Fallacy Characteristics Example

arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the
False Dilemma Either you fully devote yourself to the basketball club or you quit.
presence of multiple possibilities

Wrong Direction occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed Liver damage leads to alcoholism.

occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should Jaywalking is not allowed, so you should not have done that even
Accident
be an exception when you were being chased by terrorists.

Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look
an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority
Bandwagon beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of
thinks
beauty.

Anonymous Authority the authority in question is not mentioned or named Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples.

Bias Characteristics Example

When someone cuts us off while driving, we immediately think the driver is
a ‘self-centered jerk’, who has no regard for anyone on the road. We do not
hesitate even for a moment to label the driver as a bad person.
try to find reasons for their own behaviors and motivations
Attribution Bias
as well as the behaviors and motivations of others On the other hand, when we cut someone off in traffic, we come up with
excuses to validate our actions. While we tend to judge the other driver’s
behavior to his personality or dispositional traits, we tend to blame the
situational factors for our own actions.
If you first see a T-shirt that costs $1,200 – then see a second one that costs
people rely too much on pre-existing information or the $100 – you’re prone to see the second shirt as cheap. Whereas, if you’d
Anchoring Bias
first information they find when making decisions merely seen the second shirt, priced at $100, you’d probably not view it as
cheap.
people believe that they are smarter and more capable than “What are you talking about? I’m exceptionally skilled at programming. I
Dunning-Kruger Effect
they really are don’t need training. In fact, I’m one of the best programmers on your team.”
people who are largely influenced by emotion and instinct, People frantically buying milk teas after they see every other person doing
Herd Mentality Bias
rather than by their own independent analysis it.
happens when people falsely believe that if two objects are People will often assume that a random sequence in a lottery is more likely
Representativeness Heuristic
similar, then they are also correlated with each other than a arithmetic sequence of numbers.