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A N O C C A S I O N A L B L O G O N G R E E K L I N G U I S T I C S ( B R O A D LY M E A N T )
"MAKING GREEK MORE GOOGLEABLE (THROUGH ENGLISH)"
ξεμάγκας. Nikos Sarantakos pointed out the correct accent is ξέμαγκας. I see why that is
the correct accent, though it still looks wrong to me. ὮΔ’ Ὁ Δ’ ἩΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΕΎΚΩΝ
OPOUDJIS
To explain why, I'm going to spend the next few posts building up to this explanation of
MELBOURNE, VIC,
what has happened:
AUSTRALIA
The accentuation of ξέμαγκας follows the normal recessive default, which has aka opoudjis
survived into Modern Greek for compounds. Though μάγκας as a first-declension
noun would not have allowed antepenult accent in Ancient Greek, the Modern VIEW MY COMPLETE PROFILE
system ignores that restriction for -ας, where there is no analogical form imposing
the Classical penult stress (unlike -ης nouns). My notion was that the accent was
preserved because ξε- was used quotatively, as with μα και ξε-μά. BLOG CALENDAR (APRIL
2009– )
If that paragraph made sense to you, what I am going to write about won't have any real Click on month/year to navigate
surprises. If not, stay tuned. What I'm going to build up, post by post, is an explanation July 2019
of how accents work in compounds in Modern Greek. To get there, I will be going
through Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
30 1 2 3 4 5 6
how accentuation works in Ancient Greek;
how it has changed into Modern Greek; 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
how compounds accent in Ancient Greek; 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
how Modern Greek has tried to realign the Ancient compound accent rules; 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
and finally, why a different construction made me get the accent wrong.
28 29 30 31 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Towards the end, I'm going to do something silly; I'm going to try and work out the
Modern accent rules for compounds on my own, rather than look them up. (Unless I find
a good statement of the rules, next time I'm going through my photocopies in the
garage.) Phonology was never my thing, so I haven't researched the topic explicitly; and LABEL CLOUD
I don't have the library access I used to. I'm reasonably sure someone *has* already
Aeolic (1) Ancient
worked these rules out. Me needlessly duplicating that effort promises to be fun for you,
and embarrassing for me. Or vice versa. Greek (38) Arabic (1) Artificial
paroxytone: second last syllable (penult) has an acute: γέρων Lerna (18) lexicography (15)
proparoxytone: third last syllable (antepenult) has an acute: εὔλογος lexicon (25) linguistic
perispomenon: last syllable has a circumflex: Ἀθηνᾶ geography (5) long words (4)
properispomenon: second last syllable has a circumflex: κοῖτος Mariupolitan (4) meta (6)
Modern Greek (48)
If you actually try to work out how Ancient Greek accentuation works, though, things morphology (32)
are simpler than that. There is one major distinction between kinds of accent in Greek. onomastics (8)
The rest are either subclasses, or minor exceptions. orthography (14) Ossetian (3)
philology (18)
The major distinction is, is the word accented as far back from the end as possible, or
not? If it is, its accent is recessive. The Roman-era grammarians of Greek were rather
phonology (21) Pontic (7)
more intelligent than the schoolmasters of Modern Greece, and they worked out that this
pragmatics (6) Rumi (4)
Sanskrit (1) semantics (6)
distinction was more important; so they gave it a separate Greek name: barytone. (I
know that Smyth says barytone is anything accented before the ultima, but barytone is sociolinguistics (18) Suda (3)
usually used to mean recessive.) syntax (5) text (11) TLG (20)
Tsakonian (13) Urum (2)
With the five types we saw, barytone cuts across them: Venetian (1) Wordle (3)
One syllable
Two syllables long Three syllables long Aeolic (1) Ancient
long
Greek (38) Arabic (1) Artificial
Oxytone Barytone Not Not Languages (1) Balkan languages (4)
Paroxytone — Barytone
Barytone if last syllable Byzantine Greek (24)
long Cappadocian (4)
Proparoxytone — — Barytone compounds (16) Cretan (5)
Depends on proto-Greek Depends on proto-Greek Cypriot (1) dialectology (3) discourse
Perispomenon Barytone
vowels vowels Early Modern
linguistics (1)
Properispome
— Barytone Not Greek (31) English (1)
non
etymology (13) GTAGE (3)
historical linguistics (20)
Let me explain. Accentuation in Ancient Greek is restricted to occuring in the last three
history of linguistics (3) idioms (7)
(or four) moras of a word. A mora Ⓦ is like a syllable, only a long vowel or diphthong
Italiot (1) Judaeo-Greek (5)
has two of them. So a word has recessive accent, if it occurs on the third last mora: that's
as far back as the accent can go. Except, the penult is treated as having only one mora,
Kızderbent (10) language
whether it's long or short. (That's the "or four".) contact (7) language teaching (1)
morphology (32)
If the word is a properispomenon (circumflex on second last syllable), its ultima onomastics (8)
must be short: that's how circumflexes work. So if that word has three syllables, it orthography (14) Ossetian (3)
can't be recessive: the recessive accent should be three syllables back. e.g. philology (18)
κυπρῖνος (short–long–short, moras: 1.2.1)
phonology (21) Pontic (7)
If the word is perispomenon, that always means that in proto-Greek, the final
pragmatics (6) Rumi (4)
syllable was initially two vowels that have been contracted. For example, the
Sanskrit (1) semantics (6)
citation verb ending -ῶ is proto-Greek *άω, *έω, or *όω. Homeric Greek in fact
did still preserve *άω and *έω as verb endings, which is how Roman-era sociolinguistics (18) Suda (3)
grammarians were able to work out the proto-Greek system. syntax (5) text (11) TLG (20)
If you look at what the proto-Greek vowels are behind a perispomenon, the Tsakonian (13) Urum (2)
accent could still be recessive. Proto-Greek *όω counts as three moras (short– Venetian (1) Wordle (3)
long); that means *δηλόω is recessively accented, and so is its attested
counterpart δηλῶ.
SCHOLIA
The mora restriction is confirmed by the behaviour of enclitics—words that are suffixed
to a phonological word, without their own accent, so they end up adding to the mora
FOLLOWERS
count.
If a proparoxytone has an enclitic suffixed, its accent ends up not three, but four
or five moras from the end of the new phonological word. To fix this, a secondary
accent is added to the ultima. So ἄνθρωπος τις is phonologically /án.tʰrɔː.pos.tis/,
with the accent now four moras back; to fix this, it is accented as ἄνθρωπός τις.
If a properispomenon has an enclitic suffixed, its accent ends up four or five
moras from the end as well. Again, to fix this a secondary accent is added to the
ultima. So κῆπος τις is phonologically /kɛ̂ ː.pos.tis/, and the circumflex is now
four moras back (kɛ̂ ː is two moras, being long). This is fixed by accenting it as
κῆπός τις.
Verbs are in almost all cases recessive. There are a few inflections that aren't
Ἡ Λ Λ Η Ν Ι Σ Τ Ι Κ Ε ΥΘ Έ Ν Τ Ε Σ ( 2 0 0 9 -
recessive (see Smyth)—certain imperatives and optatives; and participles and
06-08+)
infinitives, which behave like nominals. There's also some interplay of the
augment and accent, and there is real confusion about prefixed subjunctives and (more klingonico Ⓦ)
optatives; but our endpoint does not involve verbs, so I won't spent any time on
them.
Nominals—adjectives and nouns—are by default recessive. Free Web Counter
That's only a default, and it's not a strong default. The following counts are taken from
around 120,000 noun and adjective stems in LSJ and LSJ Supplement, for which the Λ Ά Β Α ΡΑ
TLG lemmatiser has a definite analysis:
Recessive: 79,953
Ultima stress (syllables > 1): 30,401
Penult stress (syllables > 2, short ultima): 9096
So verbs in most inflections, and two thirds of all nominals, are recessive. That includes
two-syllable–long words accented in their initial syllable, and one-syllable–long words.
Most remaining nouns, and a few inflections, are stressed on the ultima. Penult stress—
as distinct from recessive stress—is much less common: only a tenth of all nominals,
and a few (though common) verb inflections—notably perfect passive participles, and
most infinitives.
Modern Greek no longer has long and short syllables. The three-somethings-back
restriction on accent location survives in most dialects of Greek, but now the
"somethings" are just syllables (since any syllable just has one of them). Enclitics still
generate secondary stress: άνθρωπος μου /ˈan.θro.pos.mu/ is accented as άνθρωπός μου
(though nowadays people sometimes forget to write the second accent). κήπος μου on
the other hand doesn't need a second accent, since the accent in /ˈki.pos.mu/ is just three
syllables back: there are no double moras for the η, because there is no longer a long
vowel there.
Accent in Greek is now stress based rather than pitch based—which is why monotonic
accentuation can dispense with the circumflex; and accent is still by default recessive.
Recessive accent in Ancient Greek is defined by the accent going as far back as the
Ancient moras allowed. Recessive accent in Modern Greek is defined by the accent
going as far back as the Ancient moras allow.
... Seriously. What's actually happened is, the location of stress is unchanged for any
words that survived from Ancient into Modern Greek. So the Ancient rules for where the
accent goes still apply to those words in Modern Greek. The only time where accent
location is reevaluated, is when Greek-speakers realised there was something odd with
where the accent now was; and the only reason for them to realise it is, they were
comparing it to something else. Which means analogy.
Diphthongs are long syllables, so a word ending in -οι should not be accented on
the antepenult: the -οι already counts as two moras. However, most instances of -
οι as an inflection, including the nominative masculine plural, are treated as short:
ἄνθρωπος :: ἄνθρωποι, πρῶτος :: πρῶτοι.
The feminine nominative plural ending -αι is also treated as short: θάλασσα :
θάλασσαι , πρώτη :: πρῶται
But does not mean -αι is recessively accented. If the feminine noun ends in short -
α, it is accented on the antepenult in the nominative singular (θάλασσα), and the
same happens in the plural, with its short -αι (θάλασσαι). Most feminine nouns,
however, end in long -ᾱ (or -η, which developed from Proto-Greek -ᾱ). When
those nouns are recessively accented, their accent stays on the penult in the
singular, following the mora rule. But in the plural, their accent stays on the
penult, even though -αι is supposed to be short: ἡμέρᾱ :: ἡμέραι, not *ἥμεραι. The
accent may be recessive, but it's more important for the nominative plural to have
the same accent as the nominative singular.
That's nouns. In adjectives, the feminine singular nominative also ends in in long
-ᾱ (or -η). So if the adjective has recessive accent, the masculine and neuter
singular (ending in short vowels) have the accent in a different place from the
feminine, because of the feminine's extra mora: δεύτερος :: δευτέρᾱ :: δεύτερον
But whereas the plural of ἡμέρᾱ is ἡμέραι, the plural of δευτέρᾱ is δεύτεραι. For
the noun, the powerful analogy was between nominative singular and nominative
plural. For the adjective, the analogy is not with the singular, but with the other
genders in the plural: δεύτεροι :: δεύτεραι :: δεύτερα.
In the singular, the extra mora prevented the masculine and feminine from having
their accent in the same place. In the plural, with -αι considered short, the extra
mora is no longer in the way, and the pressure to match the masculine and neuter
accent carries the day. For an adjective, as opposed to a noun, the other genders
matter, and can force analogical change. In fact, that analogy is the only
difference between feminine adjective and noun declension.
So far, we've seen analogy in Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek was constrained by
moras not to clean up the accent discrepancy in the singular δεύτερος :: δευτέρᾱ ::
δεύτερον. But Modern Greek has no moras.
Which meant Modern Greek speakers noticed that the accent of δευτέρᾱ was odd,
compared to δεύτερος and δεύτερον, and fixed it. In addition, whereas Attic
stopped -ᾱ going to -η after /r, i, e/, Modern Greek allowed -η after /r/ as well,
which makes adjectives ending in -ρος -ρη -ρον look like other adjecives.
(Adjectives ending in /-ios/ remained separate.)
Hence the singular of the adjective is now δεύτερος :: δεύτερη :: δεύτερο. That
violates the Ancient mora rule; but there are no moras now to make that matter.
Still, Modern Greek only violates the Ancient mora rule here, because there was
good analogical reason to. ἡμέρᾱ has still kept its accent, as μέρα, and ἀγάπη has
not changed to *άγαπη.
Unlike Ancient Greek, there are now nouns ending in -η which are accented on the
antepenult—violating the mora constraint like δεύτερη does. But they too are the result
of analogy: they are the third declension feminine nouns which in Ancient Greek ended
in -ῐς.
Since -ῐς was short, if those nouns were recessive, they were accented on the antepenult:
ἄνοιξις. Modern Greek got rid of its third declension quite comprehensively; when it
came to these nouns (nom. -is, gen. -eos, acc. -in), the obvious thing to do was to move
them across to the feminine first declension (nom. -i, gen. -is, acc. -i). The endings are
pretty much the same in Modern Greek, so there was no good reason to shift the accent
location: ἄνοιξις, ἀνοίξεως, ἄνοιξιν became άνοιξη, άνοιξης, άνοιξη.
If you're brought up on Ancient Greek, άνοιξη is nonsensical: an eta has two moras, it
can never be accented like that. For that reason, the conservative spelling was άνοιξι,
keeping the etymological iota to avoid challenging the mora. But of course Modern
Greek didn't particularly care where the first declension endings were accented, when it
carried them across to these third declension nouns. It didn't bother changing where the
old first declension feminines were stressed; but it had no reason to change where the
old third declension feminines were stressed either. In the first case, accent conservatism
preserves the old mora rule; in the second case, accent conservatism, plus analogy in
inflection, throw out the old mora rule.
We just saw that Ancient Greek had first declension feminines with both a long -ᾱ/η
(ἡμέρᾱ, δευτέρᾱ) and a short -ᾰ (θάλασσα). In the masculine, though, the first declension
only ever ended in a long -ᾱς (or -ης). So καταρράκτης is recessively accented, and
accent conservatism means it has not gone to *κατάρραχτης.
Modern Greek does have recessive nouns ending in -ας, like γέροντας. These have a
similar origin as the recessive nouns in -η, such as άνοιξη. Masculine third declension
nouns were all remodelled to look like first declension nouns, and the suffix of choice
was /-as/, following after the third declension accusative /-a/. So γέρων, γέροντος,
γέροντα was remodelled as γέροντας, γέροντα, γέροντα, after first declension ταμίας,
ταμία, ταμία(ν): nom. -Ø, gen. -os, acc. -a was remodelled as nom. -as, gen. -a, acc. -a.
In fact the transition was so successful that most vernacular nouns in -ας come from
third declension nouns; first declension nouns like ταμίας did not survive in colloquial
use. Once the pattern was in place, proper names and other remodelled nouns could
follow—like Καβάσιλας, or μάγειρας. Once again, the accent was wrong for Ancient
Greek; once again, that did not matter in Modern Greek—but the accent disruption only
happened because analogy introduced an innovation into the system.
Because of the innovation of recessive nouns like γέροντας, nouns like μάγειρας were
introduced, which were impossible in Ancient Greek. Because of that pattern being
established in turn, it because possible for the compound ξε + μάγκας to be accented ξέ-
μαγκας—whereas Bacchylides could only accent προ + κόπτᾱς as Προκόπτας.
But that brings us to the recessive accentuation of compounds, which is next post.
7 COMMENTS:
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Reply
You also probably wouldn't bother with secondary stress, which people now
forget to note. (They still pronounce it, but they think of written words in
isolation.) It has been argued that there is ambiguity between enclitic
possessives and stressed pronouns; but there are less lame ways of
disambiguating it than what the monotonic now does (optional stress on
pronouns, enclitic stress): make the pronoun stress obligatory, or connect the
enclitic with a hyphen, like Kriaras used to do:
(Actually, the bolder attempt still would be to leave out all accents but a couple
of monosyllabic minimal pairs—which is what cartoon captions do. That
includes comic books, political cartoons, and all-caps headlines in the press. The
functional load of the accent in Modern Greek is not that strong.)
Reply
Anyhow, when I get to fix English spelling, books for kids and foreigners will
use the acute on stressed syllables and the grave on unstressed-but-unreduced
syllables (which is what "secondary stress" really means in English most of the
time). But most writing won't show either one. Do I contradict myself? Very
well, I contradict myself. I am large, I contain multitudes.
Reply
It's so true.
Reply
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Ἑ Λ Λ Η Ν Ι Σ Τ Ε ΎΟ Ν Τ Ε Σ
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etymology]
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Λ ο γ ο ρ ά μ μ α τα [ M o d e r n G r e e k l a n g u a g e a n d m i s c e l l a n e a ]
Ένα πρωτότυπο κοκτέιλ - Το ε μ φ α ν έ ς π ρ ό β λ η μ α μ ε ο ρ ι σ μ έ ν ε ς « ε λ λ η ν ο κ ε ν τ ρ ι κ έ ς » θ έ σ ε ι ς τ ο υ κ α θ η γ η τ ή
γ ε ν ε τ ι κ ή ς κ . Κ ω ν σ τ α ν τ ί ν ο υ Τ ρ ι α ν τ α φ υ λ λ ί δ η ε ί ν α ι ό τ ι β α σ ί ζο ν τ α ι , ό χ ι σ τ ι ς έ ρ ε υ ν ε ς π ο υ . . .
9 years ago