“Plate Tectonics” Volcanoes

 a theory that explains the structure of the  formed in three distinct places
Earth’s crust
Rifts
 long, deep cracks
Internal Structure and Composition of the Solid Earth
1. Core
Pacific Ring of Fire
 the densest layer of the internal structure
 the area around the Pacific Plate
of the Earth

Hawaiian Islands
2. Mantle
 also volcanic islands
 less dense than the core
 made up of heavy rock material
Hotspots
 some parts in the mantle
3. Crust
 the least dense layer of the solid Earth
Mountains
 made of light rock material
 the third basic type of landform

Lithospheric Plates
3 Type of Mountains
 large sections of the solid crust of the Earth
1. Folded Mountain
 folded rock layers
Lithosphere
 the rigid outer shell of the Earth
2. Upwarped Mountains
 pushed up by forces
Mature Oceanic Plate
 80-100 km thick
3. Fault-block Mountains
 made of big blocks of rocks
Oceanic Crust
 upper 5-7 km
“Plate Boundaries”
Continental Plate  most readily identified by seismicity
 150-200 km thick
 includes the continental crust 3 Types of Plate Boundaries
 5 to 70 km in thickness 1. Divergent Boundaries
 created at the boundary
Single plate
 part oceanic and part continental  Mid-Atlantic Ridge
 the best-known and most-studied
Asthenosphere
 the mobile part of the mantel 2. Convergent Boundaries
 destroyed as one plate dives
Tectonics Plates
 giant pieces of the Earth’s crust  Subduction
 a process of pulling something down
Convection Current
 an entire cycle of heating, rising, cooling and  Island Arc
sinking  a chain of volcanic islands

Ridge Push 3 Types of Convergent Boundaries

 the sliding of the young thin  Ocean to Continent
 Ocean to Ocean
Earthquakes  Continent to Ocean
 the rocks break and the breaking
 Mount Everest
3 Types of Forces  a popular example of a continental-
1. Compression Forces continental
 a force that presses together two plates
3. Transform Boundaries
2. Tension Forces  two plates move parallel
 a stress on a material
 San Andreas
3. Shearing Forces  fault in California is a transform boundary
 a force causing two containing layers
Fold Mountains
Transform Fault  large mountain ranges
 a type of strike-slip fault
Anticline
 folding is up over the feature
 2. Scrotum
Syncline  envelops the textes
 folding is down over the feature
B. Internal Parts
Overfold 1. Gonads
 folded rocks in an anticline  produce gametes and secrete testosterone

Ocean Trenches 2. Epididymis

 deep water areas  a pair of coiled ducts

Himalayas 3. Vas Deferens

 created from shallow sea  a pair of ducts that carries the mature sperm

Hawaii 4. Bulbourethral Glands

 found in the middle of the Pacific plate  a pair of exocrine glands that secretes mucous

Seismicity 5. Seminal Vesicles

 a term that denotes the location of significant  a pair of exocrine glands that contributes
earthquake activity fructose-rich fluid to semen

6. Ejaculatory Ducts
“Coordinated Functions of the  a pair of ducts that carries sperm to the penis
Reproductive, Endocrine and Nervous
System” 7. Prostate Gland
 an exocrine gland that contributes alkaline
fluid to the semen
I. Parts and Functions of the Female
Reproductive System 8. Urethra
A. External Parts  a duct with dual functions
1. Clitoris
 small organ
 Exocrine Glands
 have ducts
2. Labia Minora
 a pair of innermost thin skin folds
 Endocrine Glands
 do not have ducts
3. Labia Majora
 a pair of outermost fat-padded skin folds
C. Male Reproductive Process
Puberty
4. Vaginal Opening
 signals the development of males
 the organ for sexual intercourse

Hormones
B. Internal Parts
 organic substances secreted by both plants and
1. Ovaries
animals
 the pair of ovaries are located deep inside the
pelvic cavity
I. Female Hormones
2. Oviduct or Fallopian Tube 1. Estrogen
 a pair of tubes with fingerlike  substances that bring the cyclical onset

3. Uterus 2. Progestin
 a hollow pear-shaped organ  concerned with the maintenance of
pregnancy
4. Cervix
 a narrowed region II. Male Hormones
1. Androgens
5. Vagina  responsible for the maintenance of male
 the vagina extends from the cervix to the vaginal
opening 2. Testosterone
 the most important androgen
C. Female Reproductive Process
Oocyte Feedback Mechanisms
 an immature egg  used by organisms to maintain specific internal
conditions
II. Parts and Functions of the Male
Reproductive System Homeostasis
A. External Parts  a condition wherein the body
1. Penis
 the male organ for intercourse
Types of Feedback Mechanisms
1. Negative feedback
 actions or processes

2. Positive Feedback
 when you want something to happen
quickly

3. Alterations
 feedback mechanisms are also prone to
errors

Ovulation
 mature ovum

Menarche
 first menstrual flow

Puberty
 signals that a girl enters a transition time

Disorders Concerning the Menstrual Cycle

1. Amenorrhea
 absence of menstruation

2. Hypermenorrhea
 condition of heavy

3. PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome or

Dysmenorrhea)
 a condition wherein one experiences
severe pain

4. PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder)

 characterized by depression or severe

Fertilization
 first step in procreation

Cleavage
 a series of cell division

Umbilical Cord
 connects the embryo to the mother

Gestation
 nine-month period of pregnancy

First Trimester
 the most critical period

Second Trimester
 “sign of life”

Third Trimester
 a sudden increase in the size of the fetus