological
support to victims of disaster and other
traumatic incidents.
 PHILIPPINE RED CROSS SERVICES

RED CROSS YOUTH

Program educates children and youth from 7 to 25 years old, in the
spirit of Red Cross and provides opportunities for directing and
harnessing their energy and idealism into worthwhile activities
within the framework of the organization.
INTRODUCTION TO
FIRST AID
 STANDARD FIRST AID

FIRST AID
Is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed.

ROLES AND RESPOSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER

• Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician. It
is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the
services of the physician. It ends when the services of a
physician begin.
• Ensures the safety of him/herself and that of the bystanders.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
ROLES AND RESPOSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
1. Gain access to the victim.
2. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
3. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
4. Provide needed care for the patient.
5. Record all finding and care given to the patient.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

1. To alleviate suffering.
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger.
3. To prolong life.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. GENTLE- should not cause pain.

2. RESOURCEFUL- should make the best use of things at hand.

3. OBSERVANT- should notice all signs.

4. TACTFUL- should not alarm the victim.

9. EMPHATIC- should be comforting.

11. RESPECTABLE- should maintain a professional and caring

attitude.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID
1. Unfavorable Surroundings
2. The Presence of Crowds
3. Pressure from Victims or Relatives

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND THE FIRST AIDERS

How Diseases are Transmitted

1. DIRECT CONTACT- occurs when a person touches an infected

person’s body fluids.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND THE FIRST AIDERS
How Diseases are Transmitted
1. INDIRECT CONTACT- occurs when a person touches objects that
have been contaminated by the blood or another body fluid of
an infected person.

3. AIRBORNE- occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that

have become airborne as an infected person coughs or sneezes.

5. VECTOR- occurs when an animal such as a dog or insect, such as

tick, transmits a pathogen into the body through a bite.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Diseases that cause concern
DISEASE SIGNS AND INFECTIVE MODE OF
SYMPTOMS MATERIAL TRANSMISSION
HERPES Lesions, general ill Broken skin, Direct contact
feeling, sore throat mucous
membranes
MENINGITIS Respiratory illness, Food and water Airborne, direct and
sore throat, nausea, mucus indirect contact.
vomiting
TUBERCULOSIS Weight loss, night Saliva, airborne Airborne
sweats, occasional droplets
fever, general ill
feeling
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Diseases that cause concern
DISEASE SIGNS AND INFECTIVE MODE OF
SYMPTOMS MATERIAL TRANSMISSION
HEPATITIS Flu-like, jaundice Blood, saliva, Direct and Indirect
semen, feces, food, contact
water, other
products
HIV Fever, night sweats, Blood, semen, Direct and Indirect
weight loss, chronic vaginal fluid contact
diarrhea, severe
fatigue, shortness
of breath, swollen
lymph nodes,
lesions
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are precautions taken to isolate or

Prevent risk of exposure from any other type of bodily substance.

Basic Precautions and Practices

1. Personal Hygiene
2. Protective Equipment
3. Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting
 STANDARD FIRST AID
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equpment
• Spine board • Sets of splints
• Short board/Kendrick’s • Poles
Extrication Device • Blankets
 STANDARD FIRST AID
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
2. Suggested First Aid Kit Contents (Basic)

• Rubbing Alcohol • Gloves

• Povidone Iodine • Scissors
• Cotton • Forceps
• Gauze pads • Bandage (Triangular)
• Tongue depressor • Elastic roller bandage
• Penlight • Occlusive dressing
• Band aid • Plaster
 STANDARD FIRST AID
FIRST AID KIT
 STANDARD FIRST AID
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3. Clothe materials commonly used in First Aid

• Dressing- any sterile

clothe material used to
cover wound

• Bandage- any clean cloth

material, sterile or not,
use to hold the dressing
in place
HUMAN BODY
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Directional Terms
• Medial- means toward the midline, or center of the body.
• Prone Position- the patient is lying face down on his or her
stomach.
• Inferior- means toward, or closer to the feet.
• Proximal- means close, or near the point of reference.
• Internal- means inside the body.
• Distal- means distant, or far away from the point of reference.
• Posterior- means toward the back.
• Lateral recumbent position- the patient is lying on her/his left or
right side.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Directional Terms
• Superior- means toward, or closer to the head.
• Lateral- refers to the left or right of the midline.
• External- means outside of the body.
• Anterior- means toward the front.
• Supine position- the patient is lying face up on his or her back.
• Superficial- means near the surface.
• Anatomical- a patient’s body stands erect with arms down at
the sides, palm facing you.
• Deep- means remote, or far from the surface.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Nervous System
-is the system that
transmits impulses
throughout the
body.
•Parts
-Brain
-Spinal Cord
-Nerves
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Respiratory System
-is the system that
supplies oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide
from the blood.
•Parts
-Air passages
-Chest cage
-Diaphragm
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Circulatory System
-is the system that
transport oxygen, food
and water and remove
waste products.
•Parts
-Heart
-Blood
-Blood Vessels
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Digestive System
-is the system that
absorbs food and
eliminate some waste
products.
•Parts
-Mouth -Esophagus -Pancreas
-Salivary Glands -Liver -Rectum
-Pharynx -Gall bladder
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Urinary System
-is the system that
removes waste
products.
•Parts
-Kidney
-Ureter
-Urinary Bladder
-Urethra
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Reproductive System
-is the system that
propagates species.
•Parts
Male Female
-Testicles -Urethra -Ovary
-Vas deferentia -Penis -Fallopian Tubes
-Seminal vessel -Uterus
-Prostate gland -Vagina
 STANDARD FIRST AID
MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEMS
Urinary System
-is the system that gives form to
the body, allow bodily
movement, provide protection
to the vital internal organs
produce red blood cells and
serves as a reservoir of calcium,
phosphorus and other important
body chemicals.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
BODY SYSTEMS
Integumentary System
-is the system that controls
body temperature and
appreciate sensation.
•Parts
-Superficial epidermis
-Deeper dermis
GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
 STANDARD FIRST AID
GETTING STARTED

1. Planning of action.
2. Gathering of needed materials.
3. Remember the initial response as follows:

A- Ask for help

I- Intervene
D- Do no further harm

4. Instructions to helper/s.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
1. Survey the Scene

•Is the scene safe?

•What happened?
•How many people are injured?
•Are there bystanders who can help?
•Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
•Get consent to give care.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
2. Do primary survey

•Check responsiveness (if unresponsive, consent is

implied).
•Protect spine if necessary.
•Check A- Airway
•Check B- Breathing
•Check C- Circulation
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
3. Activate medical assistance and transfer facility
•Depending on the situation:
- Phone First or Phone Fast
Call First- if alone, if cardiac related
Care First- if respiratory related, child, infant
-A bystander should make the telephone call for
help if available.
-A bystander will be requested to call for a
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
-Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer
facility.
•Information to be remembered in activating
medical assistance:
-What happened
-Location
-Number of persons injured
-Extent of injury and first aid given
 STANDARD FIRST AID
-The telephone number from where you are calling.
-Person who activated medical assistance must
identify him/herself and drop the phone last.
4. Do a Secondary survey of the victim
• Interview the victim
-Ask the victim’s name
-Ask what happened
-Asses the SAMPLE history
 STANDARD FIRST AID
S- Signs and Symptoms
A- Allergies
M- Medication
P- Past or Present illnesses
L- Last meal taken
E- Event prior to incident
• Check the vital signs
-Determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)
 STANDARD FIRST AID
ADULT 60-90/min.
CHILD 80-100/min.
INFANT 100-120/min.

-Determine breathing (respiratory rate)

ADULT 12-20/min.
CHILD 18-25/min.
INFANT 25-35/min.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

-Determine skin appearance

 Look at the victim’s face and lips.

 Record skin appearance, temperature, moisture
and color
• Do a Head-to-Toe examination looking for DCAP-
BTLS (Deformity, Contusion, Abrasion, Puncture,
Burn, Tenderness, Laceration, Swelling).
 STANDARD FIRST AID
-Check and compare pupils of both eyes, dilated
pupils-involve bleeding and state of shock,
constricted pupils- may mean heat stroke or drug
overdose; unequal pupil may suspect head injury or
stroke.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
-Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.
-Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of injury.
-Check and compare both collar bones and shoulders.
-Check the chest and rib cage.
-Check the patient’s abdomen for tenderness by
pressing lightly with flat part of your fingers.
-Check the hipbone by pressing slowly downward and
inward for possible fracture.
-Check one leg at a time.
-Check one arm at a time.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

-Check the spinal column by placing the victim into side

lying down position and press gently from the cervical
region down to the lumbar for possible injury.
-Record all the assessments including the time.
-Keep the patient lying down, his/her head level with
his/her feet.
-Keep the patient warm and guard against chilling.
PATIENT/CASUALTY
HANDLING
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY RESCUE
-Is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place
to a place of safety.
Indications for Emergency Rescue
1. Danger of fire or explosion.
2. Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of
oxygen.
3. Serious traffic hazards.
4. Risk of drowning.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Indications for Emergency Rescue
1. Danger of electrocution.
2. Danger of collapsing walls.
Methods of Rescue
1. For immediate rescue without any assistance,
drag or pull the victim.
2. Most of the one-man drags/carries and other
transfer methods can be used as methods of
rescue.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
EMERGENCY TRANSFER
- Is moving a patient from one place to another
after giving first aid.
Factors to be considered in the selection or choosing the
transfer method:
1. Nature and severity of injury.
2. Size of the victim
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
4. Number of personnel and equipment available.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Factors to be considered in the selection or choosing the
transfer method:
1. Nature of evacuation route.
2. Distance to be covered.
3. Gender of the victims (last consideration).
Pointers to be observed during transfers:
1. Victim’s airway should be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct
position.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Pointers to be observed during transfers:
1. Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.
2. Supporting bandages and dressing remain
effectively applied.
3. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and
as speedy as circumstances permit.
4. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
5. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the
victim.
6. First aiders/bearers must observe ergonomics in
lifting and moving of the patient.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
1. One man assist/carries/drags

• Assist to walk
• Carry in arms • Fireman’s carry
• Pack strap • Fireman’s drag • Cloth drag
• Piggy back • Blanket drag • Feet drag
• Armpit/shoulder • Inclined drag
drag (head first
passing a
stairway
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Assist to Walk Pack Strap Carry
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Piggy Back Carry Fireman’s Carry
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Fireman’s Drag Blanket Drag
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Armpit/shoulder Drag Cloth Drag
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Feet Drag Inclined Drag
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
Assist to Walk
2. Two men assist/carries

• Assist to walk
• Four hand seat
• Hand as a litter
• Carry by extremities
• Fireman’s carry with
assistance
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Four Hand Seat Hand as a Litter
STANDARD FIRST AID
Carry by Extremities
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers Bearers Alongside
2. Three Man Carries

• Bearers Alongside
(for narrow alleys)
• Hammock Carry
STANDARD FIRST AID
Hammock Carry
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
4. Four/six/eight-man carry
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
5. Blanket (demonstrate the insertion, testing and
lifting of blanket).
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
6. Improvised Stretchers using poles with:

• Blanket
• Empty sacks
• Shirts or coats
• Triangular bandage
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
7. Commercial Stretchers
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
8. Ambulance or Rescue Van
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Methods of Transfers
9. Other Vehicles
 STANDARD FIRST AID
INITIAL TRIAGE AND TAGGING
Triage
- Is sorting patients into categories of priority for care
and transport based on the severity of injuries and
medical emergencies.
• Priority One ( RED TAG)
• Priority Two (YELLOW TAG)
• Priority Three (GREEN TAG)
• Priority Four (BLACK TAG)
SHOCK
 STANDARD FIRST AID
SHOCK
- Is a depressed condition of many body functions
due to failure of enough blood to circulate
throughout the body following serious injury.
Dangers of Shock
1. Lead to death
2. Predisposes body to infection
3. Lead to loss of body part
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Causes of Shock
1. Severe bleeding
2. Crushing injury
3. Infection
4. Heart attack
5. Perforation
6. Shell bomb and bullet wound
7. Rupture of tubal pregnancies
8. Anaphylaxis
9. Starvation and diseases
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Factors which contributes to Shock

• P- Pain
• R- Rough Handling
• I- Improper Transfer
• C- Continuous Bleeding
• E- Exposed to extreme cold and heat
• F- Fatigue
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Early Stage:
1. Face- pale or cyanotic in color
2. Skin- cold and clammy
3. Breathing- irregular
4. Pulse- rapid and weak
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Weakness
7. Thirsty
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Late Stage:
1. Apathetic or relatively unresponsive
2. Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression
3. Pupils are dilated
4. Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled
appearances
5. Blood pressure has very low level
6. Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Objectives of First Aid

1. To improve circulation of blood

2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
3. To maintain normal body temperature
First Aid and Preventive Management of Shock
1. Proper body position
2. Proper body heat
3. Proper transfer
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Wounds
- Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body
either internal or external.

Two Classifications of Wound:

1. Close Wound- involves the underlying tissue

without break or damage in the skin or mucous
membrane.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Causes of Closed Wound

• Blunt object result in contusion or bruises
• Application of external forces

Signs and Symptoms • Thirst

• Symptoms of Shock
• Pain and Tenderness
• Vomiting/cough off blood
• Swelling
• Passages of blood in the
• Discoloration
urine or feces
• Hematoma
• Signs of blood along
• Uncontrolled Restlessness
mouth, nose and ear canal
 STANDARD FIRST AID

First Aid Management

I- Ice Pack
C- Compression
E- Elevation
S- Splinting
 STANDARD FIRST AID
2. Open Wound- it is a break in the skin or the
protective skin layer is damaged.

Classification of Wound
CAUSES CHARACTERISTICS
PUNCTURE Penetrating pointed Deep and narrow,
instruments such as nails, serious or slight
ice picks, daggers, etc. bleeding
ABRASION Scrapping or rubbing Shallow, wide,
against rough surfaces. oozing of blood,
dirty.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Classification of Wound
CAUSES CHARACTERISTICS
LACERATION Blunt instruments such as Torn with irregular
shrapnel`s, rocks, broken edges, serious or
glasses, etc. slight bleeding.
AVULSION Explosion, animal bites, Tissue forcefully
mishandling of tools, etc. separated from the
body.
INCISION Sharp bladed instruments Clean cut, deep,
such as blades, razors, etc. severe bleeding,
wound is clean.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Identify:
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Dangers Kinds of bleeding
• Hemorrhage • Arterial bleeding
• Infection • Venous bleeding
• Shock • Capillary bleeding
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid Management: Wound with Severe Bleeding
• C- Control bleeding
• C- Cover the wound
• C- Care for shock
• C- Consult or refer to a Physician
First Aid Management: Wound with Bleeding not
Severe (Home Care)
• Clean the wound with soap and water
• Apply mild antiseptics
• Cover wound with dressing and bandage
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Reminders
1. All wounds must be thoroughly inspected and
covered with a dry dressing to control bleeding and
prevent further contamination.
2. Once bleeding is controlled by compression, the
limb should be splinted to further control bleeding,
stabilize the injured part, minimize the victim’s pain
and facilitate the patient’s transport to the hospital.
3. As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured part
should be elevated to just above the level of the
victim’s heart to minimize severity.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Reminders
1. Amputated body parts should be saved, wrapped in
a dry gauze, placed in a plastic bag, kept cool and
transported with the patient.
2. Don’t induce further bleeding to clean the wound.
3. Don’t use absorbent cotton as a dressing.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Burns
- Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles,
bones, nerves and blood vessels. The result from
heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of
radiation.
Common Causes
1. Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.
2. Scald from hot liquid.
3. Defective heating, cooking and electrical
equipment.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Common Causes
1. Immersion in overheated bath water.
2. Use of such chemicals, as lye, strong acids and
strong detergents.
Factors to Determine the Seriousness of Thermal
Burns
1. The Depth. The deeper the burn, the more
severe it is. Three depth classifications are used:
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Superficial (1st Degree burn) epidermis is the
affected part.
• Partial Thickness (2nd Degree burn) dermis is the
affected part, with blisters.
• Full Thickness (3rd Degree burn) subcutaneous
muscles are affected.

2. The extent to the affected body surface area. this

means estimating how much body surface area
the burns covers.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Location of the Burns. Burns on the face, hands,
feet and genitals are more severe than on other
body parts.
• Victim’s age and medical condition. Determine if
other injuries or pre-existing medical problems
exist or if the victim is elderly (over 55) or very
young (under 5).
STANDARD FIRST AID
Rule of 9
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Types of Burn Injuries

1. Thermal Burns
- Not all thermal burns are caused by flames.
Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that
ignites and causes a flash or an explosion, and
steams or hot liquid are other common causes of
burns.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Care for Thermal Burns

• Care for First-Degree and Second Degree Burns.

- Relieve pain by immersing the burned area in
cold water or by applying wet, cold cloth. If cold
water is unavailable, use any cold liquid you
drink to reduce the burned skin temperature.
- Cover the burn with a dry, non sticking, sterile
dressing or a clean cloth.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Care for Thermal Burns

• Care for Third Degree Burns.

- Cover the burn with a dry, non sticking, sterile

dressing or a clean cloth.
- Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs
and keeping the victim warm with a clean sheet
or blanket.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Types of Burn Injuries

2. Chemical Burns
- Chemicals will continue to cause tissue
destruction until the chemical agent is removed.

• Care for Chemical Burns.

-Immediately remove the chemical by flushing

water.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Care for Chemical Burns.

-Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing

while flushing with water.
-Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim
wash with a mild soap before a final rinse.
-Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or,
for large areas, a clean pillowcase.
-If the chemical is in the eye, flood i for at least
20 minutes, using low pressure.
-Seek medical attention immediately.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Types of Burn Injuries

3. Electrical Burns
- The injury severity from exposure to electrical
current depends on the type of current (direct or
altering), the voltage, the area of the body
exposed, and the duration of contact.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Care for Electrical Burns.

-Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If

that is impossible, call the Power Company or
ask for help.
-Check the ABCs. (Airway, Breathing,
Circulation) Provide Rescue Breathing (RB) or
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if
necessary.
-If the victim fell, check for spine injury
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Care for Electrical Burns.

-Treat the victim for shock.

-Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical
injuries are treated in burn center.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

1. Blow to the eye 4. Impaled objects

• Chemical burns 5. Amputations
• Eye knocked out 6. Sucking chest wound
• Foreign Objects 7. Abdominal injuries
2. Nose bleeds • Protruding organs
3. Knocked out tooth
 STANDARD FIRST AID

BANDAGING TECHNIQUES

Use of Triangular Bandage

Open Phase
1. Head (Topside) 1. Chest, back of the chest
2. Face, back of the head 2. Hand, foot
Cravat Phase 1. Arm, leg
1. Forehead, eye 2. Elbow, knees (straight, bent)
2. Ear, cheek, jaw 3. Palm pressure bandage
3. Shoulder, hip 4. Palm bandage of open hand
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Triangular Bandage Open Phase: Head Top Side

 STANDARD FIRST AID
Face, back of the head

Chest, back of the Chest

STANDARD FIRST AID
Hand, foot
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Cravat Phase: Forehead, eye Ear, cheek and jaw

STANDARD FIRST AID
Shoulder, hip
STANDARD FIRST AID
Shoulder, hip
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Arm, leg

Elbow, knee (straight)

 STANDARD FIRST AID
Elbow, knee (bent)
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Palm pressure bandage
Ankle, sprained
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Use of Roller Bandage

1. Spiral
• Open
• Closed
• Spiral Reverse
2. Figure of Eight
3. Recurrent with Spiral turns
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Guidelines in using dressing and bandages
1. Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at
least 1 inch beyond the edges of the wound.
2. If body tissues and organs are exposed, cover the
wound with a dressing that will not stick, such as
plastic wraps or moistened gauze. Then secure the
dressing with a bandage or adhesive tapes.
3. If the bandage is over a joint , splint and make a
bulky dressing so the joint remains immobilized. If
there is no movement of a wound over the joint,
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Guidelines in using dressing and bandages
...there should be improved healing and reduced
scarring.
4. A bandage should fit snugly but should not cut off
circulation or cause the victim discomfort. If the
area beyond the wound changes color, begins to
tingle or feel cold, or if the wound starts to swell,
the bandage is too tight and should be loosened.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Guidelines in using dressing and bandages
1. Bandaging techniques depends upon:

• Size and location of the wound

• Your first aid skills
• Materials at hand
POISONING
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Poison
- Is any substance, solid, liquid or gas, that tends to
impair health or cause death when introduced into
the body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning
emergency can be life threatening.

Causes:
1. Common suicide attempts
2. Occasional accidental poisoning
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur
• Ingestion- by mouth
• Inhalation- by breathing
• Injection- by animal bites, stings, syringes
• Absorption- by skin contact

Common Household Poison 1. Denatured Alcohol

1. Sleeping pills 2. Lye& acids including boric
2. Pain relievers 3. Poisonous plants
3. Insect and rodent poison 4. Contaminated water
4. kerosene 5. Fume
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Ingested Poison is the one that is introduced into the
digestive tract by way of the mouth. One form of
ingestion poisoning, is food poisoning, a general
form that covers a variety of conditions.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Suspected food poisoning if:

1. The victim ate food that “didn’t taste right” or that

may have been old, improperly prepared,
contaminated, left at room temperature for a long
time, or processed with an excessive amount of
chemicals.
2. Several people who ate together become ill.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Signs and Symptoms

1. Altered mental status.

2. History of ingesting poisons.
3. Burns around the mouth
4. Odd breath odors
5. Nausea, vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Diarrhea
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Instances when vomiting should not be induced.

1. If unresponsive.
2. Cannot maintain an airway.
3. Has ingested an acid, a corrosive such as lye or a
petroleum product such as gasoline or furniture
polish.
4. Has a medical condition that could be complicated
by vomiting such as heart attack, seizure and
pregnancy.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

First Aid
1. Try to identify the poison.
2. Place the victim on his or her left side.
3. Monitor ABC`s.
4. Save any empty container spoiled for analysis.
5. Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or
she is taken to an emergency facility.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Inhaled Poison is a poison breathed into the lungs.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Signs and Symptoms

1. History of inhaling poisons.

2. Breathing difficulty.
3. Chest pain.
4. Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat.
5. Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and mucous
membrane).
6. Dizziness, headache.
7. Seizures, unresponsiveness (advanced stages).
 STANDARD FIRST AID

First Aid
1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and
into fresh air immediately.
2. Monitor ABC`s.
3. Seek medical attention.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Absorbed Poison is a poison that enters the body
through the skin.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

Signs and Symptoms

1. History of exposures.
2. Liquid or powder on the skin.
3. Burns.
4. Itching, irritation.
5. Redness, rash, blisters.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Remove the clothing.
2. Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin.
If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off.
3. Flood the area with copious amount of water.
4. Continually monitor the patient`s vital signs.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Injected Poison is a poison that enters the through a
bite, sting, or syringe.
 STANDARD FIRST AID

INSECT BITES

Signs and Symptoms

1. Stinger may be present

2. Pain
3. Swelling
4. Possible allergic reaction
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Remove stinger
2. Wash wound
3. Cover the wound
4. Apply cold pack
5. Watch for signals of allergic reaction
 STANDARD FIRST AID

SPIDER BITES/SCORPION STING

Signs and Symptoms

1. Bite marks
2. Swelling
3. Pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Difficulty in breathing or swallowing
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Wash wound
2. Apply cold pack
3. Get medical care to receive antivenin
4. Call local emergency number, if
necessary
 STANDARD FIRST AID

MARNIE LIFE STING

Signs and Symptoms

1. Possible marks
2. Pain
3. Swelling
4. Possible allergic reaction
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. If jellyfish- soak area in
vinegar (15-30 m in.)
2. If sting ray- soak in non
scalding hot water until pain
goes away
3. Clean and bandage the
wound
4. Call local emergency number,
if necessary
 STANDARD FIRST AID

SNAKE BITES

Signs and Symptoms

1. Bite Mark
2. Pain
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
Non
Characteristics Venomous
Venomous
Cortina, Side Semi-Cortina
Movement locomotion,
Curvature
winding

Head Semi-Triangular Oblongated

Body Profile Rectangular Circular

Skin Rough Smooth

Pupil Vertical Round

Manner of Non-Constrictor Constrictor

Attack
Horseshoe
Bite Mark With fang marks
shape
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Wash wound
2. Keep bitten part still, and
lower than the heart
3. Call local emergency number
 STANDARD FIRST AID

HUMAN AND ANIMAL BITES

Signs and Symptoms

1. Bite Mark
2. Bleeding
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. If bleeding is minor- wash wound
2. Control bleeding
3. Apply antibiotic ointment
4. Cover the wound
5. Get medical attention if wound bleeds severely or if
you suspect animal has rabies
6. Call local emergency number or contact animal control
personnel
 STANDARD FIRST AID
General Care for Poisoning
1. Survey the scene
2. Remove the victim from the source of the poison
3. Do a primary survey
4. Care for any life threatening condition
5. If the victim is conscious, do a secondary survey
6. Do not give the victim anything by mouth unless
advised by medical professionals.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
DRUG AND ALCOHOL EMERGENCIES
Drug Abuse- is the self-administration of one or more
drugs in a way that is not in accord with approved
medical or social practice.
Signs and Symptoms
1. Life Threatening Emergencies
• Unresponsiveness
• Breathing difficulties or inability to maintain
an open airway
• Abnormal or irregular pulse
 STANDARD FIRST AID
DRUG AND ALCOHOL EMERGENCIES
• Fever
• Vomiting with an altered mental status or
without gag reflex
• Seizures
2. High Priority for Transport
• Altered mental status
• Extremely high or low blood pressure
• Sweating, tremors, and hallucinations (w/
alcohol withdrawal)
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Digestive problems, including abdominal pain
and bleeding
• Visual disturbance, slurred speech,
uncoordinated muscle movement
• Disinterested behavior, loss of memory
• Combativeness
• Paranoia
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Establish and maintain an open airway
2. Monitor the patient’s mental status and vital signs
frequently
3. Maintain the patient’s body temperature
4. Take measures to prevent shock
5. Care for any behavioural problems
6. Support the patient
 STANDARD FIRST AID
DRUG AND ALCOHOL EMERGENCIES

Alcohol- is a powerful Central Nervous System (CNS)

depressant. It is a both sedative, a substance that
decreases activity and excitement, and a hypnotic,
meaning that it includes sleep. In general, alcohol dulls
the sense of awareness, slow reflexes, and reduce
reaction time . It may also cause aggressive and
inappropriate behaviour and lack of coordination.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs of Intoxication
1. Odor of alcohol on the breath.
2. Swaying and unsteadiness.
3. Slurred speech.
4. Nausea and vomiting.
5. Flushed faced
6. Drowsiness.
7. Violent, destructive, or erratic behaviour.
8. Self-injury, usually without realizing it.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
1. Give the same attention as you would to any patient
with an illness or injury.
2. Monitor the patient’s vital signs constantly. Provide
life support when necessary.
3. Position the patient to avoid aspiration of vomitus.
4. Protect the patient from hurting him or herself.
 BONES, JOINTS &
MUSCLE INJURIES
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Common Causes
1. Vehicular accident
2. Motorbike accidents
3. Mishandling of tools and equipment
4. Falls
5. Sports
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs and Symptoms
1. Pain
2. Bruising
3. Swelling
4. Misshapen appearance and obvious deformity
5. Exposed bones
6. Pale, bluish skin, loss of pulse in an injured limb
7. Numbness furthers down the arm or leg
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries Include the following:

1. CRAMPS- is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle.

First Aid:
• Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle to
counter act the cramp.
• Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
• Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.
• Get medical help if cramps persist
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries Include the following:

1. MUSCLE STRAIN- is the sudden, painful tearing of

muscle fiber during exertion.
Signs and Symptoms:

• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Loss of efficient movement
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries Include the following:

First Aid:
• Apply cold compress at once.
• Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding within
the muscle. Rest the pulled muscle for 24 hours.
• Get medical help.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries Include the following:

3. SPRAIN- is caused by torn fibers in a ligament

Signs and Symptoms:

• Swelling
• Bruising
First Aid:
• Remove any clothing or jewelry around the joint.
• Apply cold compress at once.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid:
• Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.
• The victim’s physician may recommend an over the
counter anti-inflammatory medication (aspirin,
ibuprofen) appropriate for the victim’s general health.

4. DISLOCATION- is the displacement of a bone from its

normal position at a joint. While FRACTURE is a break
or disruption in bone tissue.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs and Symptoms:
• Pain
• Misshapen appearance
• Swelling
• Loss of function
First Aid:
• Check the victim’s ABC
• Keep the victim still
• Prevent infection by covering with a sterile dressing
before immobilizing.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid:
• Splint or sling the injury in the position, which you
found it.
• Take steps to prevent shock.
• Get medical help.
Immobilizing/Splinting
Use of Bandages
2. Collarbone 1. Ankle
3. Rib 2. Arm Support
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Use of Wood or other Improvised Splints
1. Elbow
2. Forearm/Hand/Wrist
3. Finger
4. Hip/Thigh
5. Knee/Leg
6. Ankle
7. Traction Splint
 COMMON
EMERGENCIES
 STANDARD FIRST AID
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES
Hypothermia- exposure to extreme cold for a short time
or moderate cold for a long time.
• Mild Hypothermia- the patient will present with cold
skin and shivering and will still be alert and oriented.
Signs and Symptoms: • Staggering walk
• Increased breathing rate • Apathy, drowsiness,
• Increased pulse rate and bp incoherence
• Slow, thick speech • Sluggish pupils
• Uncontrollable shivering
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Check responsiveness
• Cover the patient with a warm blanket
• Apply hot compress
• Check vital signs
• Refer to a Physician

2. Severe Hypothermia- patients may become

unresponsive. This is a true medical emergency that
can lead to death.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs and Symptoms:
• Extremely slow breathing rate.
• Extremely slow pulse rate.
• Unresponsiveness
• Fixed and dilated pupils
• Rigid extremities
• Absence of shivering
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Check responsiveness
• Check ABC, perform CPR if needed
• Care for shock
• Refer to a Physician.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Mechanism of Heat Loss
1. CONVECTION- body heat is lost to surrounding air,
which becomes warmer, rises, and is replaced with
cooler air.
2. RESPIRATION- this occurs when a person breathes in
cold air and breathes out air that was warmed inside
the body.
3. RADIATION- body heat is lost to nearby objects
without physically touching them.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Mechanism of Heat Loss
1. CONDUCTION- body heat is lost to nearby objects
through direct physical touch.
2. EVAPORATION- body heat causes perspiration, which
is lost from the body surface when changed from
liquid to vapor.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Three General Types of Heat Emergencies
1. HEAT CRAMPS- a muscular pain and spasm due largely
to loss of salt from the body in sweating or too
inadequate intake of salt
Signs and Symptoms
• Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or legs
• Heavy perspiration
• Light headedness, weakness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Have the victim rest with his/her feet.
• Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub.
• Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make
salted drink.
• To relieve muscle cramps, massage the affected
muscles gently but firmly until they relax.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
2. HEAT EXHAUSTION- a response to heat characterized
by fatigue, weakness and collapse due to inadequate
intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids
through sweating.
Signs and Symptoms

• Cool, pale or red, moist skin • Nausea; vomiting

• Dilated pupils • Irrational behaviour
• Headache • Weakness, dizziness
• Extreme thirst • unconsciousness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Have the victim rest with his or her feet elevated
• Cool the victim
• Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make a
salted drink
• Monitor the victim for signs of shock
• If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her
from injury and give first aid for convulsions
• If the victim looses consciousness, give first aid for
unconsciousness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
2. HEAT STROKE- a response to heat characterized by
extremely high body temperature and distyrbance of
sweating mechanism.
Signs and Symptoms
• Raised body temperature • Rapid, shallow breathing
• Dry, hot, red skin • Extreme confusion
• Dark urine • Weakness
• Small pupils • Seizures
• Unconsciousness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Cool the victim
• Give first aid for shock
• If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid for
seizures
• Keep the victim cool as you await medical help
 STANDARD FIRST AID
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
1. STROKE- is a condition that occurs when the blood
flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to cause
damage. People over age 50 are the most common
victims, but younger people can have them too.
Causes:
• Thrombus or embolism- (blockage of blood vessels)
• Ruptured artery in the brain
• Compression (tumor)
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs and Symptoms
• Weakness and numbness of the face. Arm or leg, often
on one side only
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Headache
• Ringing in the ears
• Change of mood
• Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
• Loss of bowel and bladder control
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Check the victim’s ABC
• Have the victim rest in a comfortable position
• Seek immediately medical help
• Do not give the victim anything by mouth
• If the victim looses consciousness, place him/her in the
recovery position and administer first aid for
unconsciousness
• Continue to monitor ABC’s
• Stay with the victim until you have medical help
 STANDARD FIRST AID
2. DIABETES- is a condition that effects the way the body
uses food. It causes the sugar level in the blood to be
too high.
Types of Emergency Diabetes
• Insulin Shock or Hypoglycemia- occurs when too much
insulin is in the body.
Signs and Symptoms
• Fast breathing • Weakness
• Fast pulse • Change in the level of
• dizziness consciousness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
Signs and Symptoms
• Vision difficulties •Numb hands or feet
• Sweating •Hunger
• Headache •Anxiety

Types of Diabetes
• Type I (Insulin Dependent)- no insulin produced by the
body
• Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent)- inadequate insulin is
produced by the body and does not function properly
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Diabetic Coma or Hyperglycemia- happens if there is
too much sugar and too little insulin in the blood and
body cells do not get enough nourishment.
Signs and Symptoms
• Drowsiness and confusion • Dehydration
• Deep and fast breathing • Fever
• Thirst • A fruity smelling
• Change of consciousness
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic emergency
sugar-candy, fruit, juice, or a soft drink containing
sugar.
• If the person is unconscious, check ABC’s and call for a
Physician.
• Immediate transport to the hospital.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
2. SEIZURE- is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction,
usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the
brain.
Signs and Symptoms
• Local tingling or twitching in part of the body.
• Brief blackout or period of confused behavior.
• Sudden falling, loss of consciousness.
• Drooling, frothing of the mouth.
• Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking limbs,
stiffening
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Grunting; snorting
• Loss of bladder and bowel control
• Temporary cessation of breathing
• Seizures are often associated with epilepsy; high
blood pressure; heart disease; brain tumor; stroke or
other brain illness or injury; shaking your children
violently; fever in children; head injury; electric shock;
heat illness; poisoning; venomous bites and stings;
choking and drug or alcohol overdose or withdrawal.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not
necessary to call physician unless:

• The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes

• Another seizure begins soon after the first
• He or she does not regain consciousness after the
jerking movement has stopped.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
However, you should call Physician when someone having
seizure also:

• Is pregnant
• Carries identification as a diabetic
• Is in the water and has swallowed large amounts of
water.
Febrile Seizure- A high temperature does not necessarily
mean the victim is seriously ill. Some children, however,
have febrile seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
When to get help for fever
Fever is not always caused for alarm, but sometimes it is a
sign of a serious problem. Seek immediately medical
attention if:
• Fever is over 39.4 deg C (103 deg F)
• Fever is accompanied by:
 difficulty in breathing
 unusual skin color (blue, gray, purple)
 a rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin
 shock
 stiff neck
 STANDARD FIRST AID
 bulging fontanel (soft spots of the baby’s skull)
 Signs of dehydration
 If the victim appears to be very ill, take steps to
reduce the fever while you seek medical assistance.
EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH
Causes of Emergency Childbirth
1. Rupture tubal pregnancy with concealed hemorrhage
into the abdominal cavity.
2. Unusual bleeding from the vagina at any stage.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
1. Convulsion associated with pregnancy.
2. Miscalculations in the anticipated delivery.
3. Premature onset of labor after an accident.
4. Delay in transportation
5. Other factors which may be abbreviate delivery.
Signs and Symptoms
1. If labor contractions are approximately 2 minutes
apart.
2. If the woman is straining or pushing down with
contraction.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
1. If the woman is crying out constantly.
2. Warning from the woman that the baby is coming.
Delivery Procedures:
1. Position the mother for delivery
2. Inspection of the presenting part
3. Delivery of the head
4. Cutting for umbilical cord
5. Expulsion of the afterbirth/placenta
6. Care after delivery
 STANDARD FIRST AID
OTHER COMON EMERGENCIES
1. Fever- is a sustained body temperature above the
normal level of 37 deg C (98.6 deg F)
Signs and Symptoms

In the early stages:

• Pallor
• A “chilled” feeling, goose pimples, shivering and
chattering teeth.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
As the fever advances:
• Hot, flushed skin, and sweating
• Headache
• Generalized “aches and pains”
• Higher temperature
First Aid
• Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings,
preferably in bed with a light cover. Allow him/her to
rest.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Give the casualty plenty of cool, bland drinks to replace
lost fluids.
• An adult may take two paracetamol tablets. Give the
child the recommended dose of paracetamol syrup
(not aspirin)
• If you are worried about the casualty’s condition, call a
Physician.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
OTHER COMON EMERGENCIES
2. Headache- may accompany any illness, particulary a
feverish ailment such as flu, but it may be the most
prominent symptom of a serious condition, such as
meningitis or stroke.
First Aid
• Help the patient to sit or lie down comfortably in a
quiet place.
• An adult may take two paracetamol tablets of his or
her own.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Give a child recommended dose of paracetamol syrup
(not aspirin)
• If in doubt or if the pain does not ease within two
hours, call a Physician.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
OTHER COMON EMERGENCIES
3. Abdominal Pain- is a pain in the abdomen often has a
relatively trivial cause, but can indicate serious disease,
such as perforation or obstruction of the intestine.
First Aid
• Make the patient comfortable, and prop her up if
breathing is difficult. Giving her a container to use if
vomiting.
• Do not give the patient any medicines or anything to
eat or drink.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
• Give the patient a covered hot water bottle placed
against the abdomen.
• If the pain is severe, or does not ease within 30
minutes, call a Physician.
4. Vomiting and Diarrehea- are most likely to be caused
by food poisoning, contaminated water, allergy, or
unusual or exotic foods.
 STANDARD FIRST AID
First Aid
• Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick.
Afterwards, give the patient a warm damp cloth with
which to wash him or herself.
• Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly and
often. If the appetite returns, give him only bland,
starchy or sugary food for the first 24 hours.
• If you are worried about the patient’s condition,
particularly if it is persistent, call a doctor.