Trigonometry Study Material PDF

TRIGONOMETRY
Example 3:
In this chapter we intend to study an important If the arcs of same length in two circles
branch of mathematics called 1trigonometryIt subtend angles of 60° and 75* at their centres.
is the science of measuring angle of triangles, Find the ratio of their radii.
side of triangles. Solution:
Angle:- 𝜋 𝑐 𝜋 𝑐
60° = 60 × 180 = 3
and
B 𝜋 𝑐 5𝜋 𝑐
75° = 75 × =
180 12
𝜋 𝑠 5𝜋 𝑠 𝑠 𝑐
∴ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = ∵ 𝜃=
3 𝑟1 12 𝑟2 𝑟
θ 𝜋 5𝜋
O A ⇒ 𝑟1 = 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 =𝑠
3 12 2
𝜋 5𝜋
⇒ 𝑟1 = 𝑟
3 12 2
Consider a ray OA if this ray rotate about its ⇒ 4𝑟1 = 5𝑟2 ⇒ 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 5: 4
end point O and takes the position OB then we
say that the angle ∠AOB has been generated.
Trigonometric ratios:
The most important task of trigonometry is to
Measure of angle: The measure of an angle is
find the remaining side and angle of a triangle
the amount of rotation from initial side to the
when some of its side and angles are given.
terminal side.
This problem is solved by using some ratio of
sides of a triangle with respect to its acute
NOTE: angle. These ratio of acute angle are called
trigonometric ratio of angle. Let us now define
Relation between degree and radian various trigonometric ratio.
measurement 𝜋 radians = 180 degree Y
17 P
radian measure = × degree measure
180
180 r y
degree measure 𝜋
× radian measure 𝛳
′
1° = 60 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 A x M X
1′ = 60" 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 Consider an acute angle ∠YAX = 𝛳 with
initial side AX and terminal side AY. Draw
Example 1: PM perpendicular from P on AX to get right
Find radian measure of 270°. angle triangle AMP. In right angle triangle
Solution: AMP.
𝜋 3𝜋 Base = AM = x
Radian measure = × 270 =
180 2 Perpendicular = PM = y and
Hypotenuse = AP = r.
Example 2: 𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
5𝜋
Find degree measure of 9 We define the following six
Solution: trigonometric Ratios:
180 5𝜋
degree measure = 𝜋
× 9
= 100° 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟

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𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = = 2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 Not
cosec 𝜃 2 2 1
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟 defined 3
cosec 𝜃 = =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟
sec 𝜃 = = 2 Not
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝜃 1 2 2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 3 defined
cot 𝜃 = =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦
Not 1
cot 𝜃 3 1 0
Important formula:- defined 3
1. sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
2. cosec2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1
3. sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 = 1
5. sin 90° − 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
6. cos 90° − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝛳
T-ratio
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 7. tan 90° − 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 ⇒ cot 90° − 𝜃 =
tan𝜃
8. cosec 90° − 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
1 1 3 9. sec 90° − 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃
sin 𝜃 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0
2 2 2

1 Not
tan 𝜃 0 1 3
3 defined

RELATIONAMONGT – RATIONS
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

tan 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 sec 𝜃 cosec 𝜃

1 cot 𝜃 1
1
cos 𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 sec 𝜃
cosec 𝜃

sin 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 1
tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1
cot 𝜃 1 cot 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
sin 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

1 1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 cosec 𝜃
sec 𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 sec 𝜃
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

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1 1 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 sec 𝜃
cosec 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 cosec 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

Example 4: C
3 5
In a ΔABC right angled at B if AB = 12, and
BC = 5 find sin A and tan A, cos C and cot C B 4 A
Solution: C
Base= Hypotenuse 2 − Perpendicualr 2
13
5 = 52 − 32
= 25 − 9 = 16 = 4
B 12 A Now
2 2 𝐵𝐶 4 5
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 sin 𝐶 = = , cosec 𝐶 =
𝐴𝐶 5 4
= 122 + 52 3 𝐴𝐵 5
cos 𝐶 = = , sec 𝐶 =
= 144 + 25 5 𝐴𝐶 3
𝐴𝐵 4 3
= 169 = 13 tan 𝐶 = = , cot 𝐶 =
When we consider t-ratios of∠A we have 𝐴𝐶 3 4
Base AB = 12
Perpendicular = BC = 5 Example 6:
Hypotenuse = AC = 13 Find the value of 2 sin2 30° tan 60° - 3 cos2
Perpendicular 5 60° sec2 30°
sin 𝐴 = = Solution:
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 13
Perpendicular 5 1 2 1 2 2 2
tan 𝐴 = = 2 × 3−3 ×
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 12 2 2 3
When we consider t-ratios of ∠C, we have 1 1 4 3
Base = BC = 5 =2× × 3−3× × = −1
4 4 3 2
Perpendicular = AB = 12 3−2
Hypotenuse = AC = 13 =
2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 5
cos 𝐶 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 13
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 5 Example 7:
cot 𝐶 = = Find the value 𝜃 sin 2𝜃= 3
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 12
Solution:
3
Example 5: sin 2𝜃 =
2
In a right triangle ABC right angle at B the six 2θ = 60
trigonometric ratios of ∠C 𝜃 = 30°
Solution:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 3
sin 𝐴 = = Example 8:
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 Find the value of x.
Tan 3x = sin 45° cos 45° + sin 30°
Solution:
1 1 1
tan 3𝑥 = × +
2 2 2

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1 1 We have
=
+ =1
2 2 cot 12° cot 38° cot 52° cot 60° cot 78°
⇒ tan 3𝑥 = 1 ⇒ tan 3𝑥 = tan 45° = cot 12° cot 78° cot 38° cot 52° cot 60°
3x = 45° = cot 12° cot 90° − 12° cot 38° cot 90°
X = 15° − 38° cot 60°
= cot 12° tan 12° cot 38° tan 38° cot 60°
Example 9: 1 1
=1×1× =
If 𝛳 is an acute angle tan 𝛳 + cot 𝛳=2 find the 3 3
value of tan7 + 𝛳 + cot 7.
Solution: Example 13:
tan 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 2 If tan 2𝛳 = cot (𝛳 + 6°), where 2𝛳 and 𝛳+ 6°
1 are acute angles find the value of 𝛳.
tan 𝜃 + =2
tan 𝜃 Solution:
⇒ tan2 𝜃 + 1 = 2 tan 𝜃 We have
⇒ tan2 𝜃 − 2 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0 tan 2𝜃 = cot 𝜃 + 6°
tan 𝜃 − 1 2 = 0 cot 90° − 2θ = cot 𝜃 + 6°
tan 𝜃 = 1 90 − 2𝜃 = 𝜃 + 6°
𝜃 = 45° 3𝜃 = 84°
Now, tan7 𝜃 + cot 7 𝜃. 𝜃 = 28°
= tan7 45° + cot 7 45°
=1+1=2
Example 14:
Find the value of (l– sin 2𝛳) sec2𝛳.
Example 10: Solution:
cos 37°
Find the value of sin 53° We have,
Solution: 1 − sin2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃
We have = cos2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃
cos 37° cos 90° − 53° sin 53° 1
= = =1 = cos2 𝜃 ×
sin 53° sin 53° sin 53° cos 2 𝜃
=1
Example 11:
Find the value of Example 15:
1 1
sin 36° sin 54° + find its valu
− 1+sin 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃
cos 54° cos 36° Solution:
Solution:
We have
We have 1 1
sin 36° sin 54° +
= − 1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃
cos 54° cos 36° 1 − sin 𝜃 + 1 + sin 𝜃
sin 90° − 54° sin(90° − 36°) =
= − 1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃
cos 54° cos 36° 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 54° cos 36° = = = 2 sec 2 𝜃
= − 1 − sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
2
cos 54° cos 36°
=1−1=0
Example 16:
Example 12:
1−sin 𝜃
Evaluate the cot 12° cot 38°cot 52° cot 60° cot Find the value of 1+sin 𝜃
78°
Solution:
Solution:

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1 − sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 Example 20:

= 12 1+sin 𝜃
1 + sin 𝜃 1 + sin 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃 If tan 𝜃 = 15 , find the value of1−sin 𝜃
Solution:
1 − sin 𝜃 2 12
= tan 𝜃 =
1 − sin2 𝜃 5
1−sin 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
= = − = sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃. sec 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
12 13
= 1+ =
5 5
Example 17: 5
cos 𝜃 =
Find the value of [(1 + cot 𝛳) - cosec 𝛳] [1 + 13
tan 𝛳 + sec 𝛳] 12
sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos2 𝜃 =
Solution: 13
12 25
1+sin 𝜃 1+
= (1+ cot 𝛳- cosec 𝛳) (1+ tan 𝛳 + sec 𝛳) thus 1−sin 𝜃 = 13
12 = 13
1 = 25
cos 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃 1 1−
13 13
= 1+ − 1+ +
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 1 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 + 1 Example 21:
= 𝑎
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 If sin 𝜃 = 0 < 𝜃 < 90° find the value
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 2 − 1 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
= of tan 𝛳
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 1
2 Solution:
= 𝑎
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 =
1 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= = =2
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑏2
Example 18: cos 𝜃 = 1−
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
=
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
3
If sin 𝜃 = , find the value of sin 𝛳 cos 𝛳. 𝑏
5
Solution: =
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
3 𝑎
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 𝑎
5 tan 𝜃 = = =
cos 𝜃 𝑏 𝑏
cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
2
3 4
= 1−
5 5
= HEIGHT AND DISTANCE
Sometimes, we have to find the height of a tower,
3 4 12
sin 𝜃 × cos 𝜃 = × = building, tree, distance of a ship, width of a river, etc.
5 5 25
Though we cannot measure them easily, we can
determine these by using trigonometric ratios.
Example 19: Line of Sight
1 2 sec 𝜃
If cos 𝜃 = 2, find the value if,1+tan 𝜃 The line of sight or the line of vision is a straight line
Solution: to the object we are viewing.
1
cos 𝜃 = If the object is above the horizontal from the eye, we
2
sec 𝜃 = 2 have to lift up our head to view the object. In this
2 sec 𝜃 2 sec 𝜃 2 2 process, our eye move, through an angle. This angle is
2
= 2
= = =1
1 + tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃 2 called the angle of elevation of the object.

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𝑋 𝑋
 40+𝑦
= 3x = 40 + 3
[ using (i)]
 3𝑥 = 40 3+ x = 3x-x=40 3 = 2x=
40 3
x= 20 3𝑚

Example 23:
As observed from top of a light house 100 m.
If the object is below the horizontal from the eye, then high above sea level, the angle of depression
we have no turn our head downwards no view the of a ship sailing directly toward it changes
object. In this process, our eye move through an angle. from 30° to 45°. The distance travelled by the
This angle is called the angle of depression of the ship during the period of observation is
object. Solution :
Let ‘Y’ be the required distance between two
positions 0 and Cof the ship
Angle of depression In rt. ABC
Eye
…………………………….A Top
O Q
30°
Line of sight
45°

Light house
100m
O
Ball
30° 45°
Example 22:
A person observed the angle of elevation of 0 y C x B
the top of a tower b 30°. He walked 40 m
towards the foot of the tower along level
𝑋
ground and found the angle of elevation of the cot 45° = = x = 100 ………..(i)
100
top of the tower as 60°. Find the height of
tower. 𝑦+𝑥
Solution: In A AOB, = cot 30°
100
Let height of tower AB = x m and BC = y m,  y + x = 100 3= y = 100 3 − 𝑥
DC = 40 m.  y = 100 3 – 100 [using (i)]
n ΔABC,  y = 100 ( 3 – 1)
 y = 100 (1.732 – 1) = 100 x 0.732 =
73.20m.

Example 24:
A 25 m long ladder is placed against a vertical
wall of a building. The foot of the ladder is 7m
𝐴𝐵 𝑋 𝑋 from base of the building. If the top of the ladder slips
𝐵𝑐
= tan 60° 𝑌
= 3y = 3 4m, then the foot of the Ladder will slide by how much
𝐴𝐵 distance.
Now In rt ABD, 𝐵𝐷 = tan 30°

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Sol: Let the height of the wall be h.

4
25

Q 7 x S S

Now, h = 252 − 72
= 576 = 24m
QS = 625 − 400
= 225 = 15𝑚
Required distance, X = (15-7) = 8m

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