ctbuh.

org/papers

Title: A Study on the Effective Lateral Drift Control of Supertall Buildings In

Korea

Authors: Young-Hak Kim, Senior Researcher, Lotte Construction Management

Soon-Jeon Park, Chief Researcher, Lotte Construction Management
Joo-Hwan Ko, Director, Lotte Construction Management
Beom-Seok Han, Research Assistant Professor, Hanyang University
Sung-Woo Shin, Professor, Hanyang University

Subject: Structural Engineering

Keywords: Commercial
Residential
Structure
Supertall

Publication Date: 2004

Original Publication: CTBUH 2004 Seoul Conference

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter

2. Journal paper
3. Conference proceeding
4. Unpublished conference paper
5. Magazine article
6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Young-Hak Kim; Soon-Jeon Park; Joo-Hwan Ko; Beom-
Seok Han; Sung-Woo Shin
 A Study on the Effective Lateral Drift Control of Super
Tall Buildings In Korea

Young-Hak Kim 1, Soon-Jeon Park 2, Joo-Hwan Ko 3, Beom-Seok Han 4, Sung-Woo Shin 5

1
Senior Researcher, Research & Development Institute, Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., LTD.
2
Chief Researcher, Research & Development Institute, Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., LTD.
3
Director, Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., LTD.
4
Research Assistant Professor, Advanced Structural Research Station, Hanyang University
5
Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University / Chairman, KSTBF(Korea Super Tall Building Forum)

Abstract
Recently high-rise residential buildings have been prosperous in Korea, especially commercial and
residential multi-used buildings since the late 1990s. Although 6 of the 200 tallest buildings in the world
have been built in Seoul, buildings over 100-stories have not been constructed yet. The characteristics of
Korean high-rise buildings are; ① located in Seoul city, Sung-nam city, Kyung-gi province, and Busan city
② heights between 100m and 300m ③ commercial and residential multi-used buildings.
The purpose of this study is to determine the special feature through the value of displacement contribution
factor calculated by using the principle of virtual work. Ultimately the most effective methods for controlling
lateral drift are with controlled analysis of real structural model using by computer programs. Effects of the
lateral load resisting systems are evaluated and compared in this study. Consequently present the most
effective members for controlling lateral drift control by analysis using computer programs on a real
structural model.
Keywords: Super Tall Building, Lateral Drift Control, The Principle of Virtual Work, The Displacement Contribution factor

1. Introduction As a result, Korea has above 70 over 100-meter

1.1 Social background -heigh buildings intensively in Seoul City and
Referring to the world tallest building ranking chart, Busan City and now so many tall buildings are under
6 Korea high-rise buildings are ranked within it. In the construction. Also, over 100-stories building projects
last decade Korean construction companies have have been announced one after another.(Fig. 1.2)
accomplished high-rise building projects such as
KLCC and Telecom Project, overseas projects, and so
many domestic high-rise building projects between
100m and 300m high.(Fig. 1.1)

600
Bu i ldi n g He i gh t

500
Building Height(m)

400

300

200 C2 Project Lotte worldⅡ IBC130 Project Songdo Tower

100
(555m) (494m) (570m) (510m)
Fig. 1.2 Korea supertall building projects under planning
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
C o n s tru c tio n Y e a r( y e a r)

Fig. 1.1 building height chart in Korea( 2003) 1.2 The objective and Background of Research
From the results of survey carried out by the 1st
KSTBF International Symposium(2002), the necessity
Contact Author: Kim Young-Hak, Senior Researcher of supertall buildings are recognized affirmatively
Research & Development Institute without concerning of the public group or the expert
Lotte Engineering & Construction Co.,LTD. group in Korea.(70.6%)
104 Wonhyo1Ga Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Korea The circumstance expected that tall buildings be
Tel: +82-2-718-4688 Fax: +82-2-702-0959 continually constructed as the comparative
e-mail: 13817@intizen.com

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 473

alternatives of ESSD (Environmentally Sound and
Sustainable Development), in other words, the
solution of the population problem and a steady
demand for supertall building can be expected. Hence,
the technologies for constructing supertall building
have shifted from the beginning step to technological
advanced step in Korea.
Tall buildings are uniquely characterized by
requiring that lateral loads be a major design
consideration. Two types of loads normally associated
with lateral loads are wind and earthquake loads.
In this study, the first analyze the immerging issues
of Korean supertall building, the second select
actually built or proposed structural systems of tall
building, the third analyze structural systems using by
computer program, the forth evaluate displacement
contribution factor of the structural components such
as, beam, column, shearwall, and outrigger which are
calculated by using the principle of virtual work.
In selecting the structural systems, economic
consideration demand that economics of the structural
system be considered as the most important factor in
Korea. The possible structural systems to the defined
high-rise buildings are ; ① reinforced concrete
shearwall + moment resisting frame(MRF), ②
reinforced concrete shearwall + outrigger system, ③
tubular system, ④ multi tubular system, ⑤ Mega
Structure system. Among them the structural system
which is composed shearwall using High Strength
concrete in central core, moment resisting system, and
additionally outrigger is popular structural system in
Korea.(Table 2.2).
Now the quest for more efficient structural systems
has led to a new generation of hybrid mixed steel and
concrete building structures.
Table 2.1 Korea supertall building list(2003)
Height
Rank Name Stories
(m)
Type of plan Structural Sytem

Therefore, this study is to present that the data that 1 Tower PlaceⅢ 69 261 Y
RC Core+RC Belt Wall(16,55F)+SRC

are the structural solution to control the lateral drift

Column

Hyperion(Mok dong) RC Core+MRF+

effectively. 2
A동
69 256 X
Outrigger Truss (9,32,50F)

3 KLI 63 building 60 249 Rectangular MRF + interior Brace

RC Core

1.3 The method of Research 4 Tower Place I 66 234 Box +SteelOutrigger With Belt Truss+SRC

In this study, after analyzing the structural model 5 Trade Tower 54 228 Box
Column

RC Core+MRF
similar to real structural model using computer 6 Star Tower 45 206 Rectangular
RC Core+MRF

program(MIDAS Genw. 5.8.1), using values which +Outrigger/Belt Truss/Cap Truss

Box RC Core
are calculated one member force of each structural 7 Tower PalaceⅡ 55 195 + +Steel Outrigger

components under the ultimate loading condition and Box With Belt Truss+SRC Column

the other member force of each structural components

8 Techno Mark(Kang Byun) 39 189 - -

Tube+Brace+

under the unit load(P=1), the displacement of each

8 ASEM Tower 41 170 -
Moment Frame

structural components can be calculated, and then the 10 Lotte WorldⅠ(Busan) 41 167 - -

value to be divided by volume of each components.

Finally the impact on the relative size and locations of Table 2.2 Lateral force resisting system in Korea(2003)
various structural elements are evaluated. RC C ore Wa ll SRC Rig id Fra me
O urtrig g er/
La tera l Resistin g System

Fla t Sla b Steel Steel Bra ce RC Shea r Wa ll Su per Structu re

q u a n tity
Belt Tru ss

40

2. The Emerging Status of Structural System 11

for STB in Korea 5

The characteristics of Korea super-tall buildings are 3

1
described ; ① mainly located in Seoul city, Kyung-gi 2

province, Sung-nam city, and Busan city ② the height 1

between 100m and 300m ③ residential and Tota l 63

commercial multi-used building.

The displacement contribution factor of each
component calculated by applying to the lateral
resisting system of Korean supertall buildings which
are consisted of reinforced concrete corewall, moment
resisting frame and outrigger and beltwall system.
Additionally. The purpose of this study is to find the
most essential element to control lateral drift and
suggest the effective method.

3. The Importance of Core position in Plan

Fig.1.3 Supertall buildings in Seoul.
More higher the height of building, solving the
vertical flow is more important. For effective
structural system, it is important to determine the
shape of plan and more important factor is to
determine the position of core in plan.

474 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

3.1 The Arrangement of STB in Korea according to to the application of concrete compressive strength.
Plan Type
Table 3.1 presents the types of plan of Korean 160000
supertall building generally classified 8 groups. 140000 Central Core
Eccentric Core
120000 Ex terior Core

Weight(Ton)
100000
Table 3.1 The type of plan in Korea supertall buildings
80000
Rectangular Box Triangular Box+Box
60000

40000

20000

0
Y T X Free
50 55 60 65 70 75
Concrete Compressiv e Strength(Mpa)

Fig. 3.2 The diagram of test results

4. The Analysis of displacement Contribution

3.2 A study on the efficiency of plan according to
core position
To design supertall building effectively and
economically, the position of core in plan should be
carefully determined. So, this study conduct the
simple example using 60-stories building structural
analysis model which have the same size plan under
the same loading condition. Design variable is the
position of core in plan ; ①central reinforced
concrete corewall, ②eccentric reinforced concrete
corewall, ③exterior reinforced concrete corewall (Fig.
3.1)
factor
Once the structural layout of a tall building is
defined, the main effort is to size the structural
elements to satisfy the lateral serviceability
performance criteria.
Generally, under wind or seismic loading condition,
the lateral top deflection is limited to H/500 and the
inter story drift is limited to 0.015h, where H is the
overall height of the building above the pile cap level
and h is the story height in Korea.
Using the principle of virtual work, explicit
serviceability stiffness constraints can be expressed in
terms of cross sectional properties of structural
elements.

4.1 The Analysis Method of displacement

Contribution factor
4.1.1 The Principle of virtual work
Exterior virtual work(Δ ext) done by unit load(P=1)
in linearly elastic structure is verified work done by
unit load during accruing virtual deformation as
shown in e.g. (1).

e.q.(1)

Deformation is occurred by unit load(P=1), in other

words, interior virtual work is shown in e.q. (2).

e.q.(2)

Deformation is presented as shown in e.g. (3) based

on the virtual work.
Fig. 3.1 Analysis models
e.q.(3)

From the result, the most effective case is the

Using unit loading method, the maximum later drift
application of central core, the second eccentric core,
of building is calculated. Adding to the unit load(P=1)
the third exterior core. However, if the application of
at the top position of the building in the same
exterior corewall will be used, reinforced concrete
direction, the summation of the value of each
brace should be used. That is very unreasonable.
components is the lateral drift of the building.
Fig.3.2 shows graphically the difference according

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 475

4.2 The Analysis of displacement Contribution Table 4.3 Lateral force resisting system without outrigger
factor on real structural model Lateral Force Resisting System without outrigger
4.2.1 Analysis structural model
Table 4.1 presents 11 analysis models. The
structural systems are classified 3 groups. One is
consisted of 5 models have outrigger systems, another
is consisted of 3 models without outrigger, the third is
consisted of 3 about 20-stories models. The variables
are structural height and outrigger.

Table 4.1 Analysis model(real structural model in Korea)

Lateral Force Resisting System

Group Name Shear Outri Belt Numb The Position of H-156-C D-129-AA HW-109-Y
MRF gger truss
wall er(s) outrigger

H-239-A O O O O 4 9,30,50,69 F
Table 4.4 General structural buildings
C-175-A O O O O 1 19 F
About 20-stories Structural Building
A S-145-AA O O O O 1 15 F

D-133-A O O O O 2 23,43 F

H-106-A O O O O 1 10 F

H-156-C O O × × - -

B D-129-AA O O × × - -

HW-109-Y O O × × - -

S-81-B O O × × - -

C S-79-B O O × × - -

S-56-B O O × × - -

H - 239 - A
A : type of plan

239 : overall height

H : construction Co.

S-81-B S-79-B S-56-B

Table 4.2 Lateral force resisting system with outrigger
Lateral Force Resisting System with outrigger
4.3 The Analysis of displacement Contribution
factor of structural components
4.3.1 Displacement contribution factor of H-239-A
Outriggers are located at 9, 30, 50, and 69 floors.
So, stiffness is bigger than other floors.
The displacement contribution factor of truss and
beam is distributed uniformly. In upper floor,
outrigger affect column more than wall, so that of
column is get larger in upper floors.
Outrigger at upper floors is more contribution than
that of lower floors.

H-239-A C-175-A S-145-AA Table 4.5 The Diagrams of H-239-A

Displacement Contribution Factor of H-239-A
Beam
64F
58F
51F
49F
N o . o f S to rie s

42F
36F
32F
27F
21F
14F
10F
6F
1F
D-133-A H-106-A 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dis plac e me nt C on tribu tion Fa c tor

476 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

 Column 69F Column 45F
63F 41F
57F 37F
51F 33F
N o. o f S t or i e s

N o. of S t o r i e s
45F 29F
39F 25F
33F 21F
27F 17F
21F 13F
15F 10F
9F 6F
5F 3F

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Di s pl a c e me n t C on tr i bu ti on F a c tor Di s p la c e me n t C o n tr i bu ti on Fa c tor

Outrigger 51F Outrigger belt truss

belt truss
51F &
belt truss
50F Belt Truss
belt truss
50F
belt truss
N o. o f S t or i e s

33F

N o. o f S t or i e s
belt truss
33F
belt truss
32F
belt truss
32F
out-rigger
10F
out-rigger
10F
out-rigger
9F
out-rigger
9F
out-rigger
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Di s p la c e me n t C on tr i b u ti on Fa c to r Di s p la c e me n t C on tr i bu ti on Fa c tor

Truss 50F Wall 45F

50F
41F
50F
37F
50F
33F
N o. of S t or i e s

32F

N o . of S t o r i e s
28F
32F
24F
32F
20F
32F
16F
9F
13F
9F
10F
9F
6F
9F
4F
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Di s pl a c e me n t C o n tr i b u ti on F a c to r
Di s p la c e me n t C o n tr i bu ti on Fa c tor
Wall 65F
59F
53F 4.3.3 Displacement contribution factor of S-145-AA
48F
Residential and commercial building, S-145-AA,
N o. of S t or i e s

43F
38F has huge stiffness at podium.
33F
27F The displacement contribution factor of beams is
22F
17F
influenced by outrigger in the middle floor. That of
12F columns and walls at lower floors is relatively large.
6F
Outrigger in the 15th floor has maximum vale.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Dis p l a c e me n t C on tr ib u tio n Fa c to r

Table 4.7 The Diagrams of S-145-AA

4.3.2 Displacement Contribution factor of C-175-A Displacement Contribution Factor of S-145-AA
The rigidity of upper and lower floors and outrigger Beam
is larger than others. &
The displacement contribution factors have Outrigger 41F
maximum value in the 19th floor.
No. of S t or i e s

36F
29F
23F

Table 4.6 The Diagrams of C-175-A 17F

13F
10F
Displacement Contribution Factor of C-175-A 8F

Beam 5F

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Di s p l a c e me n t C o n tr i b u ti on F a c tor

Column 41F
36F
No. o f S to rie s

46F 32F
41F 28F
No. of S t or i e s

35F 24F
19F
30F
15F
25F 12F
19F 10F

14F 8F
5F
9F
3F

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Di s pla c e me n t C on tri bu ti on Fac tor Di s pl a c e me n t C on tr i bu ti on Fa c tor

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 477

 Wall 42F Table 4.9 The Diagrams of H-106-A
38F
34F Displacement Contribution Factor of H-106-A
30F
Column
No . of S t or i e s
26F 40F
23F 37F
19F 34F
15F 31F
12F

No. of S torie s
27F
9F
24F
6F
21F
3F
18F
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 13F
Di s p la c e me n t C on tr i bu ti o n Fa c tor
10F
7F
4F
4.3.4 Displacement contribution factor of D-133-A 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Entirely the stiffness of lower floors is large. The Di s pl a c e me n t C on tri bu tio n Fa c tor

rigidity of wall in the 41th floor is larger than beam in Wall 40F
the 23th floor. 37F
33F
30F
Table 4.8 The Diagrams of D-133-A

No. of S torie s
27F
24F
Displacement Contribution Factor of D-133-A 20F

Beam 34F
17F
14F
& 31F 10F
Outrigger 28F 7F
25F 4F
No. of S torie s

22F
20F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Di s p l ac e me n t C o n tr ib u ti on F ac tor
17F
14F
11F
9F 4.3.6 Displacement contribution factor of H-156-C
6F The structural system consisted of flat slab and
3F
1F
reinforced concrete shearwall affect the displacement
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Di s p la c e me n t C o n tr ib u tio n Fa c tor
1400 1600
contribution factor of beams.
Especially the value is large at Beams in middle
Column
33F floor.
30F
27F
24F Table 4.10 The Diagrams of H-156-C
No. of S torie s

22F
19F Displacement Contribution Factor of H-156-C
16F Beam
13F 45F
11F 42F
9F 39F
6F 35F
N o . o f S to rie s

3F 31F
1F 27F
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Di s pla c e me n t C o n trib u tio n Fa c tor 23F

Wall 34F
19F
16F
31F
13F
29F
26F 9F
5F
N o. of S torie s

23F
20F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
17F
Dis pla c e me n t C ontribu tion Fa c tor
15F
12F Column
9F 42F
6F 39F
3F 35F
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
32F
N o . o f S to rie s

Di s pl a c e me n t C on tri bu ti on Fa c tor 28F

24F
21F
4.3.5 Displacement contribution factor of H-106-A 17F
Entirely the stiffness of lower and upper floors is 15F

large. The rigidity of beam in the 10th floor is larger 11F

8F
than others. 4F

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Dis plac e me nt C ontribu tion Fac tor

478 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

 Wall 48F Table 4.12 The Diagrams of HW-109-Y
44F
40F
36F
Displacement Contribution Factor of HW-109-Y
No . o f S t o ri e s
32F
Beam
28F
36F
24F
20F 34F
16F 31F
12F
28F
8F

N o . o f S to rie s
4F 26F

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
23F
Di s pl a c e me n t C o n tr i b u ti on F a c to r 20F
18F
15F
4.3.7 Displacement contribution factor of 8F
D-129-AA 2F
The structural system is similar to H-156-C. 2F
Also, the result is presented similar as shown in 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
table 4.10. Dis plac e me nt C ontribu tion Fac tor

Especially the value is large at Beams in middle Column

36F
floor. 33F
30F
Table 4.11 The Diagrams of D-129-AA 27F

N o . o f S to r ie s
23F
Displacement Contribution Factor of D-129-AA
20F
Beam 35F 17F
31F 14F
27F
24F
11F
No . o f S t or i e s

22F 8F
19F
4F
17F
14F 1F
11F
9F 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
6F Dis place men t C ontribu tion Factor
3F
1F
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Transfer 2F
Di s p la c e me n t C on tr i b u ti o n Fa c to r Girder 2F
Column 35F 2F
31F 2F
27F
2F
N o . o f S to rie s

24F
No . o f S t o r i e s

21F 2F
19F
16F
2F
13F 2F
11F
8F
2F
6F 2F
3F
2F
1F
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
2F
Dis p l a c e me n t C o n tr i b u tio n F a c to r

Wall 36F
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

29F Dis place men t C ontribution Factor

26F
24F Wall
36F
N o. o f S t or i e s

21F
19F 33F
16F
30F
14F
11F 28F
N o . o f S to rie s

9F 25F
6F
22F
4F
19F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Di s p l a c e me n t C o n tr i bu ti o n F a c tor 17F
14F
11F
4.3.8 Displacement contribution factor of 7F
HW-109-Y 4F
This structural model has transfer layer at the 2nd
floor. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Dis plac eme nt C on tribu tion Fac tor
140 160 180

The displacement contribution factor of beam is

distributed equally through entire floors.

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 479

4.3.9 Displacement contribution factor of building, Korea construction company review
S-81/79/56-B the structural system at the point of economical
These buildings are selected to evaluate the efficiency.
behavior of supertall buildings. (5) Firstly to determine the position of core in plan
The displacement contribution factor of beam is close to the center is important, to promote the
distributed equally through entire floors. efficiency of structural system.
(6) The value of displacement Contribution factor:
Table 4.13 The Diagrams of S-81-B in the structural system with outrigger
Wall>Beam>Column
Displacement Contribution Factor of S-81-B in the structural system without outrigger
Beam 17F Wall>Column>Beam
10F
(7) The curve of displacement Contribution factor is
9F
8F similar to the curve of stiffness ratio of
building.
No. of S torie s

7F
5F
5F (8) In using structural member such as
4F outrigger of which stiffness is more
4F
3F
higher than others, displacement
2F contribution factor has also more higher factor.
2F
Also, in using outrigger system, the position of
0 10 20 30 40 50
Di s p la c e me n t C o n tr i bu ti o n Fa c to r
60 70
outrigger is considered carefully.
Column (9) The stiffness curve of structural models, lateral
17F
13F
drift curve, displacement contribution factor
9F curve have a similar behavior.
8F (10) Generally stiffness is in inverse proportion to
No. of S torie s

8F
6F
stiffness. But concentration of stress affect the
5F drift is larger.
5F
4F
3F Acknowledgements
3F
2F
The authors would like to thank MIDAS IT and
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Di s p la c e me n t C o n tr i bu ti o n Fa c to r
14 16 18
STRESS (advanced STructure RESearch Station) at
Wall 20F
Hanyang University for the technical support.
18F
16F
15F
References
N o. of S torie s

13F
12F
10F
8F
7F
5F
4F
2F
0 20
5. Conclusions
We analyzed lateral resisting system and suggest
the most effective method.
The results are as following.
(1) To control the lateral drift effectively, the
structural system, consisted of reinforced
concrete corewall, moment resisting system,
outriggers, and belt wall, is popular in Korea.
(2) In case of usage of exterior corewall in plan, so
far as to use concrete brace in the reinforced
concrete building.
(3) The structural system consisted of reinforced
concrete corewall, moment resisting frame and
Outrigger is common in Korea.
(4) Determining the structural system of supertall
1) Bungale S. Taranath (1988) Structural Analysis and Design of Tall
Buildings, Mc Graw-Hill
2) Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1993) Mimimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE
3) Ji-Young, Kim, et al (1997) Structural Behaviors and Efficiency
According to the Distribution and Numbers of Outriggers, AIK,
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Di s pl a c e me n t C on tr i bu ti o n F a c to r 13(4), 351∼359
4) Eun-Jong, Yu, et al (1996) Design of Effective tubular System
through the minimization of Shear Leg Phenomenon, AIK, 12(5)
181∼187
5) Sung-Woo, Shin (1991) Applications and Problems of High-Rise
Building Using High Strength Concrete, AIK, 35(1), 46∼49
6) Hassan S. Saffarini, Musa M. Qudaimat (1992) In-Plane Floor
Deformation In RC Structural Engineering, Journal of Structural
Engineering, 118(11), 3089∼3102
7) A.Jaafari (1998) Cost and Performance Analysis of Tall Structures,
Journal of Structural Engineering , 114(11), 2594∼2611
8) Alex Coull, W. H. Otto Lau (1989) Analysis Of
Multioutrigger-Braced Structures, Journal of Structural
Engineering, 115(7), 1811∼1815
9) David Spires, J. S. Arona (1990) Optimal Design Of Tall
RC-Framed Tube Buildings, Journal of Structural Engineering,
116(4), 877∼897
10) An-Sun, A, et al (1998) Stiffness Design Method of 2Dimensonal
Frames under lateral load, AIK, 18(1)

480 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea