Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc.

Naval, 6560 Biliran Province

Telefax: (053)507-9168; csn.lanaval1990@gmail.com

Q1
LEARNING
ACTIVITY
SHEET
IN
SCIENCE
10

JAYSON C. ESPEJO, LPT

subject teacher

Learner’s name
 Page 1 of 8

Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc.

Naval, 6560 Biliran Province
Telefax: (053)507-9168; csn.lanaval1990@gmail.com

I. TOPIC/S:
 Layers of the Earth
 Mapping the Inner Earth
 Plate Tectonics
 Mechanism of Plate Tectonics
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Let us begin our journey with today’s targets; In the activity, you will be able to
 Identify the different layers and boundaries of the inner earth.
 Explain how seismic waves help map and characterize the layers of the earth.
 Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major
mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory.
 Recognize the importance of disaster preparedness for everybody’s safety and awareness.
III. PRELIMINARIES:
MOTIVATION:
Before answering this Learning Activity Sheet, watch this video by accessing the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlFVFRkEfwo

IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

LESSON 1: LAYERS OF THE
The crust and uppermost part of the mantle comprise the LITHOSPHERE, a rigid layer that can break
under stress. The lithosphere is composed of major and minor blocks, called tectonic plates, that
interact and create the tectonic activities on Earth.
Below the lithosphere is ASTHENOSPHERE - about 180 km thick and contains hot,
molten rocks or magma.
- deform and reshape driven by heat energy which
circulates as convection currents.
CONVECTION CURRENTS- Traveling upward from the hot lower mantle to the cooler upper
mantle.

Earth is divided into four major layers:

CRUST- outermost layer of Earth where life

exists.
1.Continental Crust – a crust that makes
up the continents and is about 40 to
70 km thick.

2. Oceanic Crust – a crust that underlies

the ocean floor and has an
average thickness of 5km.

TABLE 1-1 PROPERTIES OF CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST

Parameters Continental Plates Oceanic Plates
Composition Granitic, light, and composed of Basaltic, heavier, and composed of
aluminum silicates. magnesium silicates.
Density 2.7 g/cm 3
2.9 g/cm3
Thickness 25-70 km 7-10 km
Age Take a long time to create but are Constantly renewed; oldest are less than
rarely destroyed; 3.8 to 4 billion 200 million years old
years old
Coverage 71% of Earth’s surface 29% of Earth’s surface

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Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 2 of 8

 MANTLE – a semisolid, rocky, and very hot layer called the mantle.
- measuring about 2900-km thick, makes up 80 % of Earth and carries most of its
mass.
- composed of Ferro-magnesium silicate rocks. Its top layer has a temperature of
about 900oC. Deeper layer increases from 1000oC to 3700oC.
 OUTER CORE – the only layer of earth that is liquid
-made up of molten nickel and iron, about 2770-km thick,
temperature ranges from 3700oC – 4300OC.
 INNER CORE - has a diameter of 1220 km, composed mostly of solid iron.
-temperature is recently estimated to be about 6000oC.
Interfaces mark the boundaries between the layers of the earth. (See Fig. 1-3, p.6)
 Mohorovicic discontinuity – interface between crust and upper mantle.
 Gutenberg discontinuity – marks the boundary between the lower mantle and outer core.
 Lehmann discontinuity – located between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.

LESSON 2: MAPPING THE INNER

EARTH
Have you ever wondered how scientists were able to map the interior of the Earth even if they have not
visited its inner deeper layers? Scientists inferred the different layers of Earth by analyzing seismic
waves created by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other tectonic processes.

Seismic waves - are caused by the sudden

movement of materials within the Earth, such
as slip along a fault during an earthquake.
Volcanic eruptions, explosions, landslides,
avalanches, and even rushing rivers can also
cause seismic waves.

 These seismic waves are detected by highly sensitive instruments called seismometers and
recorded by seismograph.

Two types of seismic waves:

1. Body waves – travels through the inner layers of the planet.
a. primary waves (P waves)- first to be felt on Earth’s surface.
- compressional waves; they shake the ground
back and forth in the same direction the
wave is moving.
-pass through solid and liquid sections of Earth
or bend as they pass through liquids.

b. secondary waves (S waves)- transverse waves; felt in an up-and-down

motion perpendicular to the direction of
the wave.
- do not travel through liquids.
- the outer core was discovered to be liquid
using this principle.
-travel about 60 to 70 percent more slowly
than P waves.

2. Surface waves - travels on the surface.

Figure 1-5. The paths of seismic waves

through Earth’s interior (p.7)

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Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 3 of 8

Exercise 1:
Direction: Open the link to the video and watch until the end and answer the question below.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c-m0-FICio

Question:
1.Explain how earthquakes help map and characterize the layers of the earth.

LESSON 3: PLATE
TECTONICS
It was Alfred Wegener, an Austrian climatologist, who first noted the theory on the movement of the
Earth’s land masses and is known today as the modern Plate Tectonic Theory (Oskin, 2017). This
theory states that the Earth’s crust is composed of several broken plates that continuously move either
away, past, or towards each other.

In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener observed that the coastal areas of the continents today seemed to
look like jigsaw puzzle pieces that fit to each other. With this observation, he inferred that the Earth
could have once been composed of only one continent and was split into several smaller continents due
to lithospheric processes through time.
Theories on the movement of the lithosphere:
1. Contraction Theory
 states that as Earth cooled after its formation, its surface contracted and wrinkled, with
these wrinkles being the mountain ranges on Earth’s surfaces.

2. Continental Drift theory (Alfred Wegener)

 states that the Earth was once composed of only one supercontinent called Pangaea.
Through time, this supercontinent split into two sub-continents, Laurasia and Gondwana.

3. Seafloor Spreading Theory

 states that the seafloor or ocean floors move and carry the continents along.

4. Plate Tectonics Theory

 states that the crust is composed of different plates which move either towards, away or
past each other.
FOR DETAILED DISCUSSION READ PAGES 8-11 IN YOUR
BOOK

The movement of plates is influenced by two types of forces:

1. DRIVING FORCES – either push tectonic plates toward one another or pull them apart.
 Mantle convection
 Slab pull
 Ridge push

2. RESISTING FORCES – act against the driving forces of plate tectonics

 Slab resistance
 Collision resistance
 Transform fault resistance
 Drag force

FOR DETAILED DISCUSSION READ PAGES 13-14 IN YOUR

BOOK

All rights reserved. Only bonafide learner of Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc. in Junior High School
Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 4 of 8

ACTIVITY
1
In the figure below, identify and list down the different tectonic plates in the world (15 points).

1.LESSON 4: MECHANISM OF
6. PLATE 11.
2.MOVEMENTS 7. 12.
3. 8. 13.
4. 9. 14.
5. 10. 15.

ACTIVITY
2
Describe what is shown in the figure below. Identify the plates that move away, past,
or towards each other. Write your answers on your paper.

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Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 5 of 8

ACTIVITY 3: PUTTING BACK

TOGETHER
Instructions:
1. Print a world map.
2. Cut out the continents.
3. Like the jigsaw puzzle pieces, fit the cutout land masses to form the Pangaea.
4. Paste your output on your paper or take a picture and send it via messenger @ Joerie Talle.

EVALUATION

I. Label the different layers of the Earth.

5. 1.

6. 2.
3.
7.
4.

II. Let’s answer pages 17-19 of your textbook. Answer part A and B only.

A. Multiple Choice. Write your answers in the boxes below.

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16.
2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17.
3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

All rights reserved. Only bonafide learner of Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc. in Junior High School
Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 6 of 8

B. Critical Thinking. Answer the following.

1. Organize the data about the layers of the Earth by filling out the missing information in the
matrix below.

Parameters Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

State of Matter

Composition

Thickness

Temperature
2. Distinguish the following:
a. Litosphere and asthenosphere

b. P waves and S waves

C. Mohorovicic discontinuity and Gutenberg discontinuity

For you to develop your understanding of the topic, let us answer the question below.
Broadening of Concept: Answer in your own words, in a sentence or two.

 How seismic waves help in understanding the inside of the Earth?

INTEGRATION:
Why is disaster preparedness everyone’s responsibility?

V. SELF-ASSESSMENT
Answer in your own words.
1. Is it possible that in the future we can develop a device that can predict an incoming
earthquake? Elaborate your answer.

VI. SUMMARY
Differentiate the following:
c. Litosphere and asthenosphere
d. P waves and S waves
e. Mohorovicic discontinuity and Gutenberg discontinuity
VII. ACTION
Make safety as a way of life by keeping informed. Find out how to use and access the available
tools for information. Learn how to use the National Operational Assessment Hazards (NOAH)
website on noah.up.edu.ph.
VIII. REFERENCES

All rights reserved. Only bonafide learner of Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc. in Junior High School
Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.
 Page 7 of 8

 Exploring Life Through Science 10 (Third Edition)

 https://www.google.com/search?
q=seismic+waves+definition&oq=seismic+waves&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j0i512l9.6081j0j15&so
urceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.thechaosandclutter.com/archives/layers-earth-hands-science-activity
IX. FEEDBACK/COMMENTS (if any)

For queries, feel free to contact me at:

Jayson Corpin Espejo jaysoncorp2@gmail.com

All rights reserved. Only bonafide learner of Cathedral School of La Naval, Inc. in Junior High School
Department can reproduce these materials. Unauthorized person is liable to CSN Inc. for Intellectual Property
Code 8293 and Republic Act 10175 or the Cybercrime law.