INDUSTRIAL

VENTILATION
 Introduction of
Ventilation

PURPOSE OF VENTILATION
 Definition
3

 Ventilation is defined as the

process of supplying air to,
or removing air from, any
space by natural or
mechanical means.
 Defining…
4

 Ventilation is the mechanical system in a building

that brings in "fresh" outdoor air and removes the
"contaminated" indoor air.
 In a workplace, ventilation is used to control
exposure to airborne contaminants. It is
commonly used to remove contaminants such as
fumes, dusts, and vapors, in order to provide a
healthy and safe working environment.
 Ventilation can be accomplished by:-
Natural Means (E.G., Opening A Window) Or
Mechanical Means (e.g., fans or blowers).
Industrial Ventilation systems are
designed to move a specific amount of
air at a specific speed (velocity), which
results in the removal (or "exhaust") of
undesirable contaminants.
While all ventilation systems follow the
same basic principles, each system is
designed specifically to match to the
type of work and the rate of contaminant
release at that workplace.

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Industrial Ventilation at different
angles!
 Environmental engineer’s view:
The design and application of equipment for
providing the necessary conditions for
maintaining the efficiency, health and safety of
the workers
 Industrial hygienist’s view:
The control of emissions and the control of
exposures
 Mechanical engineer’s view:
The control of the environment with air flow. This
can be achieved by replacement of contaminated
air with clean air 6
Purpose of Industrial Ventilation

 To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work

area.
 To control hazardous concentrations of toxic
materials in the air.
 To remove any undesirable odors from a given area.
 To control temperature and humidity.
 To remove undesirable contaminants at their source
before they enter the work place air.

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Purpose can also be referred as :
 To create a comfortable environment in
the plant - i.e. The HVAC system
 To replace air exhausted from the plant
- i.e. The replacement system
 Why have an industrial ventilation
system?
Ventilation is considered an "engineering control" to
remove or control contaminants released in indoor
work environments. It is one of the preferred ways to
control employee exposure to air contaminants.
Other ways to control contaminants include:
 eliminate the use of the hazardous chemical or
material,
 substitute with less toxic chemicals,
 process change, or
 work practice change.

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 VENTILATION..??
Industrial ventilation
Generally involves the use of supply and exhaust
ventilation to control emissions, exposures, and chemical
hazards in the workplace

Non-industrial ventilation systems

Commonly known as heating, ventilating and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems
Traditionally were built
to control temperature,
humidity, and odors

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Application Of Industrial Ventilation
Systems
 Optimization of energy costs.
 Reduction of occupational health disease claims.
 Control of contaminants to acceptable levels.
 Control of heat and humidity for comfort.
 Prevention of fires and explosions.

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 Types of
Ventilation
Natural
 General
 Dilution
 LEV
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There are two types of mechanical ventilation systems
used in industrial settings:
 Dilution (or general) ventilation reduces the
concentration of the contaminant by mixing the
contaminated air with clean, uncontaminated air.
 Local exhaust ventilation captures contaminates at or
very near the source and exhausts them outside.

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 Natural Ventilation
• Natural movement of air entering and leaving openings such as
windows, doors, roof ventilators as well as through cracks and
crevices of a building
• Heated air rises, cool air below this creates flow of air in any
Natural ventilation system
• Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air
without the use of fans or other mechanical systems. It can be
achieved with openable windows or trickle vents when the spaces
to ventilate are small and the architecture permits.
• In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed
to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect)
thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building naturally
through openings in the lower areas. These systems use very little
energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort.
In warm or humid months in many climates maintaining thermal
comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so
conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Air-side
economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation, but
use mechanical systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems
to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate. 14
15
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF VENTILATION
16
 Introduction
Purposes of ventilation: Maintaining human comfort and health are two key
reasons for providing ventilation in work environment\buildings. To
achieve these purposes, a ventilation system should be able to meet the
following criteria:
 Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for the physiological needs of
human beings (a minimum of 0.2 l/s/person is required for breathing
purpose) and/or livestock;
 Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for industrial, agricultural and
other processes (for example, provision of oxygen for burning and
combustion processes);
 Remove the products of respiration and bodily odour (including those
from smoking) of human and/or animal occupants;
 Remove contaminants or harmful chemicals generated by processes or
from building materials; remove heat generated by people, lighting and
equipment inside the occupied space;
 Create some degree of air movement which is essential for feelings of
freshness and comfort (usually a velocity of 0.1 to 0.3 m/s is required).
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MAKE-UP AIR
- Fresh air supplied into the breathing zone of
the associate.

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 Exhaust Systems
19

Purpose
 An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and
airborne contaminants from the work place air
 The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work
area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the
contaminant at its source itself
 Types of Exhaust Systems
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• General Exhaust System

• Local Exhaust System

Process exhaust:- exhausts major process off-gasses, such as the hot

process gas from a furnace.

Local exhaust is dedicated to employee protection.

 General Exhaust Systems
21

 Used for heat control in an area by introducing large

quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered
and recycled.
 Used for removal of contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor air with the
contaminant so that the average concentration is
reduced to a safe level.
 Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
22

 The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the

contaminant as it is generated at the source itself.
Advantages:
 More effective as compared to a general exhaust
system.
 The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating
costs compared to the high flow rate required for a
general exhaust system.
 The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air
cleaning equipment.
 Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
Components: local exhaust system has six basic elements (see figure)
1. A "HOOD" or opening that captures
the contaminant at the source.
2. DUCTS that transport the airborne
chemicals through the system.
3. An AIR CLEANING DEVICE that
removes the contaminant from the
moving air in the system (not always
required).
4. FANS that move the air through the
system and discharges the exhaust
air outdoors.
5. An EXHAUST STACK through which
the contaminated air is discharged.
6. Make-up air that replaces the
exhausted air.

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What is the difference between Exhaust
and Supply systems?

An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and

air borne contaminants from the work place,
whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room
to dilute contaminants in the work place so as to
lower the contaminant concentrations.

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 Pressure In A Ventilation System
25

 Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of

differences in pressure.
 In a supply system, the pressure created by the
system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure in
the work place.
 In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the
pressure in the system below the atmospheric
pressure.
Types of Pressures in Ventilation
Systems

Three types of pressures are of importance in

ventilation work. They are:
 Static pressure
 Velocity pressure
 Total pressure

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 Basic Definitions
It can be defined as the mass per unit
volume of air, (lbm/ft3 or kg/cu.m. ).
at standard atmosphere (p=14.7 psfa
or 760mm of Hg ), room temperature
(70 F or 21 C) and zero water
content.
The value of ρ=0.075 lbm/ft3 or 1.20kg/cu.m.
Example Calculate using chart
IU example Calculate density of Air at T =150 o F and 5,000 feet altitude
Solution from chart d=0.72 therefore density at STP*d 0.075lbs/cu.t * 0.72 =
0.054 lbs/cu.ftr
SI unit example Calculate density of air at temp of 35 Celsius and 1.00km
altitude?
Solution:- STP Density of air =1.20kg/cu.m *d solution is 1.20 *0.85 from table
=1.02 kg/cu.m.

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Why is air considered incompressible in Industrial
Ventilation design problems?

The differences in pressure that exist within the

ventilation system itself are small when compared to
the atmospheric pressure in the room. Because of the
small differences in pressure, air can be assumed to
be incompressible.

Since 1 lb/in2 = 27 inches of water, 1 inch =

0.036 lbs pressure or 0.24% of standard
atmospheric pressure. Thus the potential error
introduced due to this assumption is also
negligible.
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 Basic Definitions

Pressure

 It is defined as the force per unit area.

 Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.92

inches of mercury or 760 mm of mercury or 14.7
lb/sq.inch.

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Pressure Relationships

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 Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that
tends to burst or collapse the duct and is
expressed in inches of water gauge (“wg).

 SP acts equally in all directions

 SP can be negative or positive

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 Static Pressure

Flow SP

Static pressure (SP)

is exerted in all
directions.

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 Static pressure can be positive or negative.

Positive static pressure results in the tendency of the air

to expand. Negative static pressure results in the
tendency of the air to contract.
For example, take a common soda straw, and put it in
your mouth. Close one end with your finger and blow
very hard. You have created a positive static pressure.
However, as soon as you remove your finger from the
end of the straw, the air begins to move outward away
from the straw. The static pressure has been
transformed into velocity pressure, which is positive.

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 Velocity Pressure

 It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate

air from rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional
to the kinetic energy of the air stream.
 VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in
the direction of flow.
 VP represents kinetic energy within a system.
 VP is always positive.

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 Velocity Pressure

Flow SP VP

Velocity Pressure
(VP) is kinetic
(moving pressure)
resulting from air
flow.
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 Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) (in 2 different units)
VP = (V/4005)2 or V = 4005√VP
Where
VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (“wg)
V = flow velocity, fpm
VP = (V/4.043)2 or V = 4.043√VP
Where
VP = velocity pressure, mm of water gauge (“wg)
V = flow velocity, mps

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 Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) considering correction for density
VP = (V/4005)2 d or V = 4005√VP/d
Where
VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (“wg)
V = flow velocity, fpm
530 BP 294 BP
d = -------- * ------ (in IU) or ------- * ------- (SI Unit)
F + 460 29.92 C + 273 760 F and C temp in Fer or Cel.
density correction factor normally used 0.625at 7km and temp 93o C or less than
depends on elevation and Temperature of gas (range 1.26 to 0.6250

VP = (V/4.043)2 d or V = 4.043√VP/d
Where
VP = velocity pressure, mm of water gauge (“wg)
V = flow velocity, mps
d = density correction factor (see chart no6 of Burton)

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Example on Velocity calculations
1. The average velocity pressure of an air stream in a duct is 1.00inch w.g.. What is is
average velocity V? Assuming that Air is at STP and density correction is 1 :
solution of the example :-- V= 4005 (1.0/1.0) 0.5 =4005fpm

1. The central velocity pressure of an air stream measured is 12 mm of mercury. What

is its central velocity ? (assuming d=1)
Solution of problem
V = 4.043√VP/d 4.043*(√12)/1 = 14 mps
Give Exercise here as home work and assignments
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Velocity Pressure
Given:
V = 4005 *(√VP)/df
V = 2200 fpm
df = 0.075 lbs./ cu ft = 1
Solve for VP in inches water gauge
2200 fpm = 4005 *(√VP)/df
• .55 = √VP
• .302” w.g. = VP

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39
 Total Pressure

TP = SP + VP
 It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static as
well as the velocity pressures
 SP represents the potential energy of a system and
VP the kinetic energy of the system, the sum of which
gives the total energy of the system
 TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be
positive or negative

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 Total Pressure

Flow SP VP

TP

Total pressure (TP)

is the algebraic
sum of the VP and
SP.
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 How do you measure the Pressures in a
ventilation system?

The manometer, which is a simple graduated U-

shaped tube open, at both ends, an inclined
manometer or a Pitot tube can be used to measure
Static pressure.
The impact tube can be used to measure Total
pressure.
The measurement of Static and Total pressures using
manometer and impact tube, will also indirectly result
in measurement of the Velocity pressure of the system.

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 Basic Definitions
Perfect Gas Equation:
P = ρRT
Where
P = absolute pressure in pounds per square foot absolute (psfa).
ρ = gas density in lbm/ft3.
R = gas constant for air.
T = absolute temperature in degree Rankin.
For any dry air situation
ρT = (ρT)std
ρ = ρstd(Tstd/T) = 0.075 (460+70)/T = 0.075 (530/T)
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 Basic Definitions
Volumetric Flow Rate
The volume or quantity of air that flows through a given location per unit
time
Q=V*A
or
V = Q /A
or
A = Q/V
Where
Q = volume of flow rate in cfm
V = average velocity in fpm
A = cross-sectional area in sq.ft

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 Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)
The amount of air going through a system at a
certain point
– Given in Cubic Feet Per Minute (CFM)
• The amount of air flowing through any point has to
be the same
– Volume of air has to be the same, but the area and the
velocity do not remain the same
» If you increase the area you decrease the velocity

Q3
Q2
Q1

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 Basic Definitions
• Velocity
– Flow rate of air through duct
• V(fpm)
– Velocity = 4005 x Square Root of Velocity Pressure
» V = 4005 VP

• Area
– Area of duct
• A(ft²)
• Volumetric Flow Rate =Velocity x Area
– Q(cfm or ft3/min)=VA

46
 Example
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 2.75 sq.ft. The velocity
of air flowing in the duct is 3600 fpm. What is the
volume?
Sol:-
From the given problem
A = 2.75 sq. ft.
V = 3600 fpm
We know that Q = V * A
Hence,
Q = 3600 * 2.75 = 9900 cfm

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 Example
• The area of a of a round duct is 2.445sq.ft . The
average velocity of air flowing in duct is V=
3500fpm at standard conditions . What is Q?
SOLUTION
Q=V*A
Q = 3500fpm * 2.445sq.ft = 8557.5 scfm
say 8600 scfm for significant figure

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 Example in SI System
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 27500
mm2.The velocity of air flowing in the duct is
10.00 mps. What is the volume?
From the given problem
A = 27500 sq. mm.
V = 10 mps
We know that
Q=V*A
Hence,
Q = 27500 * 10 /104 = 2.75 cumecs

49
 Basic Definitions

Reynolds number
R = ρDV/μ
Where
ρ = density in lbm/ft3
D = diameter in ft
V = velocity in fpm
μ = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft

50
Considering Losses now
• DUCT LOSSES:
– Friction Losses – is due to little complicated and is
function of duct velo, duct diam, air density air viscocity
and surface ruoghness of duct which combined in to a
dimensionless Number R or Rn
Reynolds number
R = ρDV/μ
Where
ρ = density in lbm/ft3
D = diameter in ft
V = velocity in fpm
μ = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft
Moody has prepared a diagram combining all together
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52
 Darcy Weisbach Friction
Coefficient Equation
hf = f (L/d)VP
Where
hf = friction losses in a duct, “wg
f = friction coefficient (dimensionless)
L = duct length, ft
d = duct diameter, ft
VP = velocity pressure,”wg

53
 Duct Losses

Types of losses in ducts

Friction losses
Dynamic or turbulence losses

54
 Duct Losses

Friction losses
Factors effecting friction losses:
Duct velocity
Duct diameter
Air density
Air viscosity
Duct surface roughness

55
 Duct Losses

Dynamic losses or turbulent losses

 Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow
way. The turbulence losses at the entry depends on
the shape of the openings

Coefficient of entry (Ce)

 For a perfect hood with no turbulence losses Ce = 1.0

I.E
V = 4005ce√VP = 4005 √VP

56
 Duct Losses
Turbulence losses are given by the following
expression
Hl= FN*VP
Where
FN = decimal fraction

57
 Fitting Losses
Entry ,elbow, exit and other fittings produce
loss in total pressure which is calculated by
two methods
(1)Velocity pressure method Hl =F VP ; F
=coef
(2) The equivalent length method

58
Multiple Hood Exhaust System
It is observed that Four Basic Components of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System (LEV)
• Hood
• Duct System
• Air Cleaning Device
• Fan This is required as part of topic4 in detail

59
60
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is based on the principle that the difference in pressure
between the air inlet and exhaust air vents in a building allows natural
air exchange to take place. The pressure differences arise due to:
 the buoyancy forces in the building caused by differences in density
between the air in the building and the outside air, and the difference in
height between the air inlet and exhaust air vents,
 the air currents in the building.
 Accordingly, the volume of air flowing through the building depends on
the surplus heat in the building – caused by the convection heat that is
emitted into the room air (internal cooling load), the external cooling
load (transmission through insulation), wind speed, wind direction and
building geometry.
 The volume of air can be controlled and maintained within fixed
parameters according to this principle.

61
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 in next slide show a simplified natural ventilation
scheme. The neutral plane is located where internal and external
pressure is equal. Vents are not effective at this point. Above the
neutral plane, internal pressure is higher than external pressure,
and this is where the exhaust air vents are located. Underneath
the neutral plane, external pressure is higher than internal
pressure, which is why the fresh air vents are located here.

When designing a natural ventilation system, it is necessary to

predetermine the height of the neutral plane and ascertain the
proportion of pressure difference that is available to overcome
flow losses in the air inlet vents and the proportion that will be
used by the exhaust air vents.
It is always necessary to calculate the position of the neutral
plane.

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63
Natural ventilation devices
1 High-efficiency ventilation: The science and design of curved turbine blades, as well as
excellent low resistance bearings, even in the breeze can continue to operate under, and
constantly indoor stale air exhaust
2 Reinforcement corrosion-resistant stainless steel body: high-quality 304 stainless steel body,
and can withstand a long period of wind and rain, can resist the erosion of corrosive gases
indoors, excellent low resistance bearings sealed, durable, eternal lubrication , without the need
for maintenance;
3 Simple and quick to install: Due to the unique angle-pipe neck design, the ventilation device
can be used in different tilt angles (0 ° ~ 22.5 °) roof, significantly reducing installation costs;

64
 Principles of Natural Ventilation

For air to move into and out of a building, a pressure

difference between the inside and outside of the building
is required. The resistance to flow of air through the
building will affect the actual air flow rate. In general,
controlled natural ventilation and infiltration are driven by
pressure difference across the building envelope. The
pressure difference is caused by:
1. wind (or wind effect);
2. difference in air density due to temperature difference
between indoor and outdoor air (stack or chimney
effect); or
3. combination of both wind and stack effects.

65
Guidelines for natural ventilation
a natural ventilation system should be effective regardless of wind direction and there must
be adequate ventilation even when the wind does not blow from the prevailing direction;
inlet and outlet openings should not be obstructed by nearby objects;
windows should be located in opposing pressure zones since this usually will increase
ventilation rate;
a certain vertical distance should be kept between openings for temperature to produce
stack effect;
openings at the same level and near the ceiling should be avoided since much of the air flow
may bypass the occupied zone;
architectural elements like wingwalls, parapets and overhangs may be used to promote air
flow into the building;
topography, landscaping, and surrounding buildings should be used to redirect airflow and
give maximum exposure to breezes;
in hot, humid climates, air velocities should be maximised in the occupied zones for bodily
cooling;
to admit wind air flow, the long façade of the building and the door and window openings
should be oriented with respect to the prevailing wind direction;
if possible, window openings should be accessible to and operable by occupants;
vertical shafts and open staircases may be used to increase and generate stack effect;
openings in the vicinity of the neutral pressure level may be reduced since they are less
effective for thermally induced ventilation;
if inlet and outlet openings are of nearly equal areas, a balanced and greater ventilation can
be obtained. 66
General or Dilution Ventilation

1. Natural 2. Mechanical
Ventilation Ventilation
Preferred if significant
health hazards exist

67
 Dilution Ventilation (DV)
• DV consists of general ventilation
• Uncontaminated outside air + inside air =
diluting and reducing the concentration of
air contaminants to acceptable levels to
which a worker can be safely exposed for
eight hours a day

68
 Types of Natural Ventilation
Openings
 Windows :
There are many types of windows.
Windows sliding vertically, sliding horizontally, tilting,
swinging.
 Doors, monitor openings and skylights.
 Roof Ventilators (weather proof air outlet).
 Stacks connecting to registers.
 Specially designed inlet or outlet openings.

69
 Natural Ventilation Rules
1. Buildings and ventilating equipment should not usually be
oriented for a particular wind direction.
2. Inlet openings should not be obstructed by buildings , trees,
signboards, or indoor partitions.
3. Greatest flow per unit area of total opening is equal to inlet and
outlet openings of nearly equal areas.
4. For temperature difference to produce a motive force, there
must be vertical distance between openings; vertical distance
should be as great as possible.
5. Openings in the vicinity of the neutral pressure level are least
effective for ventilation.
6. Openings with areas much larger than calculated are sometimes
desirable(e.g.hot weather,increased occupancy). The openings
should be accessible to and operable by occupants.
70