ACADEMIC YEAR: 2018/ 2019

KICUKIRO COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
PRO WATER RWANDA LTD

Email: prowaterrwanda@gmail.com
BP 6579 Kigali Rwanda
Website:www.centralelectricals.com
Tel: +250-788-473-484
B.O BOX 547 Kigali
Web site: www.iprckigali.ac.rw
City: Kigali
E -mail : info@iprckigali.ac.rw
Country: RWANDA

Tel N° : +250 788351338

Department: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Option: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

INTERNSHIP REPORT IN PRO WATER RWANDA LTD FROM 13rdMAY to
5thJULY 2019

This work is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of A1 Advanced Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SUBMITTED BY: BLESS ADDIDAS MUGISHA: 16RP03446

Phone : +250786876667

E-mail : mblessaddidas@gmail.com

Company Supervisor’s Name: Francois BARIKUNDA

Tel: 0788797557

ii
IPRC Kigali Liaison Officer’s Name: Mr. fidele MUTAGANIRA

Tel: 0730672485 Email:mufidelis@gmail.com

DECLARATION

I, BLESS ADDIDAS MUGISHA, Student at Integrated Polytechnic Regional

Center IPRC KIGALI whose Registration Number is 16RP03446, declare that the
present work is my own original work intended to specify activities done during
my internship at PRO WATER RWANDA ltd, in the Unity of Electricity, and has
never been submitted to any other University or college of higher learning
institution. I therefore confirm that this report is about the knowledge acquired
during my industrial training under the supervision of Francois

, Technician in charge of electrical works in the company.

BLESS ADDIDAS MUGISHA

iii
DEDICATION

The hard work of this Internship report is dedicated to the Almighty God who still
guides my life, my family until my achievements.

My greatest dedication goes to people who count the most to me; my parents, and
all my relatives.

Not forgetting to dedicate this project to all my friends who gave their support to
the achievement of this Internship especially to:

Francois BARIKUNDA

IPRC KIGALI

iv
ABSTRACT

The main objective of the internship is to take the students to know the
professional reality in the knowledge acquired during their academic formation.
Also to be familiar with practical field.

The program of 3rd year of the faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in
Kicukiro college of Technology (KCT) foresees an internship of eight weeks.

It is in this setting that it has been organized an internship for the students of 3 rd
year of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

During this period, I did my internship within PRO WATER RWANDA LTD (in
Electrical and Electronics department), where I had the opportunity to deepen my
knowledge.

This report details the study and training that was done include installation of big
buildings, Production of both water tank and HDPE plastic pipes, protection of
building etc. Some issues resolution in which I participated, analysis of drawings,
making offset of the pipes. I participated also in design fixing boxes, making tank
stoppers, Master clock system, and power system

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Great thanks to almighty God for keeping me safe and for guiding me throughout
PRO WATER RWANDA LTD during my industrial Attachment

My warm recognition also goes straight fully to my respective Parents, Brothers and
Sisters for their diligence and patience that helped them to educate me despite intense
difficulties.

I would like to express my gratitude and heart-felt appreciation to the Government

of Rwanda, MINEDUC (Ministry of Education), RP (Rwanda polytechnic) and the
Management of IPRC Kigali for their meaningful support not only to educate
Rwandans but also to help them to be self-reliant.

My sincere acknowledgments address to the authorities of IPRC Kigali, more

especially to those of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, through of which I
acquired multitudes of knowledge having permitted me to carry through my
internship.
Also my sincere acknowledgments address to the authorities of PRO WATER
RWANDA ltd, more especially to those of Electrical department and my supervisor,
for the special welcome they gave me continuously and guidance through which I
have been permitted to get an internship.
Thanks a lot to Team members, we were together during the whole period of my
internship, I learnt more from them.
Thanks to all persons who contributed morally, materially and in any other form of
help.

vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL PRESENTATION OF PRO WATER RWANDA LTD

PRO WATER RWANDA LTD is a Manufacture and consultancy firm registered

by RDB in Rwanda. It was established by professionals in Agricultural engineering
fields, soil and water resources management experts, agricultural production and
greenhouse design, construction and management. It has its head office in Kigali,
Rwanda. pro water Rwanda ltd is a

registered private company with the RDB in Rwanda. License

No 101986244

Pro water Rwanda ltd is one of the consultancy firms dealing in Sustainable land
management and water for Agricultural Production.

Pro water Rwanda ltd have two factories (plastics pro water tank, series irrigation
pipes, water &gas supply pipes extrusion lines)

pro water Rwanda ltd is one of the

leading consulting firm

in Rwanda, both in technical and financial capabilities.

pro water Rwanda ltd specializes in agricultural related activities, general

irrigation (manufacturing of plastics water tank, manufacturing of irrigation pipes
and water supply,) programmers, hydro geological mapping of groundwater
resources, general agricultural engineering designs including irrigation designs and
structural development and sustainable land management.

pro water Rwanda ltd mainly works with and through highly experienced bodies,
professionals who are fully qualified and of high moral standards.

pro water Rwanda ltd has an objective oriented

quality assurance manual

vii
 pro water Rwanda ltd has offered a number of consultancy services in the fields of
water harvesting, irrigation designs, sustainable land management and constructing
and management of greenhouses.

Since its establishment, pro water Rwanda ltd has networked with different
national and multinational partners to have a full expertise in Factories
management, and maintenance and Water resources management, sustainable land
management, agricultural production, Irrigation system design and
implementation, greenhouse design, construction and management. Financially,
PRO WATER RWANDA LTD is in strong position even at times of lower
national economic growth

Pro water Rwanda ltd has an objective oriented

Quality Assurance Manual

PRO WATER RWANDA LTD has offered a number of consultancy services in

the fields of water harvesting, irrigation designs, sustainable land management and
constructing and management of greenhouses.
Since its establishment, PRO WATER RWANDA LTD has networked with
different national and multinational partners to have a full expertise in Factories
management, and maintenance and Water resources management, sustainable land
management, agricultural production, Irrigation system design and
implementation, greenhouse design, construction and management.

Financially, PRO WATER RWANDA LTD is in strong position even at times of

lower national economic growth.

Organizational structure of pro water Rwanda ltd

The company is owned by board members who form the management team of the
firm. The board oversees all the activities of the management. The board consists
of 3Permanent members with a chairperson. The management reports to the Board
of directors and the accomplishment of the management is quarterly evaluated by
the board. With the objectives of managing its day to day activities and providing
dependable service to the clients, PRO WATER RWANDA LTD is organized into
3 main divisions and 3 service units. The service units provide the necessary
technical and logistics support to the three operation based divisions. Each project
report is lead by a Team leader and the team leaders are supervised by and report

viii
to their respective division managers. The following chart shows the
organizational structure of the project

Vision of Pro Water Rwanda Ltd

To reduce the importation cost of the irrigation equipment

To train the peoples for environment protection for rain water harvesting systems
A dignified and knowledgeable people with enhanced capacity to manage own
resources for improved livelihoods, against a backdrop of harmonized legal and
policy frameworks without compromising the environment.

Mission of Pro Water Rwanda Ltd

The mission is to carry out policy review, capacity building and awareness creation
on Natural Resource Management in order to entrench environmental
considerations in decision-making and implementation.
FINANCE
The ProWater shall raise its finances through:- Trusteeship fees Income from fees
paid for manufacturing products and services rendered by Pro Water Rwanda Ltd Royalties
from sales of publications Rent collected from those using assets of Pro Water Rwanda Ltd
Grants, donations, legacies, aid, and funds received from organizations and individuals The
funds and the loans of ProWater Rwanda ltd shall be held in custody by
the Trustees, who shall:- Authorize and oversee all bank accounts Receive financial reports
from the Board The funds shall be spent in accordance with the annual budget
prepared by the Board and approved by the General Assembly.

Surveys and pre-design studies of agricultural and water resources

Among the services that are being provided or that can be provided by PRO WATER
RWANDA LTD regarding manufacturing and surveys and pre-design stage studies include:
Pre-feasibility and feasibility studies Water resource mapping project preparation, appraisal and
evaluation Topographic Surveys Hydrological studies Environmental surveys Socio-
economic surveys Hydraulic investigations Soil survey Soil conservation methods and Land
management practices
4.3 Agricultural and environmental consultancy services
The company provides agricultural consultancy services including: Crop
management Advisory services regarding crops suitability and adaptability in different areas
Soil and water management and use Agronomic aspects of crop production Environmental
Impact Assessment and Audit consultancy services 4.4 DESIGN WORKS INCLUDING
IRRIGATION, STRUCTURAL WORKS (GREENHOUSES) PRO WATER RWANDA
LTD plays a significant role in design works and installation of different irrigation systems and
other agricultural related structural services. The supervisory and technical staffs are highly
ix
qualified and conversant with the design standards and rules stipulating design works. 4.5
CONSTRUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

Several agricultural related structural works are provided by PRO WATER RWANDA LTD.
These structural works include greenhouse structures, postharvest structures, water conveyance
and diversion structures including control weirs. 4.6 SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT
OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS. PRO WATER RWANDA LTD offers supervisory
services of all the works it engages in.
4.7 Consultancy, execution and supervision pro water Rwanda ltd
Offers consultancy services in the fields of agriculture, water and environment.
4.8 software
The company utilizes different design and analysis of data software. All design and
data analysis staff and most supervisory staff are highly conversant with a number of
applications programs. Among the software being employed by PRO WATER RWANDA
LTD staff include: Irrigation design software including Irricad, CROPWART, Autocard.
Data analysis software’s including SPSS.
GIS software- Arc GIS, Auto card Map 3D Land development card
Computer software’s including Ms Word, Ms PowerPoint, Ms Excel, Ms Access
etc.
GPS Mapping, NDR Garmin, Track marker The quality of work and services to be
provided by PRO WATER RWANDA LTD staff is of high standard and requires very
qualified and motivated staff. PRO WATER RWANDA LTD has given first preference to the
quality of its staff from the beginning.

x
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A: Amperes

AC : Alternative current

Cd : candela

DC : Direct current

E : Il luminance

GLS: General light source

GS: Government sponsored

HBC: High breaking capacity fuse

HOFR: Heat oil and flame retardant cable.

HRC: High rupturing capacity fuse

I: Electrical current(amperes)

IPRC: Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center

KA: Kilo-amperes

KW: Kilowatt

L: Length of material(m)

L: Line wire (phase wire)

LDD: Light loss due to luminary dirt depreciation

xi
 LF: Light loss factor

LFF: Light loss due to a lamp failure factor

LLD: Light loss due to lamp lumen depreciation

Lx: lux

m: meter

MCB: Miniature circuit-breakers

MCCB: Molded case circuit breakers

mm: millimeter

N: Neutral wire

P: Power(watt)

RDD: Light loss due to room dirt depreciation

UF: utilization factor

HDPE: High Density Polyethylene

LLDPE: Linear Low Density Polyethylene

GPS: Grobal Position System

xii
1.3 Introduction background about ITP modules in IPRC KIGALI

The main objective of the internship is to take the students to know the
professional reality in the knowledge acquired during their academic formation.

The program of 3rd year of the faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in
Kicukiro college of Technology (KCT) foresees an internship of eight weeks.

It is in this setting that it has been organized an internship for the students of 3rd
year of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

During this period, I did my internship within PRO WATER RWANDA LTD (in
Electrical and Electronics department), where I had the opportunity to deepen my
knowledge.

This report details the study and training that was done include piping and
providing wiring path of different system which will be installed in PRO WATER
RWANDA LTD story, some issues resolution in which I participated, making
bending of the pipes, making offset of the pipes by using spring, using drilling
machine for making holes where pipes should pass.

13
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Illumination

2.1.1. Nature of light

Light is a form of energy which is radiated by bodies whose temperatures are

increased. The main source of light is sun which gives out energy in form of heat
and light at very high rate.

Methods of producing light by electricity

By temperature incandescence: An electric current is passed through a filament of

thin wire placed in vacuum or an inert gas.

By establishing an arc between two carbon electrodes

Discharge lamps: in these lamps gas or vapour is made luminous by an electric

discharge through them.

Electrical lighting systems are designed to create a comfortable and safe home or
working environment. There are several types of lighting systems in use today.
Among the most popular are incandescent, fluorescent, and vapor lights, as well as
several special-purpose types of lighting.

The three types of lighting systems discussed Incandescent, fluorescent, and vapor
lights in this chapter constitute most of the lighting loads placed on electrical
power systems.

The planning involved in obtaining proper lighting is quite complex and may
involve several types of lights

2.1.2. Common lighting terms

Luminous intensity – symbol I

This is the illuminating power of the light source to radiate luminous flux in a
particular direction. The earliest term used for the unit of luminous intensity was
the candle power because the early standard was the wax candle. The SI unit is the
candela (pronounced candela and abbreviated to cd).

14
Luminous flux – symbol f or φ

This is the flow of light which is radiated from a source. The SI unit is the lumen,
one lumen being the light flux which is emitted within a unit solid angle (volume
of a cone) from a point source of 1 candela.

Illuminance – symbol E

This is a measure of the light falling on a surface, which is also called the incident
radiation. The SI unit is the lux (lx) and is the illumination produced by 1 lumen
over an area of 1m2

E=dφ/dA E=φ/A

Luminance – symbol L

Since this is a measure of the brightness of a surface it is also a measure of the

light which is reflected from a surface. The objects we see vary in appearance
according to the light which they emit or reflect towards the eye. The SI units of
luminance vary with the type of surface being considered. For a diffusing surface
such as blotting paper or a matt white painted surface the unit of luminance is the
lumen per square meter.

With polished surfaces such as silvered glass reflector, the brightness is specified
in terms of the light intensity and the unit is the candela per square meter.

Illumination laws

Rays of light falling upon a surface from some distance d will illuminate that
surface with an illuminance of say 1 lux. If the distance d is doubled as shown in
Fig. 5.1, the illuminance of 1 lux will fall over foursquare units of area. Thus the
illumination of a surface follows the inverse square law, where

15
 The inverse square law described above. If this surface were removed, the same
luminous flux would then fall on surface B. Since the parallel rays of light falling
on the inclined surface B are spread over a larger surface area, the illuminance will
be reduced by a factor, and therefore

Figure2. 1:Illumination law.

The inverse square law.

The illumination of surface A in Fig. 2.1 will follow

Since the two surfaces are joined together by the trigonometry of the cosine rules
this equation is known as the cosine law.

16
Figure 2.2:Cosine law

The cosine law.

EXAMPLE 2

A street lantern suspends a 2000 cd light source 4m above the ground.

Determine the illuminance directly below the lamp and 3m to one side

of the lamp base.

17
The illuminance below the lamp, EA, is

To work out the illuminance at 3m to one side of the lantern, EB, we need the
distance between the light source and the position on the ground at B; this can be
found by Pythagors’ theorem:

EXAMPLE 3

A discharge lamp is suspended from a ceiling 4m above a bench. The illuminance

on the bench below the lamp was 300 lux. Find:

The luminous intensity of the lamp ,(b) the distance along the bench where the
illuminance falls to 153.6 lux.

For (a)

18
19
2.1.3. Measurement of illuminance

To take a reading, place a suitable illuminance meter, calibrated in lux, on to the

surface whose illumination level is to be measured. For general light levels hold
the instrument 85 cm above the floor in a horizontal plane.

Take readings from the appropriate scale but take care not to obscure the photocell
in any way when taking measurements, for example, by casting a shadow with the
body or the hand. The recommended levels of illuminance for various types of
installation are given by the IES (Illumination Engineers Society) code which is
usually printed on the back of the meter, as shown in Fig. 5.3. Some examples are
given in Table 5.1.

Illuminance values

Table2. 1:Illuminance values

The inverse square law calculations considered earlier are only suitable for
designing lighting schemes where there are no reflecting surfaces producing
secondary additional illumination. This method could be used to design an outdoor
lighting scheme for a cathedral, bridge or public building.

Interior luminaries produce light directly on to the working surface but additionally
there is a secondary source of illumination from light reflected from the walls and
ceilings. When designing interior lighting schemes the method most frequently
used depends upon a determination of the total flux required to provide a given
value of illuminance at the working place.

20
This method is generally known as the lumen method.

To determine the total number of luminaries required to produce a given

illuminance by the lumen method we apply the following formula:

where:

the illuminance level is chosen after consideration of the IES code,

the area is the working area to be illuminated

the lumen output of each luminary is that given in the manufacturers’ specification
and may be found by reference to table.

UF is the utilization factor,

LLF is the light loss factor.

2.1.4. Utilization factor (UF)

The light flux reaching the working plane is always less than the lumen output of
the lamp since some of the light is absorbed by the various surface textures. The
UF is expressed as a number of lumens actually received by a particular surface to
the total number of lumens emitted.

2.1.5. Light Loss Factor (LLF)

The light output of a luminary is reduced during its life because of an accumulation
of dust and dirt on the lamp and putting. Decorations also deteriorate with time,
and this results in more light flux being absorbed by the walls and ceiling.

Light loss due to luminary dirt depreciation (LDD),

Light loss due to room dirt depreciation (RDD),

21
Light loss due to a lamp failure factor (LFF),

Light loss due to lamp lumen depreciation (LLD). The LLF is the total loss due to
these four separate factors and typically has a value between 0.8 and 0.9.

When using the LLF in lumen method calculations we always use the
manufacturers’ initial lamp lumens for the particular lamp because the LLF takes
account of the depreciation in lumen output with time. Let us now consider a
calculation using the lumen method.

Maintenance factor (m)

m=illumination when everything is perfectly clean/illumination under actual

conditions

Depreciation factor=1/m or P=1/m

E=φ*uf*P/A

Example

It is proposed to illuminate an electronic workshop of dimensions 9mx8mx3m to

an illuminance of 550 lux at the bench level. The specification calls for luminaries
having one 1500mm 65W natural tube with an initial output of 3700 lumens.
Determine the number of luminaries required for this installation when the UF and
LLF are 0.9 and 0.8 respectively.

2.1.6. Space to mounting height ratio

Excessive height will result in a rapid reduction of illuminance, as demonstrated by

the inverse square law, and make lamp replacement and maintenance difficult. The

22
correct spacing of luminaries is important since large spaces between them may
result in a fall-off of illuminance at the working plane midway between adjacent
potting. The illuminance between the luminaries must not be allowed to fall below
70% of the value directly below the putting.

Figure2.3: Space to mounting height ratio.

2.1.8. Layout of luminaries

To maintain an even distribution of illuminance from the luminaries, those

adjacent to the walls of the room should be fixed at half the spacing distance. This
is because a point in the middle of the room receives luminous flux from two
adjacent luminaries, while a point close to the wall is illuminated mainly from only
one luminary.

Considering the previous example of an electronic workshop requiring 15

luminaries to provide the required illuminance, if we assume a space to height ratio
of 1 : 1, the best layout may be four rows, with four luminaries in each row. This
would necessitate using one extra luminaries than the calculations suggested. This
is quite acceptable since the overall illuminance will be raised by only about 6%
and the resultant layout will be more symmetrical while complying very closely
with the space to height ratio.

Luminaries used for the general illumination of a room are normally arranged
parallel to the longest wall, as shown above or they might be recessed modular
fluorescent light fittings installed in a suspended ceiling.

Fittings are then switched in rows parallel to the wall

23
Figure2. 4: Layout of luminaries.

2.1.9. Comparison of light sources

When comparing one light source with another we are interested in the color
reproducing qualities of the lamp and the efficiency with which the lamp converts
electricity into illumination. These qualities are expressed by the lamps’ efficacy
and color rendering qualities.

The performance of a lamp is quoted as a ratio of the number of lumens of light

flux which it emits to the electrical energy input which it consumes. Thus efficacy
is measured in lumens per watt; the greater the efficacy the better is the lamps’
performance in converting electrical energy into light energy.

A general lighting service (GLS) lamp, for example, has an efficacy of 14 lumens
per watt, while a fluorescent tube, which is much more efficient at converting
electricity into light, has an efficacy of about 50 lumens per watt.

GLS lamps

24
General lighting service lamps produce light as a result of the heating effect of an
electrical current. A fine tungsten wire is first coiled and coiled again to form the
incandescent filament of the GLS lamp.

The light output covers the visible spectrum, giving a warm white to yellow light
with a colour rendering quality classified as fairly good. The efficacy of the GLS
lamp is 14 lumens per watt over its intended life-span of 1000 hours.

Figure 2.5: General light service

Tungsten halogen lamps

In the GLS lamp, the high operating temperature of the filament causes some
evaporation of the tungsten which is carried by convection currents on to the bulb
wall. When the lamp has been in service for some time, evaporated tungsten
darkens the bulb wall, with the result that the light output is reduced and the
filament becomes thinner and eventually fails.

Figure 2.6:Tungsten halogen lamps

25
DISCHARGE LAMPS

Discharge lamps do not produce light by means of an incandescent filament but by

the excitation of a gas or metallic vapour contained within a glass envelope.

A voltage applied to two terminals or electrodes sealed into the end of a glass tube
containing a gas or metallic vapour will excite the contents and produce light
directly.

The colour of the light produced depends upon the type of gas or metallic vapour
contained within the tube. Some examples are given below:

Figure2. 7:Discharge lamp

26
Fluorescent tube

A fluorescent lamp is a linear arc tube, internally coated with a fluorescent powder,
containing a low-pressure mercury vapour discharge. Passing a current through the
cathodes of the tube causes them to become hot and produce a cloud of electrons
which ionize the gas in the immediate vicinity of the cathodes.

This ionization then spreads to the whole length of the tube, producing invisible
ultraviolet rays and some blue light. The fluorescent powder on the inside of the
tube is sensitive to ultra-violet rays and converts this radiation into visible light.

The fluorescent powder on the inside of the tube can be mixed to give light of
almost any desired color or grade of white light. Some mixes have their maximum
light output in the yellow-green region of the spectrum giving maximum efficacy
but poor colour rendering.

The lamp has many domestic, industrial and commercial applications. Its efficacy
varies between 30 and 70 lumens per watt depending upon the colour rendering
qualities of the tube.

Figure2. 8:Fluorescent lamp construction.

Fluorescent lamp control circuits

27
Switch-start fluorescent lamp circuit

Figure 2-9 shows a switch-start fluorescent lamp circuit in which a glow-type

starter switch is now standard. A glow-type starter switch consists of two
bimetallic strip electrodes encased in a glass bulb containing an inert gas. The
starter switch is initially open-circuit.

When the supply is switched on the full mains voltage is developed across these
contacts and a glow discharge takes place between them. This warms the switch
electrodes and they bend towards each other until the switch makes contact. This
allows current to flow through the lamp electrodes, which become heated so that a
cloud of electrons is formed at each end of the tube, which in turn glows.

Figure2. 9:Switch-start fluorescent lamp circuit.

When the contacts in the starter switch are made the glow discharge between the
contacts is extinguished since no voltage is developed across the switch.

The starter switch contacts cool and after a few seconds spring apart. Since there is
a choke in series with the lamp, the breaking of this inductive circuit causes a
voltage surge across the lamp electrodes which are sufficient to strike the main arc
in the tube. If the lamp does not strike first time the process is repeated.

When the main arc has been struck in the low-pressure mercury vapour, the current
is limited by the choke. The capacitor across the mains supply provides power-
factor correction and the capacitor across the starter switch contact is for radio
interference suppression.

28
Quick-start fluorescent lamp circuit

When the circuit is switched on the tube cathodes are heated by a small auto-
transformer. After a short preheating period the mercury vapour is ionized and
spreads rapidly through the tube to strike the arc. The luminary or some earthed
metal must be in close proximity to the lamp to assist in the striking of the main
arc. In some cases a metal strip may be bonded along the tube length to assist
starting.

Figure 2.10:quick-start fluorescent lamp circuit.

The elimination of this flicker is desirable in all commercial installations and

particularly those which use rotating machinery.

29
Figure2. 11:Circuit diagrams for lead-lag fluorescent lamp circuits

2.1.10. Luminous efficacy

Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It
is the ratio of luminous flux to power. Depending on context, the power can be
either theradiant flux of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electric
power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source. Which sense of the
term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes
unclear. The former sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation, and
the latter luminous efficacy of a source.

The luminous efficacy of a source is a measure of the efficiency with which the
source provides visible light from electricity. The luminous efficacy of radiation
describes how well a given quantity of electromagnetic radiation from a source
produces visible light: the ratio of luminous flux to flux. Not all wavelengths of
light are equally visible, or equally effective at stimulating human vision, due to
the spectral sensitivity of the human eye; radiation in
the infrared and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum is useless for illumination. The
overall luminous efficacy of a source is the product of how well it converts energy
to electromagnetic radiation, and how well the emitted radiation is detected by the
human eye.

30
The main difference between the luminous efficacy of radiation and the luminous
efficacy of a source is that the latter accounts for input energy that is lost as heat or
otherwise exits the source as something other than electromagnetic radiation.
Luminous efficacy of radiation is a property of the radiation emitted by a source.
Luminous efficacy of a source is a property of the source as a whole.

2.2. Protection of electrical installation

2.2.1. Over current protective devices

Electricity is a good servant but a bad master. Experience and statistics show that
very often, faulty installations and equipment are responsible for causing millions
of dollars of damage by fire and the deaths of people due to electric shock.

2.2.3. Types of over current protection

Protection is necessary against over current and can be achieved by using:

-Fuses

-Circuit breakers

A. Fuses

A fuse is a device for opening a circuit by means of a fuse element which is

designed to melt when an excessive current flows through the circuit. A fuse
interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is
prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for
particular circuits.

31
Figure 2.12:Fuse

The selection of conductors must be done taking into consideration both maximum
voltage drop allowed at the load end and also the current carrying capacity of the
conductor.

Conductor size and voltage drop tables are available to do the selection, which is
based on the load current supplied.

The commonly used fuses are:

Rewritable or semi-enclosed fuse

Cartridge fuses

High rupturing capacity (HRC) fuses or high breaking capacity (HBC) fuses

i. Rewritable or semi-enclosed fuse

The fuse element, (in the form of fine, tinned copper wire) is connected between
the terminals of the fuse link contact.

The fuse element has a low melting point and will ‘blow’ or melt when excessive
current flows. An asbestos pad is usually fitted to reduce the effects of arcing

Advantages:

Cheap and easy to replace.

Disadvantages:

Due to atmospheric corrosion and straining of the fuse element.

When holding screws are over tightened, the actual nominal current or current
rating may not be the same as stated by the manufacture

Slow action.

32
Not suitable for high fault current.

Replacing the fuse wire with the incorrect size.

ii.Cartridge fuses

The cartridge fuse consists of a sealed tube with metal caps at both ends
incorporates

a fuse element, which is soldered to the metal caps.

The advantages:

Quick and easy to replace.

Lack of deterioration of the fuse element.

Rating of the fuse element is accurately known.

The disadvantage:

Not suitable for high fault currents.

More expensive to replace than rewireable fuse

Commonly used in:

13A plugs

Power tools

Switch boards to control indicator lights

33
Figure 2.13:Cartridge fuse

iii. High rupturing capacity (HRC) fuses or high breaking capacity (HBC) fuses

The advantages are:

No deterioration of fuse element due to atmospheric corrosion.

Fast action.

Discrimination between overload current of short duration and high fault current.

Suitable for clearing large fault current without shattering.

The disadvantage is:

Expensive.

Commonly used in:

Street lights

Motor circuits

Movable equipment

Figure 2.14:High rupturing capacity

B. Circuit breakers

A circuit breaker is a mechanical for making and breaking a circuit under normal
or abnormal conditions. It also a device capable of automatically interrupting the

34
power supply in the event of an overload current and fault current.Acircuit breaker
is an automatically operated electrical designed to protect electrical circuit from
damage caused by over load or short circuit . Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike fuse, which operates once and then
must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)
to resume normal operation.

Figure2. 15:Circuit breakers of different ratings.

I. Miniature circuit-breakers (MCB)

MCBs are used extensively for the protection of final circuits in domestic and
commercial installations and are fitted in consumer units. The function of a
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is to protect cables and conductors against
overloads and short circuits, and electrical equipment from overheating. Under
certain fault conditions, the MCB can protect against shock currents caused by
excessive voltage due to insulation failure. MCBs are used for current rating not
exceeding 125A.

MCBs are a device for automatically opens a circuit on sustained overloads or

short-circuit.

The tripping of the MCB may be magnetic or thermal.

35
Protection against sustained overload is given by the bending of a bimetallic strip
with its time lag effect. High-speed protection against short circuit is given by
magnetic operation.

Figure 2.16:Circuit break

Advantages

-Faulty circuit is easily identified.

-Supply is quickly restored.

-Multiple units are available.

-Tripping characteristics is set during manufacture, cannot be altered.

Disadvantages

-Have mechanical moving parts

-Need for regular testing to ensure satisfactory operation

-Expensive

-Characteristics affected by ambient temperature

ii. Molded case circuit breakers(MCCB)

36
MCCBs are required for installations which have higher fault levels or current
ratings exceeding 125A. MCCBs are usually found in the switch board.

-MCCB is similar to MCB is used for over current protection and for low voltage
operations.

-The current rating is higher ranges from 15A to 800A and rated short-circuit
ranges

from 11 KA to 150 KA.

-Frequent switching takes place.

2.2.4. Earthing

The general mass of earth is made up almost entirely of materials that are
reasonable, electrical conductors themselves, or are made so by being moist. The
earth is considered as a large conductor at zero potential.

1. From this it follows that a current will flow to earth through a live conductor to
earth, provided that some other point of the system at a different potential is also
connected to earth.

2. In practice, the neutral at the supply transformer is always connected to the

general mass of earth. This is done by connecting a conductor from the neutral at
the supply origin to a rod driven into the ground. This is called earthing

3. Thus to prevent the potential of live conductors rising above the safe value, all
exposed metal parts of an electrical installation must be connected to earth.

2.2.5. Danger in an unearthed system

Apparent safety: No obvious path for shock current

Actual danger: shock current via stray resistance and capacitance

2.5. 6 Reasons for earthing

In order to avoid risk of serious electric shock, it is important to

Protect against danger to life from electric shock

37
Provide a path for the earth leakage current to operate the circuit protection
effectively and rapidly

To maintain all metalwork at the same potential

Claim down the over voltage, which may cause permanent damage to the circuit
and the equipment.

2.2.7. Criteria of good earth

Good earth must meet the following criteria:

Low electrical resistance

Good corrosion resistance

Able to carry high fault current repeatedly

Reliable

Figure:2.17 Earthling(grounding) of different factory’s machine.

2.3. Fire protection of electrical installation

Fire arises from the burning of combustible materials. Afire in an unwanted place
can cause damage. Therefore, every effort must be made to prevent unwanted fire
in electrical installation.

38
Fire can be prevented by eliminating anyone of the three factors that causes it.

Factors that must be present in combination for a fire to start and to continue
burning are:

Fuel

Heat

Oxygen

Electrical equipment of all kinds dissipate heat and under fault conditions the heat
output of the component can raise high enough to start fire. Every day items of
equipment can be a fire hazard. A faulty component in equipment will overheat
and this will cause a short circuit, which can set fire to the equipment and to the
whole installation, of which the equipment is part of.

2.3.1. Cause of fire in electrical installation

Loose connections

Wrongly rated fuses or circuit breakers

Overloaded circuits

Damaged insulation.

2.3.2. Types of fire

Class A fire from wood, paper, cloths

Class B fire from flammable liquids

Class C fire from gases

Class D fire from metals

2.3.3. Fire extinguishers

Various things can be used to put out fire.

39
Figure2.17:Fire extinguisher

Water

Water might be appropriate for putting out fire, but never use water if there is a
chance that power might still be on. Water must never be used on liquid as it will
spread the liquid and the fire.

Sand or dry soil

This works well on small fires but should not be used on burning liquids.

Foam Extinguishers

These work by smothering the fire in a foam containing the inert Carbon Dioxide
gas, and hence depriving fire of oxygen. However, foam extinguishers contain
water and therefore are not good for putting out electrical fires.

Carbon Dioxide extinguishers

These contain liquid carbon dioxide gas which smoothers the fire and starves it of
oxygen. The gas is very cold as it comes out of the nozzle.

40
Dry powder extinguishers

These are useful for dealing with electrical fires. The powder does no damage and
can be brushed off afterwards.

Fire Blankets

These are made of aluminized fiber glass cloth and are simply placed over a
burning object to deprive it of oxygen. This can be effective for small fires. In an
emergency a wet towel or blanket can be used instead.

2.3.4. The procedures to be followed in the event of fire

Raise an alarm.

Turn off all machinery and power.

Close the doors and windows.

Try to deal with the fire as well as you can, without exposing oneself to risk.

Anybody not involved in firefighting should leave calmly and go to the designated
assembly point.

NB: The first action to take when dealing with electrical fire is to turn the current
off first.

41
CHAPTER THREE: INTERNERSHIP ACTIVITIES

3.1 production of tank

Figure 3.1 Roto moulding machine

3.1.1. Introduction

Rotational moulding, also known as robocasting or rotomoulding, is a low

pressure, high temperature manufacturing method for producing Hollow, one-piece
plastic parts. As with most manufacturing methods for plastic parts, rotational
moulding evolved from other technologies. The basic principle of forming a
coating on the inside surface of a rotating mould dates back for many centuries, but
the process did not gain recognition as a moulding method for plastics until the
1940. A British patent issued to Peters in 1855 (before plastics existed) cites a
rotational moulding machine containing two-axis rotation through a pair of bevel
gears. It refers to the use of a split mould having a vent pipe for gas escape, water
for cooling the mould and the use of a fluid or semi-fluid material in the mould to
produce a hollow part.

Currently rotational moulding is a very competitive alternative to blow moulding,

thermoforming and injection moulding for the manufacture of hollow plastic
products. This is because it offers designers the opportunity to achieve the
42
economic production of stress-free articles, with uniform wall thickness and
potentially complex shapes.

Rotational Molding involves a heated hollow mold which is filled with a charge or
shot weight of material. It is then slowly rotated (usually around two perpendicular
axes) causing the softened material to disperse and stick to the walls of the mold.
In order to maintain even thickness throughout the part, the mold continues to
rotate at all times during the heating phase and to avoid sagging or deformation
also during the cooling phase. The process was applied to plastics in the 1940s but
in the early years was little used because it was a slow process restricted to a small
number of plastics. Over the past two decades, improvements in process control
and developments with plastic powders have resulted in a significant increase in
usage.

Robocasting (also known as Rota casting), by comparison, uses self-curing resins

in an unheated mould, but shares slow rotational speeds in common with rotational
molding. Spin casting should not be confused with either, utilizing self-curing
resins or white metal in a high-speed centrifugal casting machine.

STAGES OF ROTO-MOULDING MACHINE

Various stages of rotomoulding machine are as follows:

Charging the mould

Heating the mould

Cooling the mould

Demoulding

3.1.2 PRODUCTION OF PIPES

3.1.3. INTRODUCTION

The first precursors to the modern extruder were developed in the early 19th
century. In 1820, Thomas Hancock invented a rubber "masticator" designed to
reclaim processed rubber scraps, and in 1836 Edwin Chaffee developed a two-

43
roller machine to mix additives into rubber. The first thermoplastic extrusion was
in 1935 by Paul Troester and his wife Ashley Gershoff in Hamburg, Germany.
Shortly after, Roberto Colombo of LMP developed the first twin screw extruders in
Italy.

Process

In the extrusion of plastics, the raw compound material is commonly in the form of
nurdles (small beads, often called resin) that are gravity fed from a top mounted
hopper into the barrel of the extruder. Additives such as colorants and UV
inhibitors (in either liquid or pellet form) are often used and can be mixed into the
resin prior to arriving at the hopper. The process has much in common with plastic
injection molding from the point of the extruder technology, although it differs in
that it is usually a continuous process. While pultrusion can offer many similar
profiles in continuous lengths, usually with added reinforcing, this is achieved by
pulling the finished product out of a die instead of extruding the polymer melt
through a die.

The material enters through the feed throat (an opening near the rear of the barrel)
and comes into contact with the screw. The rotating screw (normally turning at e.g.
120 rpm) forces the plastic beads forward into the heated barrel. The desired
extrusion temperature is rarely equal to the set temperature of the barrel due to
viscous heating and other effects. In most processes, a heating profile is set for the
barrel in which three or more independent PID-controlled heater zones gradually
increase the temperature of the barrel from the rear (where the plastic enters) to the
front. This allows the plastic beads to melt gradually as they are pushed through
the barrel and lowers the risk of overheating which may cause degradation in the
polymer.

Extra heat is contributed by the intense pressure and friction taking place inside the
barrel. In fact, if an extrusion line is running certain materials fast enough, the
heaters can be shut off and the melt temperature maintained by pressure and
friction alone inside the barrel. In most extruders, cooling fans are present to keep
the temperature below a set value if too much heat is generated. If forced air
cooling proves insufficient then cast-in cooling jackets are employed.

44
Figure 3.2 Plastic extruder cut in half to show the components

At the front of the barrel, the molten plastic leaves the screw and travels through a
screen pack to remove any contaminants in the melt. The screens are reinforced by
a breaker plate (a thick metal puck with many holes drilled through it) since the
pressure at this point can exceed 5,000 psi (34 MPa). The screen pack/breaker plate
assembly also serves to create back pressure in the barrel. Back pressure is
required for uniform melting and proper mixing of the polymer, and how much
pressure is generated can be "tweaked" by varying screen pack composition (the
number of screens, their wire weave size, and other parameters). This breaker plate
and screen pack combination also eliminates the "rotational memory" of the molten
plastic and creates instead, "longitudinal memory".

After passing through the breaker plate molten plastic enters the die. The die is
what gives the final product its profile and must be designed so that the molten
plastic evenly flows from a cylindrical profile, to the product's profile shape.
Uneven flow at this stage can produce a product with unwanted residual stresses at
certain points in the profile which can cause warping upon cooling. A wide variety
of shapes can be created, restricted to continuous profiles.

The product must now be cooled and this is usually achieved by pulling the
extrudate through a water bath. Plastics are very good thermal insulators and are
therefore difficult to cool quickly. Compared to steel, plastic conducts its heat
away 2,000 times more slowly. In a tube or pipe extrusion line, a sealed water bath
is acted upon by a carefully controlled vacuum to keep the newly formed and still

45
molten tube or pipe from collapsing. For products such as plastic sheeting, the
cooling is achieved by pulling through a set of cooling rolls. For films and very
thin sheeting, air cooling can be effective as an initial cooling stage, as in blown
film extrusion.

Plastic extruders are also extensively used to reprocess recycled plastic waste or
other raw materials after cleaning, sorting and/or blending. This material is
commonly extruded into filaments suitable for chopping into the bead or pellet
stock to use as a precursor for further processing.

Screw design

There are five possible zones in a thermoplastic screw. Since terminology is not
standardized in the industry, different names may refer to these zones. Different
types of polymer will have differing screw designs, some not incorporating all of
the possible zones.

Figure: 3.6 A simple plastic extrusion screw

Most screws have these three zones:

Feed zone (also called the solids conveying zone): this zone feeds the resin into the
extruder, and the channel depth is usually the same throughout the zone.

Melting zone (also called the transition or compression zone): most of the polymer
is melted in this section, and the channel depth gets progressively smaller.

Metering zone (also called the melt conveying zone): this zone melts the last
particles and mixes to a uniform temperature and composition. Like the feed zone,
the channel depth is constant throughout this zone.

In addition, a vented (two-stage) screw has:

46
Decompression zone. In this zone, about two-thirds down the screw, the channel
suddenly gets deeper, which relieves the pressure and allows any trapped gases
(moisture, air, solvents, or reactants) to be drawn out by vacuum.

Second metering zone. This zone is similar to the first metering zone, but with
greater channel depth. It serves to repressurize the melt to get it through the
resistance of the screens and the die.

Figure:3.14 complete path of screw extruder machine

HDPE pipe during extrusion. The HDPE material is coming from the heater, into
the die, then into the cooling tank. This Acu-Power conduit pipe is co-extruded -
black inside with a thin orange jacket, to designate power cables.

47
Figure 3.18:Pipe Sizes and Dimensions Char

3.2 POWER SUPPLY

3.2.1. Definition

48
An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply,
transmit and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the
network that supplies a region's homes and industry with power - for sizable
regions, this power system is known as the grid and can be broadly divided into the
generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power
from the supplying centers to the load centres and the distribution system that
feeds the given local or room of the building. The similar power systems are also
found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes. The majority of
these systems rely upon three-phase AC power - the standard for large-scale power
transmission and distribution across the modern world.

Electric power is the product of two quantities: current and voltage. These two
quantities can vary with respect to time (AC power) or can be kept at constant
levels (DC power).

3.2.2. Dimension of pipe in power system

The dimension of PVC pipes in power system were 25mm,32mm,50mm depeding

to the number of conductors will pass through the pipes.

3.2.3. Component of Power system

Conductors

A conductor is a material that has many free electrons permitting free movement
through it easily..

Some common good conductors are copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, eureka,
chrome, silver and gold.

Conductors make up the conducting path for electric current, and insulting
materials prevent electrical current flow through unwanted paths and this way
minimize electrical hazards.

Current passing through a conductor generates heat. The amount of heat depends
on the value of current and the potential difference between its ends. The rate of
heat production in the conductor equals the amount of power lost by the electricity
in passing through the conductor.

49
 𝐿
Q=I2R and R=𝞺
𝑆

Where: = Material resistivity

L= Material length

S=Material cross-sectional area

R=Resistance

The cross- section area of the conductor must have a large enough area to give it a
low resistance, but the cross – section area must be small enough to keep the cost
and weight of the conductor as low as possible .

The resistance of a material is defined by the equation:

𝐿
R=𝞺 : when the cross sectional area increases the resistance decreases
𝑆

The value of electric current flow through a conductor depends on the value of
resistance.

The best cross-sectional area depends in part on how much current the conductor
must carry.

Sizes of conductors.

The sizes of conductors are specified by the diameter or the cross –sectional areas.
Typical sizes of conductors are; 1.5mm2; 2.5mm2; 4mm2 and 6mm2.

The resistance of a material increases as the length of the conductor increases, and
the resistance decreases as cross-sectional area of the conductor increases. We can
compare the conductivity of one material with that of another by measuring the
resistance of samples.

Classification of conductors

Wires and cables can be classified by the type of covering they have.

Bare conductors

50
These are conductors that have no covering. The most common use of bare
conductors is in overhead electrical transmission and distribution lines.

Insulated conductors

These are conductors that have a coating of insulation over the metals. The
insulation separates the conductor electrically from other conductors and from the
surroundings. It allows conductors to be grouped together without danger.
Additional covering over the insulation adds mechanical strength and protection
against weather, moisture, abrasion and handling.

Stranded conductors

They consist of many strands of fine wires. The wires in stranded conductors are
usually twisted together. Stranded conductors are more flexible and have better
mechanical strength.

Cables

A cable consists of two or more conductors inside a single covering. The

conductors in a cable may either be bare or insulated. Cables are available in
different types. There are single core cable, twin core cable,three, four core and
multi-core cables.

a) Cable construction

The parts of a cable are shown below:

Part Purpose Typical material used

1.Conductor The metal wire or strand of • Copper

wires which carry the
• Aluminum
current.

51
 2 .Insulator A covering of insulating • Polyvinyl chloride (pvc)
material to prevent current
• Rubber
leaking from the conductor
and direct contact between • Powdered mineral
individual conductors and
the earth.
• Oil impregnated paper tapes.

3 .External Use to protect the In the case of conductors insulated

protection conductor and insulator with oil impregnated tapes:
against mechanical damage
• Extruded lead or lead alloy
and hostile environmental
(designed to form an anti-moisture
attacks. (Cables installed in
protection).
a conduit, trucking or
similar enclosures do not For other cables:
need the external protection
• Metallic sheaths
layer).
• Plastic sheaths

• A combination of metallic and

plastic

A layer of metal armor is being

provided where extra mechanical
protection is required.

Table 3.2: Party of cable

b)Cross-sectional view of a cable

Figure3. 19:Single Core cable

52
Figure 3.20: Twin core and earth (general internal power cables) cables

Figure 3.21:. Three-core and earth (normally used for the connections between two
way switches) cable

c). Cable selection

Environment Suggested cables to be used Diagram

Internal wiring in the Non-armored PVC-insulated

room cables installed in conduits and
trucking system

Domestic and Non-armored PVC-insulated and

commercial PVC-sheathed cables
installations (general
indoor use)

53
 Mains and sub-mains Armored PVC-insulated cables
applications (i.e.
utility’s low-voltage
circuits buried
underground)

Table3. 3: Cable selection

Conductors and cable rating

The amount of current which a conductor or cable can carry is limited by the
heating effect caused by the resistance to the flow of electricity. The maximum
permissible current under normal conditions must not be so high that dangerous
temperature is attained which could lead to fire. When choosing a cable for a
particular job it is necessary also to take into consideration the drop in voltage that
will occur when the current is carried.

The temperature reached by a cable is also affected by the following conditions:

Whether the cable is exposed to the room air or is enclosed in a conduit.

The closeness of the cable to others, and the resulting combined heating effect.

The ambient temperature of the surrounding air.

Protective devices

54
Power systems contain protective devices to prevent injury or damage during
failures. The quintessential protective device is the fuse. When the current through
a fuse exceeds a certain threshold, the fuse element melts, producing an arc across
the resulting gap that is then extinguished, interrupting the circuit. Given that fuses
can be built as the weak point of a system, fuses are ideal for protecting circuitry
from damage. Fuses however have two problems: First, after they have functioned,
fuses must be replaced as they cannot be reset. This can prove inconvenient if the
fuse is at a remote site or a spare fuse is not on hand. And second, fuses are
typically inadequate as the sole safety device in most power systems as they allow
current flows well in excess of that that would prove lethal to a human or animal.

2.3 BUTT FUSION WELDING MACHINE

2.3.1. Definition

Heat fusion (sometimes called heat welding, butt welding or simply fusion) is a
welding process used to join two different pieces of a thermoplastic. This process
involves heating both pieces simultaneously and pressing them together. The two
pieces then cool together and form a permanent bond. When done properly, the
two pieces become indistinguishable from each other. Dissimilar plastics can result
in improper bonding.

55
Figure 22: Joining two pieces of pipes by using butt fusion welding machine

3.3.2. Applications

This process is commonly used in plastic pressure pipe systems to join a pipe and
fitting together, or to join a length of pipe directly to another length of pipe.
Generally, polyolefins (such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polybutylene) are
used for these application

2.3.3 Plastic pulviliser machine

In plastic reprocessing after the types of plastic separated is a mechanical

processing to run the plastic through the pulverizer. Pulverizer or pulveriser
crushes the plastic into tiny shreds or granules. Plastic pulveriser is the particular
equipment for recycling disused insignificant materials in producing and grinding
heat-sensitivity plastic such as PVC.

56
Pulverizer includes high output units which can be equipped with automatic
temperature control. The material to be pulverized is fed centrally between a fixed
and a high speed rotating pulveriser disc with ce

ntrifugal effect carrying the material through the processing zone before being
discharged from the machine pneumatically. This pulveriser is mainly used for
lldpe , hdpe, rpvc material.

troubleshooting of plastic pulveliser machine plastic pulveliser

machine

57
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

4.1. Conclusion

In ITP period in CENTRAL ELECTRICAL INTERNATIONAL LTD in IPRC

KIGALI, it was make me skillful especially in electrical installation of big
buildings, not only that also it improved team working with others, I had focused
my practical skills to many kinds of electrical installation especially in protection
of the big building by using fire alarm or smoke detector.

A deeper investigation on the working principle of each system was performed and
I have found that the majority of the systems being installed in that site, electricity
and electronic are involved in the working of any equipment which will be
installed in that building.

Some drilling machine was also found useful in making holes in floor of the
building. During training period, I found that electrical part is important in
industries or companies in general for a better achievement of the company’s
owners.

5.2 Recommendation

I recommend the private and government, institutions to give students internships

to gain hard practical skills and improve their knowledge learnt at school.

To the IPRC Kigali education board has to provide enough time to students to
deeply understand the field work and acquire skills that are important in career
development that private institutions will require in employing skilled personnel
from institutes and universities.

To IPRC Kigali to help the students to fund the companies of being attached
because many students meet deadline without fund any company or industry to be
attached.

For IPRC Kigali to give internship living support at time to helps the students to
fulfill their academic requirement.

58
The government of Rwanda to build a strong national workshop where the student
can pass a long time of practical training to different materials (no theory) so that
they not get problem of required experience

REFERANCES

1.Books

1. Electrical installation guide 2008 by Serge Volut Jacques Schonek.

2. Handout note of power utilization by SHUMBUSHO Jean Pierre in 2015

2. Internet

1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_clock

2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system#Design

3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_light

5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_system

59
APPENDIX

Over view of pipe on the wall and Earth copper tape

60
61
62
63