ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!!

elj;Jk; epWtdk; 1

SRIRAM
COACHING CENTRE
TET - tuyhW

tho;j;Jf;fSld;
gp.,uh[ypq;fk; BA.,B.Ed.,DCTT

epWtdh;. =uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh; kw;Wk; =uhk; fy;tp mwf;fl;lis

Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 2

ghl« : 1. tuyh‰W¡F K‰g£l fhy«

 gH¦fhy ϨÂahit m) tuyh‰W¡F K¨ija fhy© M) tuyh‰W¡F

êija fhy« ( mšyJ ) tuyh‰W fhy© ÏU tifahf Ãç¡fyh©.
 m¡fhy kåjªfŸ F¿¤j vG¤J¥óªtkhd Mjhu¦fS©, Ãw Mjhu¦fS©
bfh§l fhy¤ij tuyh‰W¡fhy© v‹»nwh©
 Ïy¡»a¦fŸ, tuyh‰W¡ F¿¥òfŸ, fšbt£LfŸ, br¥ò¥ g£la¦fŸ,
Xiy¢RtofŸ ngh‹wit Ϥjifa vG¤J¥óªtkhd Mjhu¦fshF©.
 tuyh‰W¡F K‰g£l fhy¤ij g‰¿ m¿a m¡fhy¤ij rhª¨j bghUŸfŸ,
ÁijÎfŸ, f‰fŸ, ku¦fŸ, éy¦Ffë‹ bfh©òfŸ, vY©òfŸ, f‰fUéfŸ,
k§il XLfŸ, gok¦fŸ ngh‹wit cy»‹ gšntW gFÂfëš
»il¤JŸsd.

tuyh‰W¡F K‰g£l fhy© :

tuyh‰W¡F K‰g£l fhy© v‹gij

 1) giHa f‰fhy© - Palaeolithic age (».K. 10,000 M§LfS¡F K‹)

 2) òÂa f‰fhy© - Neolithic age (».K. 10,000 - ».K. 4,000)
 3) br«ò f‰fhy© - Chalcolithic age (».K. 3,000 - ».K. 1,500)
 4) ÏU«ò fhy« - Iron age (».K. 1,500 - ».K. 600) v‹W tif¥gL¤jyh©.
 MÂkåj‹ ga‹gL¤Âa f‰fUéfis bfh§L f‰fhy¤ij giHa
f‰fhy©, òÂa f‰fhy© vd ÏUtifahf Ãç¡fyh©.

giHa f‰fhy©

 giHa f‰fhy¤Âš kåj‹ czit njo ehnlhoahf miy¨jh‹

 giHa f‰fhy¤Âš kåj‹ Á¡»K¡» f‰fis bfh§L beU¥ig¡
f§LÃo¤jh‹. ÏJ xU vªghuhj ãfœthF©.
 MÂkåj‹ Ïo, ä‹dš Kjèat‰¿¡F ga¨J Ïa‰ifia tz¦»dh‹.
 Ïiy, jiHfŸ, ku¥g£ilfŸ, éy¦Fë‹ njhš M»at‰iw cilahf¥
ga‹gL¤Âdh‹.
 fuLKulhd f‰fŸ (Fth£ir£), ku¡»isfŸ, vY«òfŸ, éy¦Ffë‹
bfh«òfis nt£ilahL© fUéahf ga‹gL¤Âdh‹. nt£ilæš
M§fS©, bg§fS© g¦nf‰wdª.
 koæš FHªijia f£o¡bfh©L xU bg© m«ò éLtJ ngh‹w Xéa©
k¤ÂaÃunjr¤ÂYŸs éng£fh Fifæš cŸsJ.
 ϨÂahéš giHa f‰fhy fUéfŸ »il¡f¥bg‰WŸs Ïl¦fŸ) : nrh‹
M‰W¥gLif, éng£fh, knA«th (k¤Âa Ãunjr©) Yå M‰W¢ rkbtë
(Ïuh#«jh‹), ghfšnfh£ (fªehlf©), fªDš FiffŸ, nuâF§lh
=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626
TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 3

(M¨ÂuÃunjr©) tlkJiu, m¤Âu¥gh¡f©, gšyhtu©, fhŠÁñu©, ntYª,

ÂUtŸSª (jäœehL)

òÂa f‰fhy©

 òÂa f‰fhy¤Âš T£L thœ¡if Kiw Ëg‰w¥g£lJ.

 òÂa f‰fhy¤Âš k¡fŸ fëk§ FoirfŸ, Tiu ÅLfŸ M»at‰¿š
j¦» thœ¨jdª.
 òÂa f‰fhy¤Âš k¡fŸ cHΤbjhêiy nk‰bfh§ldª.
 òÂa f‰fhy kåj‹ éy¦Ffis gH¡» tsª¤jh‹. Kjèš gH¡»a
éy¦F ehŒ. ÏJ nt£ilæ‹ nghJ cl‹ br‹W cjéaJ.
 òÂa f‰fhy¤Âšjh‹ r¡fuK© cUth¡f¥g£lJ. Ïj‹ éisthf
bghUŸfŸ Xçl¤ÂèU¨J k‰bwhçl¤Â‰F éiuthf vL¤J¢bršy¥g£lJ.
 òÂa f‰fhy kåj‹ r¡fu¤ij ga‹gL¤Â k£gh§l¦fŸ brŒjh‹.
 òÂa f‰fhy¤ij nrª¨j k§gh§l¦fŸ jäHf¤Â‹ bešiy,
òJ¡nfh£il, ÂU¢Á, nry© kht£l¦fëš »il¤JŸsd.
 òÂa f‰fhy¤Âš Ïw¨jtªfis ml¡f© brŒÍ© Kiw Ëg‰w¥g£lJ.
m›thW òij¡F© nghJ mtªfSl‹ gH»a éy¦FfisÍ© òij¡F©
nrª¤J Å£o‹ K‰w¤Ânyna òij¤jd®.
 ÂUbešntè kht£l¤ÂYŸs M¢rešYçš ».Ã. 2004š eilbg‰w
mfœthuhŒ¢Áæ‹ nghJ Xnu Ïl¤Âš 160¡F© mÂkhd KJk¡fŸ jhêfŸ
f©LÃo¡f¥g£ld. k§jhê ml¡f© v‹gJ ãid΢ Á‹d© Ïšyhkš
ml¡f© brŒÍ© KiwahF©.
 nfhlhç, vY«ò if¥ÃofŸ, J§oš KŸ, CÁfŸ, bt£L¡fUéfŸ
ngh‹wit ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld.
 òÂa f‰fhy fUéfŸ »il¤JŸs Ïl¦fŸ ÂUbešntè, jh‹¿¡Fo
(bfhil¡fhdš kiy), òJ¡nfh£il, ÂU¢Áuh¥gŸë, nry©
 ehŒ, ML, gR, vUJ ngh‹wit Å£L éy¦Ffshf tsª¡f¥g£ld.
 kåj ehfhPf tsª¢Áæ‹ mL¤j goãiyia òÂa f‰fhy© vdyh©

cnyhf fhy«

 kåj‹ m¿¨j Kjš cnyhf© br©ò. Au¥gh ehfçf© br©ò f‰fhy¤ij¤

nr®ªjJ.
 br©ò f‰fhy¤Âš br©Ãdhš fUéfŸ brŒjdª. m¤Jl‹ ÁW
f‰fUéfisÍ© ga‹gL¤Âdª. Ïjdhš m¡fhy© br©ò f‰fhy© vd¥g£lJ.
 br©ò f‰fhy¤Âš kåj‹ ga‹gL¤Âa k§gh§l¦fë‹ nkš t§z
Xéa¦fŸ tiu¨jdª. Ïit tç¡nfhy¦fshf mik¨ÂU¨jJ.

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 4

ÏU«ò¡ fhy« :

 ÏU©Ãdhš fUéfŸ brŒj fhy© ÏU©ò¡fhy© vd¥gL©

 Å£L¢rhk‹fS©, g檤bjhêš fUéfS© ÏU©Ãdhš brŒa¥g£ld.
 cnyhf¤ij cU¡» fUéfŸ brŒa m¿¨ÂU¨jdª.
 ntjfhy ehfçf« ÏU«ò¡ fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªjJ.

K¡»a njh‰w¦fë‹ M§LfŸ

 óäæ‹ njh‰w© - 460 nfho M§LfS¡F K‹

 kåjå‹ njh‰w© - 40,000 M©LfS¡F K‹ ( nAhkh br¥Ãa‹«)
 ntsh§ik njh‹¿a fhy© Rkhª 8,000M§LfS¡F K‹.
 efu¦fë‹ njh‰w© - 4,700 M§LfS¡F K‹
 ».K. - »¿«J Ãw¥gj‰F K‹. ».Ã. - »¿«J Ãw¨jË
 ÂUtŸStª Ãw¨j M§L ».K. 3
 Â.K. ÂUtŸStU¡F K‹. Â.Ã. ÂUtŸStU¡F¥ Ë

cnyh¡ fyitfŸ

 ÏU©ò + Fnuhäa© = Áštª

 br«ò + btŸëa© = bt§fy©
 br«ò + J¤jehf« = äjis
 ÏU«ò + kh§fÜR = v~F

ghl« : 2. ÁªJbtë ehfçf«

 ϨÂahé‹ äf¤bjh‹ik thŒ¨j efu ehfçfkhd Á¨Jbtë (Au¥gh)

ehfçf« br«ò fhy¤ij¢ nr®ªjJ.
 1921Ïš gŠrh¥ khãy¤Âš Á¨J eÂæ‹ »iseÂahd
 uhé e¡fiuæš mfœthuhŒ¢Á brŒJ Á¨Jbtë ehfçf¤ij
f©l¿ªjd®.
 Au¥gh v‹w Á¨Â bkhê¢brhšY¡F ‘òijͧl efu©’ v‹W bghUŸ
 Au¥gh ehfçf© Rkhª 4,700 tUl¦fS¡F K‰g£lJ.
 Au¥gh efu¦fë‹ ÏoghLfŸ bkhfŠrjhnuh, rh‹Fjhnuh, fèg¦f‹,
nyh¤jš ngh‹w gy Ïl¦fëš f§blL¡f¥g£ld.
 Á¨Jbtë efu¦fë‹ nfh£il gFÂæš f£lik¥ò EQ¡f¦fŸ ä¡f Fs©
mik¡f¥g£oU¨jd. bgU¦Fs¤Â‹ msÎ Ús© 11.38 Û, mfy© 7 Û, MH©
2.4 Û

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 5

 Fs« bkGF òÁa R£l br¦f‰fshš Úª fÁahkš ÏU¡FkhW

f£l¥g£LŸsJ.
 ÅLfŸ tçirahfΩ xG¦fhfΩ neª¤ÂÍlD© f£l¥g£oU¨jd.
 k§lg©, jhåafsŠÁa© ngh‹w bghJ f£ll¦fS© ÏU¨jd.
 efç‹ tlgF FWfyhfΫ caukhfΫ ÏUªjJ.
 »H¡F¥gF éçªJ«, r‰W¤ jhœthfΩ mik¨JŸsJ.
 bkhfŠrjhnuh v‹w Á¨Â bkhê¢ brhšY¡F ‘ÏLfh£L nkL’ v‹W
bghUŸ.
 bghJ fêÎÚª¤ £l©, bghJ¡Fs©, bghJ k§lg©, bjUés¡FfŸ,
bjU¡fëš fhz¥gL© F¥ig¤ bjh£ofŸ ngh‹wit m¦F efu ãªthf©
Áw¥ghf brašg£LŸsij fh£L»wJ.
 ga‹gh£L m¿éaš bjhêš E£g¦fŸ eilKiwæš ÏU¨JŸsd.
 k¡fŸ flš tê thâf© brŒJ mnyhf¦fŸ, éiyÍaª¨j f‰fŸ,
mâfy‹fŸ ngh‹w gšntW bghUŸfis V‰WkÂ, Ïw¡Fk brŒJŸsdª.
 MÍj¦fŸ, Å£L¢rhk‹fŸ, fUéfŸ brŒa br©igÍ©, bt©fy¤ijÍ«
ga‹gL¤Âdª. ÏU©Ãid m¿¨ÂU¡féšiy.
 Á¤Âu toéyhd vG¤J¡fŸ vGj¥g£LŸsd.
 vG¤J¡fŸ tyäU¨J ÏlkhfΩ, ÏläU¨J tykhfΩ vGj¥g£LŸsd.
 étrha© K¡»a bjhêyhf mik¨JŸsJ. nfhJik, ghªè ngh‹wt‰iw
éisé¤JŸsdª.
 k¡fŸ gU¤Â, f©gë Milfis mâ¨jdª. nt£oia ÑHhilahfΩ,
rhšitia nkyhilahfΩ mâ¨jdª.
 j§fK«, btŸë, j¨j©, éiyÍaª¨j f‰fshš mâfy‹fŸ
brŒa¥g£LŸsd. ViHfŸ »ëŠrš, jhäu© ngh‹wt‰whš brŒa¥g£l
mâfy‹fŸ mâ¨jdª. M§, bg§ ÏUghyU© mâfy‹fŸ
mâ¨JŸsdª.
 Á¨Jbtë k¡fŸ blªuhnfh£lh vd¥gL© RLk§ gh§l©, RLk§
bgh©ikfŸ brŒtš Âwik ä¡ftªfŸ.
 bkhfŠrjhnuhéš f§blL¡f¥g£LŸs bt§fy¤jhš Md eh£oa
k¦ifæ‹ cUt¢Áiy, jhoÍl‹ fh£Á jU© xUtç‹ R§zh©ñfš Áiy
ngh‹wit k¡fë‹ Á‰g ntiy¤ÂwD¡F rh‹whF©.
 gRg v‹w ÁtidÍ©, bg§ flÎisÍ©, è¦f©, Ry©, ku©
Kjèat‰iwÍ© tz¦»dª.
 mÂfkhd K¤ÂiufŸ Au¥ghéš fhz¥gL»wJ.

efu¦fë‹ mêé‰fhd fhuz¦fŸ

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 6

 ku¤jhš Md bghUŸfŸ fhz¥ bgwhikahš mit bgU¨Ôæš

mêªÂU¡fyh«.
 cŸeh£L¥ nghçš njh‹¿ fyf¤Â‹ éisthfΩ mit mê¨ÂU¡fyh©.
 Ïa‰if¡ fhuz¦fshY©, mo¡fo khW© j‹ikÍŸs Á¨J M‰¿‹
btŸs bgU¡»dhY© mit òijÍ©oU¡fyh«.
 MçaªfŸ, Ϩefu¦fis mê¤J K‹nd¿æU¡fyh©.
 bkhfŠrjhnuhéš f§blL¡f¥g£LŸs kåj vY«ò¡Féaš, m¨efu©
maytç‹ gilbaL¥ò¡F cŸsh»æU¡fyh©.

ghl« : 3 .g©il¤ jäHf«

 é¨Âa kiy¡F bj‰»YŸs gFÂ, cy»nyna äfäf¤ bjh‹ikahdJ

v‹W tuyh‰W m¿Pª TWtª.
 M¦»nyaª M£Áæš bj‹dh£o‹ bgU©gF br‹id khfhz©
v‹wiH¡f¥g£lJ.
 1967M© M§L m¿Pª m§zh mtªfshš jäœehL v‹W bga®
Ïl¥g£lJ.
 jäœehL nru, nrhH, gh§oaª v‹w _nt¨jªfshš g§il¡fhy© Kjš
Ms¥g£L tªjJ.
 bj‹dh£o‹ bj‹gFÂia¥ gh§oaªfS©, nk‰F¥ gFÂia nruªfS©,
tl»H¡F¥ gFÂia¢ nrhHªfS© M§L t¨JŸsdª.
 tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤Â‰F K‹dª Fkç Kid¡F¤ bj‰nf cŸs ϨJkh¡flš
gFÂ, Fkç¡ f§l© v‹w xU bgUãy¥gu¥ghf ÏUªjJ.
 jiy¢ r§f« gh©oa® jiyef® bj‹kJiuæš ToaJ.
 Ëdª bj‹kJiu cŸë£l bgU©ãy¥gu¥ò flèš _œ»ajhš fghlò
u¤ij jiyefuhf bfh§L Ïil¢r¦f© eilbg‰wJ.
 kJiu _Jçš fil¢r¦f© eilbg‰wJ.
 fl‰nfhshš _œ»¥nghd Fkç¡ f§l¤Âšjh‹, gšYæªfS©
bgUFj‰nf‰w j£gbt¥g¢ RHš ãyéaJ.
 Fkç¡ f§l¤Â‰F K‹djhf m¥gFÂia cŸsl¡»a xU bgU© f§l©,
M¥Ãç¡fhitÍ«, M°ÂnuèahitÍ« Ïiz¡FkhW ãyéabj‹W©,
m¡f§l¤Âš thœ¨j by_ª v‹w Fu¦»d¤Â‹ bgauhš m¡f§l©
by_çah vd¥bgaª bg‰wJ.
 Kjš kåj Ïd© Fkç¡F¤ bj‰nf ÏU¨j f§l¤Âšjh‹ njh‹¿aJ.
 r¦ffhy© v‹gJ fil¢r¦f¤Âš òytªfŸ To MŒÎ brŒj fhykhF©.
mJ Â.K. 200 Kjš Â.Ã. 200 tiu 400 M§LfhykhF©. Â.K. 300 Kjš Â.Ã.
300 tiu v‹W bfhŸnthU© c§L.

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 7

 Â.K. – Â.Ã. v‹gJ ÂUtŸStç‹ Ãw¥gh§lhd ».K. 31M© M§il

ikakhf it¤J fz¡»LtjhF«.
 r§f Ïy¡»a© vd »il¤JŸs üšfŸ v£L¤bjhifÍ«, g¤J¥gh£L«
MF©. mt‰¿YŸs brŒÍŸfis fÃyª, guzª, xsitah®, e¡Ñu® Kjyhd
gyüW òytªfŸ Ïa‰¿ÍŸsdª.
 fil¢r¦f fhy¤Â‰F jäê‹ bgUik¡F milahskhf mU«bgU«
Ïy¡»akhd bjhšfh¥Ãa© njh‹¿ÍŸsJ.
 r¦ffhy¤Ânyna ÂU¡FwŸ njh‹¿ ÏU¡»wJ.
 r§ffhy¤Âš òfh® v‹D© fhéçò«g£od«, bfh‰if, KÁ¿, bjh§o,
tŠÁ Kjyhd gy JiwKf¦fŸ ÏU¨jd.
 v»¥J, atd©, nuh©, Ód© Kjyhd gy ehLfSl‹ tâf© brŒJ t¨jJ
jäHf«.
 bkhf‹-rh-njhnuh, Au¥gh Kjyhd gFÂfëš ãyéa efuik¥ñ,
ehfçf© bj‹df¤ jäœ k¡fë‹ ehfçf¤ bjhlªñilajhf ÏU¨JŸsJ.
 kiyfS© mJ rhª¨j ãyK© F¿ŠÁ
 fhLfS© mJ rhª¨j ãyK© Kšiy
 flY© fl‰fiu gFÂÍ© beŒjš
 Úªts¤Jl‹ taš Roe¨j gFÂ kUj©
 fL© tw£Á¡F cŸsh» Âç¨j ãy¤ij ghiy vd tH¦»dª.
 gh§oa murªfSŸ gh§oa‹ Kl¤ÂUkhwD©, jiyah¦fhd¤J brUbt‹w
beLŠbrêaD©, Áy¥gÂfhu¥ òfœ gh§oa‹ beLŠbrêaD©
F¿¥Ãl¤j¡ftªfŸ.
 nruª kuÚ tl¡»š Ïka© tiu br‹W bt‰¿¡ bfho eh£oatªfshd
Ïaktu©g‹ beLŠnruyhj‹, Áy«ò òfœ nru‹ br¦F£Lt‹ M»nahª òfœ
X¦»atªfŸ.
 nrhH kuÚ fçfhš bgUts¤jh‹, »Ÿëtst‹ M»nahª òfœ ä¡ftªfŸ.
 fçfhy‹ jdJ M£Áæš <H¤ij bt‹W, mªeh£ltiu¡ ifÂfshf
bfh©L tªJ, mtªfis¡ bfh§L fhéç e¡F¡ fiu f£odh‹.
fšyiz fçfhy‹ f£oanj.
 Ïil¡fhy¤Âš thœ¨j ÏuhruhrnrhH‹, Ïuhnr¨Âu nrhH‹ M»nahª
tlòy¤ij k£Lä‹¿ #htf©, flhu© Kjyhd Ñœ¤ÂirfisÍ©
bt‹wjhf tuyhW TW»wJ.
 FWãy k‹duhf és¦»a ghç, Xç, fhç, eŸë, vêå, ngf‹, MŒ M»a
vGtU« filbaG tŸsšfŸ v‹w òfG¡FçatªfŸ
 r¦f fhy¤Âš bg§fŸ cçik bfh§ltuhf ÏU¨jjhš, fhjš
mogilæš kz thœ¡if mik¨jJ.

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 8

 r¦ffhy k¡fŸ nghçš <Lg£L Åukuz« mil¨jtªfë‹ eLfšiyÍ©,

jkJ K‹ndhªfisÍnk têg£L t¨jdª.
 mWtil éHh, bgh¦fš éHh, Ïsntåš gUtéHh ngh‹w éHh¡fis
k¡fŸ bfh§lhodª. jiyefªfëš Ï¨ÂuéHhΩ bfh§lhl¥g£lJ.

ghl« : 4. ntjfhy«

 MçaªfŸ k¤Âa MÁa¥ gFÂæèU¨J ifgª, nghy‹ fzthŒ têahf

ϨÂahé‰FŸ Fona¿atªfŸ.
 Rkh® 4,000 M§LfS¡F K‹ ϨÂahé‰FŸ EiH¨j Mçaª, Ëdª
Áy ü‰wh§Lfëš tl ϨÂah, KGtÂY© gué¡ Foakh®ªjd®.
 ϨÂahéš mtªfŸ Fona¿a gF mça tª¤j© vd¥g£lJ. MçaªfŸ
fhšeilfis¡ bfh§L thœÎ el¤Âd®.
 tuyh‰¿š Ï¡fhy¡f£l© ntjfhy© v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

K‰g£l ntjfhy© (m) ç¡ ntjfhy©. (».K.1500 - ».K. 1000)

 ç¡ntj© bjhF¤j fhy¤Âš MçaªfŸ bgU©ghY©, Ï‹iwa gh»«jhåš

cŸs Á¨J¥ gFÂænyna thœ¨jdª. mtªfŸ Kjèš gŠrhÚ ÏU¨j
r¥jÁ¨J vd¥g£l (vG eÂfŸ ghÍ© ãy©) gFÂæš Fona¿dª.
 Mçaªfë‹ r_f rKjha mik¥ò FL«g« - »uhk« - é° - #dh - #dgjh
v‹gjhf mik¨ÂU¨jJ.
 rKjha¤Â‹ mo¥gil myF FL©g©, gy FL©g¦fŸ ÏizªjJ »uhk«,
»uhk¤Â‹ jiytª »uhkâ. gy »uhk¦fŸ Ïiz¨J éR (é«) v‹w
bgça FGthdJ. Ïj‹ jiytª ‘éRtgÂ’
 bgça M£Á mik¥ò ‘#dh’ Ïj‹ jiyt‹ uh#‹ (mur‹) .
 uh{a¤Âš thœ¨j k¡fŸ Ãui#fŸ vd¥g£ldª. murª Ãu#hg v‹W©
miH¡f¥g£lh®. mur¥gjé gu«giu cçikahf¡ fUj¥g£lJ.
 rgh - KÂat® mit. rä - C®k¡fë‹ ÃuãÂfis¡ bfh§l mit
 FL©g¤Â‹ jiyt‹ j¨ij. M©fS¡F Ïizahf¥ bg§fS© fšé
f‰wdª.
 é«tthuh, mgyh, nfhrh, nyhgK¤uh ngh‹w bg§ féP®fS« ÏUªjd®.
 xUjhu kz©, gyjhukz© M»ait eilKiwæš ÏU¨jd. éjitfŸ
kWkz© brŒJ bfhŸs mDk¡f¥g£ld®.
 ç¡ ntjfhy k¡fŸ fhšeil ts®¥igÍ«, ntsh©ikiaÍ« K¡»a¤
bjhêšfshf¡ bfh©ld®.
 ÏU©Ã‹ gaid e‹F m¿¨ÂU¨jjhš gy fUéfŸ brŒjdª. üš ü‰wš
k‰bwhU K¡»a¤ bjhêyhF«.
=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626
TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 9

 gU¤Â, f©gë Milfis c‰g¤Â brŒjdª. bgh‰bfhšyªfŸ

mâfy‹fisÍ©. FatªfŸ Å£L¥ ga‹gh£o‰fhd k§ gh§l¦fisa©
c‰g¤Â brŒjdª.
 g§lkh‰W Kiw tH¡f¤ÂèU¨jJ. eÂfŸ ngh¡Ftu¤J¡F¥ ga‹g£ld.
ãZfh v‹w j¦f myFfŸ thâf¤Âš ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld.
 ntj fhy k¡fŸ nfhJik, ghªè, ghš, jæª, beŒ, fhŒf¿fŸ, gH¦fŸ,
Ïiw¢Á ngh‹wt‰iw czthf¡ bfh§ldª. nrhk Ruh ghd¦fis¥ gU»dª.
gU¤Â, f«gë cilfis cL¤Âd®.
 Ïa‰ifiaÍ©, mj‹ r¡»iaÍ© tz¦»dª. Nça‹,
 beU¥ò, fh‰W, thd©, ku¦fŸ M»at‰iw têg£ld®.
 ϨÂu‹, tUz‹, m¡å, vk‹ M»a flΟfis tz¦»dª. nfhæšfnsh,
Áiy têghnlh K¨ija ntjfhy¤Âš Ïšiy.
 m«tnkj©, Ïuh#Na©, th#nga© M»a ahf¦fŸ el¤j¥g£ld.
 K‰g£l ntjfhy k¡fŸ fhòèèU¨J - nkšf¦iftiu gué ÏU¨jdª.

Ég£l ntjfhy© (».K.1000 - ».K.600)

 ç¡ ntj fhy¤Â‰F¥ Ëdª rhk, a#]ª, mjªtz ntj¦fë‹ fhy¤ij¥

Ég£l ntjfhy© vdyh©.
 Ï¡fhy¤Âš K¡»a murh£Á¥ gFÂahf¡ f¦if¢ rkbtë
mikªÂUªjJ.
 Ï¥gFÂæš nfhry©, énjf©, FU, kfj©, fhÁ, mt¨Â, ghŠrhy©
ngh‹w muRfŸ njh‹¿d.
 ÏU«ò mÂf mséš ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. beš, fUãy¤Â‰F¢ rhz
cuäL© Kiw njh‹¿aJ. f©ò, gh®è, nfhJik gæçl¥g£ld.
 ãZfh, Rt®zh, rjkhdh Kjyhd j§f, btŸë ehza¦fŸ òH¡f¤Âš
ÏUªjd.
 Ï¡fhy¤Âš rh mik¥ò Kiw njh‹¿ tY¥g£lJ. ÏJ tUz j®k«
v‹W© miH¡f¥g£lJ.
 ahf© k‰W© ònuh»j© brŒnthª ÃuhkzªfŸ v‹W©, cæiu¥ gza© it¤J¥
nghªòç¨J eh£il¡ fh¥gtªfS©, MŸgtªfS© r¤ÂçaªfŸ v‹W©,
g檤bjhêY©, thâfK© brŒnthª itÁaªfŸ v‹W©
miH¡f¥g£ldª. Ï©_‹W ÃçédU¡F© F‰nwtš brŒnthª N¤ÂuªfŸ
vd¥g£ld®.
 ntjfhy¤Âš, kfëª ãiyæš K‹nd‰w© fhz¥gléšiy.
 fzt‹ Ïw¨jhš kidé cl‹f£il VW© tH¡f© eilKiwæš ÏU¨jJ.
 fhª», ik¤nuæ ngh‹w bg§fŸ fšéæš Áw¨J és§»d®.

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;
 ntw;wpahsh;fshy;! ntw;wpahsh;fSf;fhf!! ntw;wpahsh;fNs!!! elj;Jk; epWtdk; 10

 Ãu©k‹, éZQ, U¤u‹ (Át‹) M»nah® K¡»a¤Jt© bg‰wdª. k¡fŸ

M‹kh, éid¥ga‹, nkh£r© ngh‹wt‰¿š e«Ã¡if bfh©oUªjd®.

jw;NghJ Mrphpah; jFjpj;Njh;T jhs; 1 jhs; 2 Njh;TfSf;F jpdrhp

tFg;Gfs; Muk;gk;..
ehs; : 31.03.2018 rdpf;fpoik Kjy;
 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tFg;Gfs;
 thuk; NjhWk; myFj;Njh;Tfs;
 khje;NjhWk; khjphpj;Njh;Tfs;
 jq;Fk; tpLjptrjp cz;L
 100rjtPjk; ntw;wp cWjp
 nkl;Bhpay;fs; toq;fg;gLk;

=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;- Gspaq;Fb – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; nry; : 86789 13626

TNTET, TRB, TNPSC midj;J Njh;Tf;Fk; gapw;rp ifNaLfSk; fpilf;Fk;