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Mnemonics For Sure Success in PG PDF
Mnemonics For Sure Success in PG PDF
ISBN: 978-93-85915-33-8
Copyright © Author and Publisher
First Edition: 2015
Second Edition: 2016
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Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for
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Printed at
To
my elder brother
Ajay Kumar Ajit
who shaped my career and life
Preface to the Second Edition
???
Preface to the First Edition
Arun Kumar
Contact: 9718161947
Email.id: drarunkumarjamui@yahoo.co.in
Acknowledgements
Arun Kumar
Contents
1. Anatomy 1
2. Biochemistry 17
3. Physiology 26
4. Pharmacology 35
5. Microbiology 72
6. Pathology 81
7. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (FMT) 93
8. Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) 99
9. Eye 111
10. Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) 117
11. Medicine 122
12. Surgery 152
13. Gynecology and Obstetrics (G and O) 162
14. Pediatrics 170
15. Skin 177
16. Anesthesia 180
17. Radiology 184
18. Psychiatry 186
19. Orthopedics 189
1
Anatomy
1
2 Mnemonics
• Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery and vein (posterior trunk)
Emissary vein
Nervus spinosus (meningeal branch of mandibular nerve)
Mnemonic: MENS
• Foramen rotundum—Maxillary nerve
Mnemonic: Maxm round
Maxillary nerve passes through fossa, fissure and foramen
Foramen Foramen rotundum
Fissure inferior orbital fissure
Fossa pterygopalatine fossa
Mnemonic: RIP
• Internal acoustic meatus
Facial N (VIIIth/7th)
Vestibulocochlear N (VIIIth/8th)
Nervus intermedius or pars intermedia of Wrisburg
Labyrinthine vessels
Mnemonic: 78 Intermediate Lab
• Foramen lacerum
Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
Emissary vein
Mnemonic: MAPEL
• Jugular foramen
• Triangle of auscultation
Scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Mnemonic: Scalattra
• Alar plate derivatives become sensory nuclei while basal
plate derivatives become motor nuclei
Mnemonic: Sailor/Ala senses
• Branch of first part of subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Mnemonic: VIT
• Branch of thyrocervical trunk
Suprascapular A
Inferior thyroid A
Transverse cervical A
Mnemonic: SIT
• Axillary artery
First part—Superior thoracic artery
Second part—Acromiothoracic artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Mnemonic: SALT
6 Mnemonics
T12—Aortic opening
Mnemonic: Voice of America
Aortic opening
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein
Mnemonic: ATA
Vena caval opening—Right phrenic nerve
Inferior vena cava
Mnemonic: RP in Cave
Oesophageal opening—Left vagus
Right vagus
Oesophagus
Oesophageal branch of left gastric
artery
Mnemonic: Vagus, phagus, gas
• Supports of uterus
Muscular supports/active supports
Perineal body
Urogenital diaphragm
Levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)
Mnemonic: PULP
Mechanical supports
Transverse cervical ligament (Mackenrodt’s ligament)
Uterosacral ligament (most strong)
Round ligament of uterus
Uterine axis
Pubocervical ligament
Mnemonic: TURUP (T and P are cervical)
• Branches of cerebral part of internal carotid artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior communicating artery
Mnemonic: AM OCP
8 Mnemonics
Anteriorly Mn
Cervical spine Convex X Lordosis
Thoracic spine Concave Cave Kyphosis
Lumbar spine Convex X Lordosis
Pelvic curve Concave Cave Kyphosis
(sacrococcygeal)
Hip joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
• Epiphysis
Pressure epiphysis: Head of femur
Condyles of tibia
Lower end of radius
Mnemonic: Press HCL
Traction epiphysis: Tubercles of humerus—Mastoid process
Trochanters of femur
Mnemonic: TMT
Atavistic epiphysis: Coracoid process of scapula
Osmium trigonum
Aberrant epiphysis: Head of first metacarpal
Base of other metacarpals
• Veins of heart
Contents of coronary sulcus:
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein
Mnemonic: GCS
Anterior cardiac vein drains directly into right atrium
Mnemonic: ADDRA
Smallest cardiac vein/Thesbian veins/venae cordis minimi
drains directly into the cavity in all four chambers.
Rest drains into coronary sinus, i.e, great cardiac vein
(Anterior Interventricular septum)
Middle cardiac vein (Posterior interventricular septum)
Mnemonic: Middle Post
Small cardiac vein
Posterior vein of LV
Oblique vein of LA
Right marginal vein
• Muscles of mastication
Pterygoid—lateral and medial
Masseter
Temporalis
Mnemonic: PMT
12 Mnemonics
Bregma—Anterior fontanelle
Mnemonic: AB
Lambda—Posterior fontanelle
• Routine opening of mouth: Lateral pterygoid.
Forceful opening of mouth: Digastric
Geniohyoid
Myelohyoid
Mnemonic: DGM
• Infrahyoid muscles— also known as strap muscles:
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
• Ansa cervicalis is nerve supply of: Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Mnemonic: OH Anshu SiT on Shoe
• C1 is the nerve supply of: Thyrohyoid
Geniohyoid
Mnemonic: C1 is The GHar
• Male internal genitalia
S: Seminal vesicles
E: Epididymis
E: Ejaculatory duct
D: Ductus deferens (Vas deferens)
Mnemonic: SEED
• Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus—develops at birth
Ethmoidal sinus—develops at birth
Frontal sinus—develops at 2 years
Sphenoid sinus—develops at 3–5 years.
Mnemonic: MEFS
• The inferior turbinate is a separate bone, while rest of the
turbinates are a part of ethmoidal bone.
Mnemonic: Inferior—Independent
16 Mnemonics
• Cerebellum
Cerebellar cortex— five cells:
Granule cells
Golgi cells
Purkinje cells
Stellate cells
Basket cells
Mnemonic: Garm gol puri in steel basket
Deep cerebellar nuclei:
Dentate
Emboliform
Fastigial
Globose
Mnemonic: DEFG
Note: The axons of Purkinje cells are the only output from
the cerebellar cortex, generally pass to the deep nuclei.
17
18 Mnemonics
Also remember
Ketone bodies
Rothera test (Nitroprusside test)—Roth Nite
Gerhardt test (Ferric chloride test)
Mnemonic: GF
• SGPT – ALT – Cytosolic
Mnemonic: CLP
Also remember: SGOT (AST)—80% mitochondrial and 20%
cytosolic
• Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins B and C
Mnemonic: WBC
Vit. B complex energy releasing
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Mnemonic: 123-TRN (Tarun in Hindi)
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine B6
Mnemonic: six pyre
• Blot transfer techniques
Southern blot DNA
Northern blot RNA
Western blot Protein
Mnemonic: South – Dakshin – DNA
Western – Paschim – Protein
• Respiratory chain inhibitors
Complex IV inhibitors: Cyanide (CN)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Sodium azide
Mnemonic: ides are complex IV inhibitors
• Location of major glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronic acid: Synovial fluid
Loose connective tissue
Biochemistry 19
Vitreous humor
Cartilage
Mnemonic: Hy SyL Vi in Car
Chondroitin sulphate: Cartilage
Bone
Cornea
Mnemonic: CBC
Karatan sulphate: Cornea (KS I)
Loose connective tissue (KS II)
Heparin: Mast cells
Heparan sulphate: Aortic wall
Skin fibroblasts
Dermatan sulphate: Wide distribution
• Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids
Oxaloacetate forming amino acid—Asparagine (aspartate)
Mnemonic: Ox in spa
Fumarate forming amino acids—Phenylalanine, tyrosine
Mnemonic: PheTyr fumes
Succinyl CoA: Threonine, valine, isoleucine, methionine
Mnemonic: Three successful VIM
• Ketoglutarate: Proline, histidine, arginine, glutamine
Mnemonic: α PHAG
Pyruvate: Cystine, threonine, glycine, alanine, serine
Mnemonic: CT GAS in Peru
Acetyl CoA /Acetoacetyl CoA forming amino acids: Leucine,
isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine
Mnemonic: Lily Try Phe Tyr in AC
• Transport of ammonia to liver
Muscle—uses alanine
Mnemonic: Amma ki Mala
Other tissues use glutamine
• Metabolic role of vitamin B12
Methylation of homocysteine to methionine
Isomerization of methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
Methylation of pyrimidine ring to form thymine
20 Mnemonics
Kinase
Transketolase
Peptidases
Ca carboxylase
Adenyl cyclase
Phosphatase
Mnemonic: RiKi Trap Car, add phos
• Tryptophan → Serotonin → Melatonin
Niacin (nicotinic acid/nicotinamide)
Tryptophan contains indole functional group.
• Tyrosine is formed from phenylalanine (Enz-phenylalanine
hydroxylase)
Tyrosine is also precursor for
Dopa
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Melamine
Note: Codon for tyrosine are UAC and UAU.
In Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, tyrosine is used to
produce the alkaloid morphine.
• Metabolic fuels
Organ Fed Fasting Starvation Mnemonics
Brain Glucose Glucose Ketone bodies Gul Gul Ke
Heart Fatty acid Fatty acid Ketone bodies FFK (Fafakna in
Hindi)
Liver Glucose Fatty acid Amino acid GFA (Girl Friend
Ayi rahne)
Muscles Glucose Fatty acid Fatty acid GFF (is muscil in
Hindi)
RBC Glucose Glucose Glucose Only glucose
• DNA
Purines—Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines—Cytosine, thymine
Mnemonic: Y for Y
• Amino acids
Ketogenic— Leucine
Lysine
Mnemonic: KiLL
Both glucogenic and ketogenic— Isoluecine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Mnemonic: GK Is trying phenyl on tyre
Activators: Enterokinase
Calcium
Trypsin itself
Mnemonic: ECT
Inhibitors: Human and bovine colostrums
Egg white (contains water soluble mucoprotein)
Raw soyabean
Alpha antiproteinase/α-1 antitrypsin
Diisopropyl flurophosphate (DFP)
Mnemonic: HERALD
• Helicase—Unwinds dsDNA to provide ssDNA
Mnemonic: HU
Topoisomerase—Relieves torsional strain that results from
helicase induced unwinding.
Mnemonic: T for T
3
Physiology
• Papez circuit
Cingulate gyrus ← Anterior thalamic
(limbic system) nucleus (thalamus)
↓ ↑
Hippocampus → Mammillary body
(limbic system) (hypothalamus)
Mnemonic: HiMaAnCi
• Limbic system
Cingulate gyrus (rim of cortical tissue around hilum of
cerebral hemisphere)
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Hippocampus formation
Mnemonic: CASH
• Precursors of
Clotting factors Carboxylase Mature clotting
II, VII, IX and X → factors II, VII, IX, X
(inactive- Vitamin K (active γ-carboxy-
glutamyl glutamyl) Gla
residues) (Hydroxyquinone) residues
• Trichromatic theory
Red —protanomaly
Green—deuteranomaly
Blue—tritanomaly
Mnemonic: Red-Green-Blue (Ragbi)
• General somatic efferents: Motor functions of skeletal muscles
derived from somites: Cranial nerves
III (Oculomotor nucleus)
IV (Trochlear nucleus)
VI (Abducens nucleus): Supplies extraocular muscles
XII (Hypoglossal nucleus): Supplies tongue muscles
Mnemonic: Tongue muscles and Extraocular muscles
• General visceral efferents: Motor function of smooth muscles
and glands of head and viscera that receive parasympathetic
supply
Cranial nerves
Superior salivatory nucleus (VII) Superior Seven
Inferior salivatory nucleus (IX) Inferior Nine
Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Dorsal ~ Das (Hindi)
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (III)
Mnemonic: SIDE
• Bronchial efferents/special visceral efferents
Ambiguous nucleus (IX, X, XI)
Masticatory nucleus (V)
Spinal accessory nucleus (XI)
Facial nucleus (VII)
Mnemonic: Ambi Ka Mast Special accessory face
• Axon reflex contributes only to the Flare component of triple
response.
Mnemonic: Flaxon
• Sarcolemmal proteins localized to the cytoplasmic side of
sarcolemma
Dysferlin
Dystrophin
Calpain
Mnemonic: Fer pin Pain
Physiology 31
Awake person
Eyes opened Beta waves
Mnemonic: Opening batsman
Eyes closed Alpha waves
32 Mnemonics
• Oxygen toxicity
Acute—Bert effect—CNS effects are predominant (muscle
twitching, convulsions, coma) (Mnemonic: ABC)
Chronic—Smith effect—pulmonary effects (pulmonary
edema, lung atelectasis)
• Hormones produced in kidney
Renin
Erythropoietin
1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol—vit. D
Mnemonic: RED
• Testis
Interstitial cells of Leydig—secrete testosterone
Mnemonic: Lete
Most other functions—Sertoli cells
Y-Chromosome—small acrocentric
Mnemonic: Yac
• Naturally occurring estrogens
Estrone: Major estrogen in postmenopausal women
Mnemonic: NM
Estradiol: Major and most potent estrogen in women
Estriol: Major estrogen in pregnancy, marker for fetoplacental
unit.
Mnemonic: PT
• Clasp knife spasticity: Upper motor neuron lesion
(corticospinal pyramidal system involved)
Mnemonic: Up in Spa
Lead pipe and cogwheel rigidity occurs in extrapyramidal
syndrome, e.g. Parkinsonism.
Mnemonic: Extra rigid in Parkinsonism
Paratonia/gegenhalten—bilateral frontal lobe damage
Mnemonic: FG
Cerebrovascular disease.
• Sympathetic outflow: Thoracolumbar outflow
Mnemonic: SLT
Parasympathetic outflow: Craniosacral outflow
Mnemonic: PCS
Physiology 33
LD50
• Therapeutic Index = or LD50/ED50
ED50
Mnemonic: TILE
• Selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors
Roflumilast
Cilomilast
Tofimilast
Mnemonic: RCT-Milast
• Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors
HER1 (EGFR) Erb B1: Erlotinib (reversible)
Canertinib (Irreversible)
Gefitinib
Mnemonic: I Can do ECG
• VGFR TK inhibitors—Sorafenib—Renal cell cancer
Sunitinib—Renal cell cancer
Mnemonic: VRS
• Drugs used for acute gout
NSAIDS
Colchicine
Corticosteroids
Mnemonic: NCC
• Relative potency of same steroid at equivalent concentrations
in different formulation
Ointment > Emollient > Gel > Cream > Lotion
Mnemonic: OEGCL
35
36 Mnemonics
Oxazepam
Lorazepam
Alprazolam
Mnemonic: Dia Ka CHOLA
• Anti-pseudomonal penicillins
Azlocillin
Mezlocillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Mnemonic: (Az) (Mez) pe Car Ka Pipe Tica
• Penicillinase susceptible penicillins
Penicillin G: Acid labile
Penicillin V: Acid stable
Mnemonic: Galib
• Penicillinase resistant
Nafcillin
Methicillin
Flucloxacillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Mnemonic: Name Flu of OCD (last four are—oxa)
• Intramuscular penicillins
Benzathine penicillin G
Procaine penicillin G
Mnemonic: BP (measured on muscle)
Intravenous intramuscular
Penicillin G
Crystalline penicillin G or sodium penicillin G
• Anti-fungal drugs
Systemic azoles Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Fluconazole
Mnemonic: IVF
38 Mnemonics
Through cGMP—NO
ANF
Mnemonic: NAG (NO, ANF through cGMP)
• Rapid acting human insulin analogues
Insulin aspart
Insulin lispro
Insulin glulisine
Mnemonic: Asli Glu
Also Remember: Long acting human insulin analogues
Insulin glargine
Insulin detemir
• Mechanism of action of antiepileptic agents
Facilitation of GABA mediated chloride channel opening
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Gabapentin
Tiagabine
Topiramate
Vigabatrin
Valproate
Mnemonic: BaBe Girl Tia Top in Viva of GABA class
• Inhibition of T type Ca2+ current
Valproate
Trimethadione
Ethosuximide
Mnemonic: Vallore try ethical current
• Prolongation of Na+ channel inactivation
Valproate
Lamotrigine
Zonisamide
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Topiramate
Mnemonic: Very long zone of Na+ in PCT
Pharmacology 41
• Gp II b/III a antagonist
Eptifibatide
Tirofiban
Abciximab
Mnemonic: EpTiAb
• All Navirs are protease inhibitors
• NNRTI: Efavirenz
Etravirine
Nevirapine
Delaviridine
Mnemonic: 2END
• Didanosine Stavudine Zalcitabine
(20%) (71%) (15%)
Similar toxic profiles
Peripheral neuropathy (% in bracket)
Lactic acidosis
Pancreatitis
Liver: Hepatomegaly with steatosis
Mnemonic: PLPL
• Anti-metabolite acting by hypomethylation (inhibit DNA
methyl transferase)
Azacitidine
Decitabine
Mnemonic: Hypo Aza D
• Thymine less death (inhibit DNA synthesis by blocking
synthesis of thymidylate) causing anti-metabolites
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu)
Capecitabine (5-Fu analogues)
• Anti-metabolite acting by inhibition of DNA elongation (DNA
intercalating agent)
Cytarabine or cytosine arabinoside (pyrimidine-cytidine
analogue)
Gemcitabine (Pyrimidine-cytidine analogue)
Mnemonic: Arab Gem inhibit elongation
42 Mnemonics
Peripheral neuropathy
Myocardial depression
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis (lung)—dry cough
Corneal microdeposits
Liver toxicity
Photosensitization
Mnemonic: The Periphery of My lung cornea live with
photosensitivity
• Fluoroquinolones excreted primarily by non-renal
mechanism
Pefloxacin
Trovafloxacin
Grepofloxacin
Nalidixic acid
Mnemonic: Petro Grenal
Note: Sparfloxacin has 50% renal and 50% fecal route of
excretion.
• Anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins
Ceftazidime
Cefoperazone
Cefepime
Cefotaxine
• Second line anti-tubercular drugs
Old drugs
PAS
Ethionamide
Cycloserine
Thioacetazone
Mnemonic: PECT
Amikacin
Kanamycin
Capreomycin
Mnemonic: Ami KC
New drugs
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Pharmacology 45
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Rifabutin
Mnemonic: COCA-Rafa
• Chelating agents in heavy metal poisoning
Dimercaprol (BAL): Bismuth
Antimony
Lead
Mercury
Arsenic
Copper
Nickel
Gold
Mnemonic: BALMA CNG
• Calcium disodium edetate (CaNa2EDTA)
Lead poisoning
Mnemonic: Ledta
Zn, Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe poisoning
• Penicillamine
Copper
Mercury
Lead
Mnemonic: CML
Note: BAL: Not in iron and cadmium poisoning
Mnemonic: BANIC
EDTA: Not in mercury poison
Mnemonic: ENM
Penicillamine: Not in iron poisoning
Mnemonic: PNI
• Phenytoin—side effects
Hyperplasia of gums
Hyperglycemia
Hirsutism
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hydantoin syndrome: Teratogenicity
46 Mnemonics
Lymphadenopathy
Megaloblastic anaemia
Neurological symptoms
Osteomalacia
Mnemonic: 5H + LMNOP
• Valproate—side effects
Anorexia, vomiting
Alopecia (transient)
Ataxia, sedation
Ammonemia (hyper)
Thrombocytopenia
Tremor
Hepatotoxicity
Neural tube defect
Weight gain
Mnemonic: VAT + HNW
• Antidote of warfarin (oral anticoagulants): Vitamin K 1
(phytonadione)
Antidote of heparin—protamine sulphate
• Drugs acting on cell membrane and promoting leakage from
membranes
Polyenes: Amphotericin B
Hamycin
Nystatin
Polypeptides: Polymyxin
Colistin
Mnemonic: AB HaNy and PoCo leak membrane
• Mechanism of action of anti-microbial agents
Inhibition of DNA gyrase: Fluoroquinolones
Mnemonic: FG
Misreading of mRNA code: Aminoglycoside (Mn:Amina
misread code)
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol 50S
Erythromycin 50S
Pharmacology 47
Clindamycin 50S
Mnemonic: CEC 50
Tetracycline 30S
Aminoglycoside 30S
• Beta adrenergic agonists, nitrates, digitalis and diuretics are
best avoided during treatment of HOCM.
Mnemonic: BeNi DiDi avoid HOCM
• Contraceptive failure may occur if any of the following drugs
is used concurrently:
Enzyme inducers: Phenytoin, phenobarbitone primidone,
carbamazepine, rifampicin, griseofulvin.
Suppression of intestinal microflora tetracycline, ampicillin
• Drugs following zero order kinetics
Warfarin
Ethyl alcohol
Theophylline
Tolbutamide
Phenytoin
Aspirin (salicylate)
Propranolol
Mnemonic: Zero WATT PAP
• Adrenaline: α1 + α2 + β1 + β2
Noradrenaline: α1 + α2 + β1 (no β2 action)
Dopamine: D1 + D2 + α1 + α2 + β1 (no β2)
Isoprenaline: β1 + β2 (no α action)
Dobutamine relatively β1 selective (no dopamine receptor
action)
Mnemonic: DONO has no B2 action
• Adrenaline: Systolic BP increased
Diastolic BP decreased
Heart rate increased
Noradrenaline: Systolic BP increased
Diastolic BP increased
Heart rate decreased
48 Mnemonics
• Enzyme inducers—
G—Griseofulvin
P—Phenytoin, Primidone
R—Rifampicin
S—Smoking (PAH—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
Car—Carbamazepine
Phone—phenobarbitone
50 Mnemonics
• Enzyme inhibitors—
Valla’s—Valproate
Kit—Ketoconazole
Can—Cimetidine
Cause—Ciprofloxacin
Enzyme—Erythromycin
Inhibition—INH (Isoniazid)
• Order of kinetics
First order— CHF constant
Clearance
Half life
Fraction excreted
Zero order—RA constant
Rate of elimination
Amount eliminated
• Nuclear hormones—
S—Sex hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone and Testosterone)
A—Vitamin A
T—Thyroid hormones
Mnemonic: SATurday Night
Cytoplasmic receptor hormones—Corticosteroids
Vitamin D
Mnemonic: CCD
• Drugs metabolized by acetylation—
S—Sulfonamide including dapsone
H—Hydralazine
I—INH (Isoniazid)
P—Procainamide (antiarrhythmic drug)
Note: They can cause SLE.
• Sympathetic system—
Postganglionic fibres release noradrenaline
Exceptions—
Sympathetic nerve fibres going to kidney secrete dopamine.
Sympathetic nerve fibres going to sweat glands release
acetylcholine (sympathetic cholinergic)
Mnemonic: Kid is sympathetic to dopa
• Heart rate—Chronotropic
Mnemonic: HR
Conduction—Dromotropic
Mnemonic: D for D
Contractility—Ionotropic
• Hemicholinium—inhibits uptake of choline.
Vesamichol—inhibits entry of acetylcholine in the vesicle
Botulinum toxin—inhibits release of acetylcholine.
• M1—Stomach (increases acid secretion)
M2—Heart (Bradycardia)
M3—Rest organs like eye, GIT, urinary bladder, bronchus,
glands
M4—CNS
M5—CNS
Mnemonic: Ma says—First eat, Second heart and rest work
later on
• Drugs directly acting on parasympathetic system
Pilocarpine acts on Pupil (M3)—miosis in glaucoma.
Mnemonic: P for P
Bethanichol acts on Bladder (M3)—contracts urinary bladder
in urinary retention.
Mnemonic: B for B
Methacholine acts on Myocardium (M2)—used in tachyarrhy-
thmia.
Carbachol action—Common action—acts both on nicotinic
and muscarinic receptors.
Mnemonic: C for C
52 Mnemonics
Salmetrol
Formetrol
Mnemonic: Metro is long acting.
Salmetrol is slow onset (S for S)
Formetrol is fast onset (F for F)
Side effects— Tremor
Tachycardia
Tolerance
Mnemonic: 3T
• Selective α1 blocker—Zosine
• α1A—Prostate
α1B—Blood vessels
Mnemonic: B for blood vessels
Note: Selective α1A blocker—Tamsulosin, Silodosin.
• β1 blockers/cardioselective/2nd generation
New—Nebivolol
Beta—Betaxolol
Blockers—Bisoprolol
Act—Acebutolol
Exclusively—Esmolol
At—Atenolol
Myo—Metoprolol
Cardium—Celiprolol
• β blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (partial
agonist)
Contain—Celiprolol
Partial—Pindolol
Agonistic—Alprenolol
Activity—Acebutolol
Mnemonic: All pind sell ace intrinsically
• β blockers with membrane stabilizing property
Possess—Propranolol
Membrane stabilizing or—Metoprolol
Pharmacology 55
Local—Labetalol
Anesthetic—Acebutolol
Property—Pindolol
• Water soluble β blockers—contraindicated in renal failure:
A—Atenolol
N—Nadolol
S—Sotalol
Mnemonic: SoNaAta
• Nadolol is the longest acting β blocker
Esmolol is the shortest acting β blocker.
• 3rd generation β blockers: β blockers with any additional
cardiovascular advantage (vasodilatation)
a. α + β blockade—Labetalol, Carvedilol
b. NO release—Nebivolol.
Mnemonic: N for N
c. Ca2+ channel blocker—Carvedilol
Mnemonic: C for C
d. K+ channel blocker—Tilisilol
e. β2 agonist—Celiprolol
• Carvedilol—α blocker
Ca2+ channel blocker
Antioxidant
• Celiprolol— β2 agonist
Cardioselective
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
• Loop and thiazide diuretics
Na+, K+, Mg2+, H+—decrease
Sugar, lipid, uric acid—increase
Mnemonic: Loop looses calcium. It causes hypocalcemia.
But thiazides cause hypercalcemia
• Digoxin—contraindicated in renal failure.
Digitoxin—contraindicated in hepatic failure.
Mnemonic: Toxin is metabolized in liver
56 Mnemonics
Remikiren
Enalkiren
Mnemonic: Inhibitor of Renin
• Prils are ACE inhibitors.
Depines are calcium channel blockers.
Mnemonic: CD
• ACE inhibitors
A—Active
C—Captopril
L—Lisinopril
• ACE inhibitors—Captopril
C—Cough
A—Angioedema
P—Prodrug (except Captopril and Lisinopril)
T—Taste alteration (dysguesia)
O—Orthostatic hypotension/Postural hypotension
P—Pregnancy is absolute contraindication
R—Renal artery stenosis (bilateral) is absolute contraindication
I—Increase in K+—hyperkalemia is contraindication
L—Lowers the risk of diabetic complications
Note: Angiotensin receptor blockers also follow these
except first 3 (CAP).
• Benzodiazepines
GABA facilitatory
Increases frequency of chloride channel opening
DRC flat
Specific antidote—Flumazenil
Mnemonic: 4F
• Short acting benzodiazepines
T—Triazolam, Temazepam
O—Oxazepam
L—Lorazepam
E—Estazolam
Note: Short acting BZD are—safe in elderly, liver disease,
no hangover and no active metabolite.
• Vigabatrin
Vi—Visual field defect
Gaba—GABA
Tr—Transaminase
In—inhibitor. ‘In’ also stands for infantile spasm
Note: Vigabatrin is the drug of choice for infantile spasm
with tuberous sclerosis. ACTH is drug of choice for infantile
spasm.
60 Mnemonics
• Tiagabine
Mnemonic: Transport inhibitor of GABA
It is GABA reuptake inhibitor by inhibiting GAT1
• Drug decreasing alcohol craving—
N—Naltrexone
A—Acamprosate
T—Topiramate
O—Ondansetron
• Atypical antipsychotics—5HT2A/2C blockers, e.g. pine, done
and aripiprazole.
I—Inguinale granuloma
L—Lymphogranuloma venerum
A—Atypical
N—pNeumonia
C—Cholera
A—Amoebiasis
• Tetracyclines—contraindications and adverse effects—
K—contraindicated in Kidney failure
A—Antianabolic action
P—Phototoxicity
I—Insipidus—DI
L—Liver failure is C/I
D—Dental—affects growing bone and teeth. C/I in pregnancy
and child < 8 years.
E—Expiry date—causes Fanconi syndrome after expiry date
V—Vestibular dysfunction
• Macrolides is the drug of choice for—
C—Chancroid
L—Legionella
A—Atypical pneumonia
P—Pertussis
Can also be used for—
C—Corynebacterium diphtheria
H—Haemophilus influenzae
A—Atypical mycobacteria
T—Toxoplasmosis
Side effects of macrolides—
M—Motilin receptor stimulation
A—Allergy
C—Cholestatic jaundice
R—Reversible
O—Ototoxicity
Note: Vancomycin and aminoglycosides cause irreversible
ototoxicity.
64 Mnemonics
• Aminoglycoside
Neomycin— Most nephrotoxic
Most neuromuscular blockade
Used only topically
After neomycin,
Gentamycin is most nephrotoxic
Mnemonic: G affects GFR
Streptomycin affects neuromuscular blockade
Mnemonic: S affects Skeletal muscle
Note: Maximum hearing loss—Amikacin
• Hepatitis B— DOC—Entecavir
Alternate drugs— oral—
Lamivudine
Emtricitabine
Tenofovir
Injectable—
Interferon α
• NRTI used in hepatitis B—
L—Lamivudine
E—Emtricitabine
T—Tenofovir
• Hepatitis C—DOC—Interferon and ribavarin
• NNRTI—1st generation
E—Efavirenz
N—Nevirapine
D—Delaviridine
2nd generation
Etravirine
Rilpivirine
• Metronidazole is DOC for
G—Giardiasis
U—Ulcer—peptic ulcer
P—Pseudomembranous colitis
T—Trichomoniasis
A—Anaerobic bacterial infection
G—Gardenella vaginalis (bacterial vaginosis)
• Antihelminthic drugs
Platyhelminths—Flukes and tapeworm—DOC—Praziquentel.
Mnemonic: P for P
Nemathelminthes—DOC—Albendazole
Exceptions to platyhelminthes—
Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
Dog tapeworm (Echinococcus)
Pharmacology 67
Exceptions to Nemathelminthes—
Filaria—DOC—DEC
Strongyloides—DOC—Ivermectin
Onchocerca (river blindness)—DOC—Ivermectin
Mnemonic: iver for river
• Pulsatile GnRH is indicated in—
C—Cryptoorchidism
H—Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
A—Anovulatory infertility
N—uNdescended testis
D—Delayed puberty
Note: Continuous GnRH is indicated in
Precocious puberty
Cancer like breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma
Endometriosis
Fibroid liomyoma (symptomatically)
• GnRH agonist
Leuprolide—First drug
Gonadorelin
Nafarelin—Nasally
Mnemonic: N for N
Gosarelin
Busurelin
Histarelin
• GnRH antagonist—relix
Cetrorelix
Ganirelix
Abarelix
Degarelix
Mnemonic: X means cross means antagonist
• Thyroid inhibitors
Peripheral conversion inhibitors— 5’ deiodinase inhibitors—
Propylthiouracil
68 Mnemonics
Propranolol
Prednisolone
Mnemonic: 3P
• Metformin—used for Obese patient
Sulfonylurea—used for Thin patient
Mnemonic: MOST
• PTH causes partiality—
Increases serum Ca2+
Decreases serum phosphate
• Uses of colchicine—
G—Gout
C—Cirrhosis
M—Acute Mediterranean fever
S—Sarcoidosis
• Acute gout—
N—NSAIDS
C—Colchicine
C—Corticosteroids
Pharmacology 69
• Indications of chloroquine—
R—RA
E—Extraintestinal amoebiasis
D—DLE
L—Lepra reaction
I—Infectious mononucleosis
P—Photogenic reactions
Mala—Malaria
G—Giardiasis
• Anakinra—IL 1 receptor antagonist.
Mnemonic: A1
• Oprelvekin is IL 11 used in anticancer drug induced thrombo-
cytopenia.
Mnemonic: Eleven kin
• Ticlopedine causes thrombocytopenia
Mnemonic: T for T
• Side effects of heparin—
A—Alopecia
B—Bleeding
H—Hyperkalemia
O—Osteoporosis
T—Thrombocytopenia
• Mast cell stabilizers
K—Ketotifen
N—Nedocromil
S—Sodium cromoglycate
• Busulfan—side effects—
S—Skin pigmentation
U—Uric acid increased
LF—Lung fibrosis
A—Adrenal insufficiency
70 Mnemonics
Clostridium botulinum
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Mnemonic: Salmon bottles corn for lysogeny
• Nuclear inclusion bodies
Cowdry type A: Herpesvirus
Yellow fever virus
Mnemonic: HAY
Cowdry type B: Adenovirus
Poliovirus
Mnemonic: BAP
• Methods for sterilization of endoscopes
Rigid endoscope
Autoclave
Mnemonic: RiA
Flexible endoscope
Glutaraldehyde peracetic acid (20% cidex)
Mnemonic: EFG
• Dimorphic fungi
Penicillium marneffei
Blastomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccidiomyces
Candida albicans (not other Candida)
Sporothrix
Mnemonic: Dimorphic Penicillin Blast his Para’s albi spores
• Culture media for isolation of Leptospira
Korthof medium
EMJH medium
Fletcher medium
Stuart medium
Mnemonic: KEFS
• Man is the definitive host in most of the parasitic infections
except the following parasites where it is an intermediate host
Hydatid worm (Echinococcus granulosus)
Malaria (Plasmodium)
74 Mnemonics
Capillaria Philippinensis
Taenia solium
• Worms that do not multiply in host.
Ancylostoma duodenale
Enterobius vermicularis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Mnemonic: Duodenum bans entry and multiplication
Also remember
Worms that crawl out
Enterobius vermicularis
T. saginata
Mnemonic: Crawling entry of saginata
• Microaerophilic bacteria
Helicobacter pylori
Borrelia burgdorferi
Campylobacter
Mnemonic: Hell Boy in Micro Camp
• Viruses associated with blood transfusion
Parvovirus B-19
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis G
HIV type 1
HTLV type 1
Cytomegalovirus
Mnemonic: 19 BCG transfuses type 1 of Cytomegalovirus
• Transport media for Vibrio cholerae
Venkatraman Ramkrishnan (VR) media
Alkaline peptone water
Monsur’s taurocholate tellurite peptone water
Mnemonic: Venkat transport Alkaline water to Maissur
• Obligate intracellular parasite
Virus
Chlamydia
Rickettsiae
76 Mnemonics
Legionella
Mnemonic: VCRL (Viru Chalne ke liye Rickshaw lega)
• Selective media in which substances that inhibit or poison all
but a few microorganisms are added to a solid media (S for S).
Enrichment media are produced by adding selective
substances to liquid media.
Enriched media are basal media enriched with blood, serum
or egg.
• Classification of streptococci: Hemolytic (P) streptococci are
classified by Lancefield classification—based on nature of a
carbohydrate ‘C’ antigen (Group A to K without I and J)
Griffith typing—‘M’ Protein
Mnemonic: GMP
• 01 Vibrio cholerae
Classical: Polymixin, Phage 4
Mnemonic: Polyphagic class
Eltor: Eltor, chick embryo
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
No environmental source
M. tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. microti
• Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
(Atypical mycobacteria)
Environmental source is postulated
M. avium intracellulare complex
M. kansasii
Mnemonic: Kans ka avium in atypical environment
• Enteropathogenic E.coli or Enteroadhesive E. coli—attaches
intimately to enterocyte membrane, Infants and Children,
Epidemic
Mnemonic: Infant attaches ad for epidemic in Patho.
Enterotoxigenic E.coli: Traveller’s diarrhea
Mnemonic: T for T—Produces enterotoxin (Labile/Stable)
Microbiology 77
Pseudomonas toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Mnemonic: Antiprotein ships dip
p-pilli are pyelonephritis associated pilli that are found on
uropathic strains of
E. coli.
Mnemonic: P for P
• Gram-positive coccobacilli: Listeria
• Gram-negative coccobacilli: Bordetella
Brucella
Campylobacter
Chlamydia
Helicobacter
Haemophilus
Rickettsia
Mnemonic: BCHR
• Bacteria acquiring characteristics
Transformation (free DNA soluble DNA): Pneumococcus
Bacillus
Haemophilus
Mnemonic: BPH/PnBaha
Transduction (bacteriophage): Method of genetic engineering
T/t of inborn errors of metabolism
Mnemonic: DIG
Conjugation (actual physical contact): Episomes and plasmids
for resistance.
Lysogenic conversion (phage DNA itself is new genetic
element)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Salmonella typhi
Clostridium botulinum
• Thymus dependent tissues (collection of T-lymphocytes)
Spleen: Malpighian corpuscle in white pulp (periarterial)
Lymph node: Paracortical area between follicles in cortex and
medullary cords in medulla
Mnemonic: Para Mal dependent
Bursa dependent (collection of B-lymphocytes)
Microbiology 79
(Thymus independent)
Spleen: Germinal centre
Mantle layer
Perifollicular region
Mnemonic: German Man around follicle are independent
Lymph nodes: Medullary cords
Cortical follicles
Germinal centres
Mnemonic: Medulla and cortex in Germany are also
independent
• Property S. aureus S. epidermidis
Coagulase Positive Negative
Mannitol Ferments Non-fermenting
Pathogenicity Pathogenic Non-pathogenic
• Susceptibility tests
Shick test: Diphtheria
Dick test: Scarlet fever
Mnemonic: S for D and D for S (opposite)
• Spirochete: Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema
Mnemonic: BLT (Balti in Hindi)
• Combined immunodeficiency
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)—def. of ADA
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Nezelof syndrome
Mnemonic: SWAN
Defective Phagocytosis
Chronic granulomatous disease (def. of NADPH oxidase)
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Myeloperoxidase def.
Job’s syndrome
• Two pigments produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pyocyanine: Bluish green pigment
Mnemonic: BC
Pyoverdin (fluorescein): Greenish yellow pigment
80 Mnemonics
Cogan syndrome
Mnemonic: Large giant taka of cogan
• Medium vessel vasculitis
PAN
Kawasaki disease
Buerger’s disease
Mnemonic: Pan per kabab aur burger)
• DNA repair defects
HNPCC (mismatch repair): Colon ca.
Bloom syndrome: Developmental defects
Fanconi anaemia: Bone marrow aplasia
Ataxia-telangiectasia: Neural symptoms
Xeroderma pigmentosa (nucleotide excision repair)—skin ca.
Mnemonic: HB FAX
• Bcl-1: Mantle cell lymphoma
Bcl-2: Follicular lymphoma
Bcl-6: Burkitt lymphoma
Mnemonic: My favourite Band is Bcl-126
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma—Bcl-2 and Bcl-6
Mnemonic: D-26
• HLA B27 is associated with
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriatic spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s syndrome
Mnemonic: Juvenile PAIR at 27 yrs of age
• Risk factors for atherosclesosis in decreasing order
Total cholesterol: HDLC
Apoprotein B 100: HDLC
LDL cholesterol: HDLC
I: chylomicrons
IV: VLDL
V: (1+ 4 = 5)—chylomicron and VLDL
III: (4 – 1 = 3)—chylomicron and VLDL remnant
II: LDL (lla—LDL, IIb—LDL and VLDL)
• Radical scavenging enzymes
– Glutathion peroxidase
– Catalase
– Superoxide dismutase
Mnemonic: GCS
Note: Superoxide dismutase also generates free radicals
(H2 O2).
• Amyloid proteins and their clinical settings
Transthyretin (ATTR)
Familial amyloidotic neuropathy
Mnemonic: FAT
Systemic senile amyloidosis
Mnemonic: SST
β2 microglobulin (Aβ2m): Hemodialysis associated amyloidosis
Mnemonic: Dial M for amyloid
β2: amyloid protein (Aβ): Alzheimer’s disease
Senile cerebral disease
Mnemonic: Sc and Ad
• Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes are characteristic of
retinoblastoma
May also be seen in
Medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma
Mnemonic: Flexible RMP (All are blast)
• Glomerulonephritis without proliferative changes
Minimal change disease
Amyloidosis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Diabetic nephropathy
± FSGS
Mnemonic: Minimum Amul for membranous Dia
84 Mnemonics
• Angelman–Willi syndrome
Seizures
Hypotonia
Inappropriate laughter (Happy puppets)
Mental retardation
Ataxia
Mnemonic: Happy puppet SHIMA
• Multiple myeloma
Dutcher bodies—nuclear
Mnemonic: Multiple nuclear Dutch
Russell bodies: Cytoplasmic (Mnemonic: Russell Crowe)
• Mooser’s bodies: Endemic typhus
Mnemonic: Moosa is endemic
Miyagawa bodies: Chlamydia trachomatis
Mnemonic: Miya Kalam
Lafora bodies: Familial myoclonic epilepsy
Mnemonic: Lofar in Family
Pathology 85
bcl-2 bax
bcl-XL bad
bak
bim
bcl-xs
Mnemonic: L and LXL are anti-apoptotic
• Chronic manifestations of splenectomy
Anisocytosis
Basophilic stippling
Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
Heinz bodies (denatured Hb)
Nucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood, occasionally
Poikilocytosis
• Howell-Jolly bodies occur most frequently after
Splenectomy
Megaloblastic anaemia
Severe hemolytic anaemia
Mnemonic: Jolly SMS
• Inactivation of free radical reactions
Enzymes: Glutathione peroxidase
Catalase
Superoxide dismutase
Mnemonic: GCS
Non-enzymatic system: Endogenous/exogenous anti-oxidants
a. Vitamin E, vitamin C
b. Sulfhydryl containing compounds: glutathione, cysteine
c. Serum protein: Albumin
Ceruloplasmin
Transferrin
Mnemonic: EC GC ACT
• Renal lesions in SLE (WHO classifications)
Class I: Normal by light, electron and immunofluorescent
microscopy
Class II: Mesangial lupus GN
(Mildest clinical variant proteinuria, microscopic hematuria
rare)
Pathology 87
O—Osteogenesis imperfect
M—Marfan’s syndrome
I—Intermittent porphyria
N—Noonan’s syndrome
A—AD PKD
N—NF I and NF II
T—Tuberous sclerosis
• Marfan’s syndrome
M—Mitral valve prolapse
A—Arachnodactyly (long fingers)
R—Retinal detachment
F—Fibrillin I deficiency
Family history
A—Ascending aorta aneurysm
N—Negative nitroprusside test
S—Superotemporal subluxation of lens
• Neurofibromatosis I (17q)
N—Neurofibroma
O—Optic nerve glioma
S—Sphenoid dysplasia (most common skeletal deformity)
P—Plexiform NF
Positive family history
A—Axillary freckling
C—Café-au-lait spots
E—Eye (Lisch nodules on iris)
• Neurofibromatosis II (22q)
M—Multiple
I—Inherited
S—Schwannoma
M—Meningioma
E—Ependymoma
• Autosomal recessive
A— Alkaptonuria
Albinism
B—Beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
C—Cystic fibrosis
Pathology 89
D—Deafness (sensorineural)
E—Emphysema (Panacinar-α1 antitrypsin deficiency)
F—Friedrick’s ataxia
G—Gaucher’s disease
H—Hurler’s disease
Hemochromatosis
I—Inborn errors of metabolism
Others—Niemann-Pick’s disease
Tay-Sachs disease
Wilson’s disease
• X linked recessive
Less—Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Chronic—Chronic granulomatous disease
Hunter—Hunter’s disease
Hemophilic—Haemophila A and B
Girls—G6PD deficiency
Don’t—Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Dent’s disease
Color—Color blindness
Fragile—Fragile X syndrome
Fab—Fabry’s disease
Brutun—Brutun’s X linked agammaglobulinemia
Wisely—Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• X linked dominant
Rat me—Rett syndrome (only seen in females)
Char—Charcoat Mari tooth disease
Pig—Incontinenta pigmenti (only seen in females)
Airport pe—Alport syndrome
Phosphate kha raha tha—X linked hypophosphatemic rickets
• Mitochondrial inheritance
K—Kearns Sayre syndrome
L—Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
M—MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres)
MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis
with stroke like syndrome)
N—NARP (neurologic ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa)
90 Mnemonics
A—Adenocarcinoma
P—Pancreas
• Mutation of p53 Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
It is the most common gene mutation causing human cancer.
S—Stomach cancer
B—Breast cancer
B—Brain cancer
A—Adrenal cancer
L—Lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)
Mnemonic: SBBAL
• Flea bitten kidney found in
We—Wegener’s granulomatosis
Hate—HSP
P—Polyngitis
S—Subacute endocarditis
M—Malignant hypertension
• Posterior fossa anomalies
Dandy-Walker syndrome—Dilatation of 4th ventricle because
of midline arachnoid cyst. Posterior fossa volume is increased.
Mnemonic: D for D. D is 4th letter
Arnold-Chiari malformation—cerebellar herniation.
• Myelin formation
CNS—Oligodendrocytes
PNS—Schwann’s cells.
Mnemonic: COPS
• Serology in hepatitis B—
s—HbsAg
e—HbeAg
c—anti HBc ab
e—anti HBe ab
s—anti HBs ab
Note: c antigen lacks soluble surface receptor. So, do not
appear in serum.
92 Mnemonics
• Hepatitis D virus
Delta virus
Defective virus (HDV RNA)
Dependent (on HBV)
• Causes of Mallory-Denk body—
Indian childhood cirrhosis
Wilson’s disease
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Alcoholism
α1 anti-trypsin (AT) deficiency
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Mnemonic: Indian child wil have alcohol AT primary bill
• Focal nodular hyperplasia
Females more commonly affected (ten times)
OCP use is associated
Asymptomatic
Single
Mnemonic: FOCAl
7
Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology (FMT)
93
94 Mnemonics
I Interest (Patient’s)
N Negligence suits notifiable disease.
CIVIC SIN InP.S .
Interest: Patient’s and self
• Anti-cholinergic (atropine dhatura) poisoning
Dry as a bone (dryness of mouth and skin)
Red as a beet (flushed face)
Blind as a bat (dilated pupil)
Hot as a hare (hyperpyrexia)
Mad as a wet hen (delirium)
Or
Dryness of mouth and anus (i.e. constipation)
Dysphagia
Dilated pupils
Dry hot skin
Drunken gait
Delirium
Drowsiness
Death due to respiratory failure
• Seminial stain is identified by UV light (physical methods)
Mnemonic: SUV
• Constituents of a typical embalming solution
Formalin
Glycerin
Mnemonic: EFG
• Methods of torture
suspension by the wrist: La bandera (Mnemonic: Wrist band)
Beating with the palm on both ears simultaneously—
telephone
Mnemonic: We pickup telephone to ear
• Hanging versus strangulation
Hanging features:
Stretched neck
Saliva (often runs out of mouth)
Seminal fluid at glands
Carotid artery damage may be seen
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (FMT) 95
Negroes
Indians
Mnemonic: PANI in Doli
75–79.9 Europeans
(Mesaticephalic) Chinese
Mnemonic: European in Chinese mess
80–84.9 Mongols
(Brachicephalic) Oriental Asians
Native Americans
Mnemonic: MONA
Dolichocephalic Rectangular
Mesaticephalic Triangular
Brachicephalic Rounded
Mnemonic: DMB in increasing order
• Screening tests for blood stains
Benzidine
Orthotoluidine
Leucomalachite green
Phenolphthalein
Note: All these works on the principle of Hb as peroxidase,
which in presence H2O2 turns odourless bases into coloured
salts.
• World health report 2008 Primary health care: now more than
ever—the report proposes four sets of reforms
Public policy reforms
Leadership reforms
Universal coverage reforms
Service delivery reforms
Mnemonic: PLUS
• Eight essential components of primary health care (Alma-Ata
declaration)
Education concerning prevailing health problems and
methods of preventing and controlling them.
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Immunization against major infection diseases
Maternal and child health care including family planning
Essential drugs provisions
Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
Treatment of common diseases and injuries
Adequate supply of safe water and sanitation.
Mnemonic: ELIMENTS
• Ratio: Prevalence
Standardised mortality ratio
Case fatality ratio
Mnemonic: PSC (Public Service Commission)
• National health policy 2002
2005—Polio, leprosy and yaws
Mnemonic: POLY
2015 (fifteen) – filaria.
Mnemonic: f for f
99
100 Mnemonics
Convergence
Coverage
Counseling
Mnemonic: 7C
• Skewed distribution
Tail on Right side is Positive skewness.
Mean > Median > Mode.
Mnemonic: TRP
• Type I error—Null hypothesis True and Rejected.
Mnemonic: NTR is no. 1
Type II error—Null hypothesis false and accepted.
P value = Probability of doing type I error.
α—maximum permissible limit of type I error (usually 5%)
β—probability of type II error
Note: Confidence level in a study = 1–α
Power of study = 1–β
For significant results, confidence level > 0.95 or 95%.
• Parametric tests are used to compare mean and SD (standard
deviation) in
Paired data (1 group)—Paired test (before and after)
Unpaired data of 2 groups—Unpaired test
Unpaired data of 3 or more groups—ANOVA
Mnemonic: PUA
• Non-parametric tests are used to compare percentage or
fraction in:
Sign test—Paired data (1 group)
Chi-square test—Unpaired data (2 or more groups)
Mnemonic: chai ki quality
• Statistical graphs
Qualitative—
Pictogram
Pie chart
Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) 107
Bar chart
Map
Mnemonic: Pic pie bar map
Quantitative—
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Line diagram
Line chart
Ogive (frequency cumulative curve)
Scatter diagram
Histogram
Mnemonic: (FL)2OSH
• Hospital waste management
1—Human anatomical waste
2—Animal waste
3—Microbiology and biotechnology
4—Waste sharps
5—Cytotoxic drugs and discarded medicines
6—Solid waste (cotton/cloth)
7—Solid waste (plastic/rubber)
8—Liquid waste
9—Incineration ash
10—Chemical waste
Mnemonic: HAM Share drugs and SoSo LIC
• Obesity
Best indicator—Body mass index = Weight in kg/(height in
meter)2.
Other indicators—
Height in cm—Hundred = Broca’s index.
Mnemonic: HHB
Corpulence index = Actual weight/Desired weight
Mnemonic: CAD
Ponderal index = Height/cube root of weight.
Mnemonic: Pin Hai CRoW
108 Mnemonics
4 types— Default
Paternalistic
Consumeristic
Mutualistic
• Kuppuswamy scale is based on—
Education
Income
Occupation
Mnemonic: EIO. All 3 are vowels
• International health regulation 2005 guidelines of WHO
Diseases notifiable to WHO—
Smallpox
SARS
Wild polio
Yellow fever
Plague
Human influenza
Cholera
Mnemonic: SSP Wild yellow PHC
• NPCB—supported by World bank
Mnemonic: Blindness-Bank
RNTCP—supported by WHO
RCH (family planning)—UN fund for population activity
Mnemonic: family-Fund
• UNICEF
HQ—New York.
Mnemonic: New Chef
GOBI—For reduction of under 5 mortality rate
Growth monitoring
ORS
Breast feeding
Immunization
110 Mnemonics
• Ophthalmoscopy
Indirect: Inverted, real, 5 times magnification, ora serrata is
seen
Mnemonic: I for I
Direct: Erect, virtual, 15 times magnification.
• Medication for treatment of open angle glaucoma
Decrease in aqueous secretion: Beta blocker (timolol)
Clonidine congeners
(Brimonidine, Apraclonidine)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
(Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide)
Mnemonic: ABCD
Increase in trabecular outflow: Pilocarpine (miotics)
Mnemonic: Tray Se Pilo
Increase in uveoscleral outflow: Prostaglandins (latanoprost)
Note: Only acetazolamide is oral, others mentioned are
topical.
Atropine is C/I in all types of glaucoma. Pilocarpine is also C/I
in uveitis
• Bilateral subluxation of lens
Marfan’s syndrome: Downward and temporally (Harrison,
17th edition)
Homocysteinuria: Downward and nasally.
• Most common ocular infection in AIDS patients— CMV
MC cause of chorioretinitis in AIDS patients—CMV
MC ocular lesion in AIDS — HIV microvasculopathy
(involving conjunctiva and retina)
MC ocular neoplasm in AIDS—Kaposi sarcoma
114 Mnemonics
Superiorly 50°
Nasally 60°
Inferiorly 70°
Temporally 90°
Mnemonic: SNIT (in increasing order)
• Tonography is a non-invasive technique for determining the
facility of aqueous outflow.
Tonometry is measurement of intraocular pressure by an
instrument called tonometer, this process is called tonometry.
• Protanomalous —defective red color perception
Deuteranomalous—defective green color perception
Tritanomalous—defective blue color perception
Mnemonic: RGB
• Superior oblique: IVth cranial nerve
Mnemonic: SO4
Lateral rectus: VIth cranial nerve
Mnemonic: LR6
Rest extraocular muscles—IIIrd cranial nerve
• Pupil in different conditions.
Acute conjunctivitis —normal
Acute uveitis— constricted/irregular
Acute congestive glaucoma —dilated vertically oval
Retrobulbar neuritis—normal
• Open angle glaucoma is characterised by the triad of
Typical visual field defects (earliest visual field defects in
glaucoma are small isolated paracentral scotomas between
2° and 10°)
Raised intraocular pressure
Optic disc changes/cupping of disc (vertical cup/disc ratio
becomes greater than horizontal)
Mnemonic: VIC
• Wernicke’s hemianopic pupillary reaction — optic tract
lesion.
Marcus Gunn pupil— optic nerve lesion
Argyll Robertson pupil—Pretectal neucleus involved
116 Mnemonics
Mnemonic: ARP-Pre
Holmes Adie —ciliary muscle involvement.
• Congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos)—characteristic triad of
symptoms
Blepharospasm
Photophobia
Lacrimation
Mnemonic: BPL
Signs: Mild proptosis
Enlarged cornea
Haab’s stria (opacity due to rupture in Descemet’s
membrane)
Deep anterior chamber
Lens subluxation
Note: In megalocornea, eye is absolutely normal except for
the large cornea.
• Trotter’s triad
Mnemonic: CD 105
CD: Conductive deafness
10: Palatal paralysis due to involvement of CNX
5: Temporoparietal neuralgia due to ipsilateral involvement
of CNV
• Endoscopic cordectomy: Classification by European laryngeal
society
Type I Subepithelial cordectomy
Type II Subligamental cordectomy
Type III Transmuscular cordectomy
Type IV Total Cordectomy
Mnemonic: ELMT (like element)
Extended cordectomy encompassing
Type IVa— Contralateral fold
Type IVb— arytenoids
Type IVc—ventricular fold
Type IVd— subglottis
Mnemonic: CAVES
• Structures fully developed at birth
– Mastoid antrum
– Auditory ossicles
– Tympanic cavity
– Internal ear structures
Mnemonic: MATI
117
118 Mnemonics
• Rinnie’s test:
Positive Rinnie AC > BC—Normal person and
sensorineural deafness
Mnemonic: PoRi AB Normally Sensed
• Meniere’s disease
Tinnitus (fluctuating)
Vertigo
Sensorineural hearing loss
Mnemonic: TVS
• Fistula test: Induction of nystagmus (vertigo) by producing
pressure changes in the external canal, which are then
transmitted to the labyrinth.
Normal condition—negative (as pressure cannot be
transmitted)
Positive in
Cholesteatoma
Surgically created window in the horizontal canal
(fenestration operation)
In abnormal opening:
In oval window (post stapedectomy fistula)
In round window (rupture of round window membrane)
False positive: Congenital syphilis
Meniere’s disease (Hennebert’s sign)
False negative: Cholesteatoma fills the site of fistula
Note: It is absent when labyrinth is dead.
• Etiology
Malignant otitis externa Pseudomonas
Otitis externa Staphylococcus aureus
Otomycosis Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus,
Candida albicans
Otitis externa hemorrhagica—viral
Acute otitis media in paediatric age group
Streptococcus pneumoniae > H. influenzae > M.catarrhalis.
• Water’s (occipito mental)—maxillary sinus (best seen)
Caldwell’s (occipito frontal)—frontal sinus (best seen)
Mnemonic: Front OF Well
120 Mnemonics
Mnemonic: ABC
Ab gray is red
Shiv and Ram are equivalent
Ex colonel Rungta
Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) 121
122
Medicine 123
IX—F IX concentrate
Fibrinogen, XIII—Cryoprecipitate
Mnemonic: Cry in First and thirteenth
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
Small cell (lung) Ca : Calcitonin
ACTH
ANF
AVP (vasopressin)
Gastrin releasing peptide
Mnemonic: Small CAG
Squamous cell CA—PTH
Mnemonic: Squat Pith
• Restless leg syndrome
Drugs causing it: Alcohol
Antipsychotics
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Caffeine
Mnemonic: ABC
Also remember: Common causes: Idiopathic/familial
Iron def. anaemia
Chronic renal failure
• Bacteria associated with invasive diarrhoea
Plesiomonas Listeria monocytogenes
Aeromonas Yersinia pestis
Shigella Salmonella
Entero invasive E. coli
Mnemonic: PLAY SIS
• Type of LKM antibodies
Anti-LKM 1 Chronic hepatitis C
Autoimmune hepatitis 2
Anti-LKM 2 Drug induced hepatitis
Anti-LKM 3 Chronic hepatitis D
Mnemonic: A1 C1 Dr2 D3
124 Mnemonics
Paromomycin
Pentamidine
Miltefosine
Mnemonic: SPAM
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
First line
Pentavalent antimony
Parenteral alternative
Amphotericin B
Pentamidine
Mucosal leishmaniasis
First line
Pentavalent antimony
Amphotericin B
Alternative
Pentamidine
• Omphalocele
Chromosomal abnormalities
Congenital abnormalities (including cardiac and CNS)
Carnell’s pentalogy
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Mnemonic: 3 COMB
• Hypoxic ischemia
Preterm infants—Periventricular leucomalacia—spastic
diplegia
Mnemonic: Pre Peri dip
Term infants—Subcortical white matter and basal ganglia—
status marmoratus—Spastic quadriplegia
(Basal ganglia and thalamus)
Mnemonic: Term = 3 SQ
Modified Jones’ criteria for rheumatic fever
Major critera Carditis
Arthritis (migratory polyarthritis)
Sydenham’s chorea
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Mnemonic: CASSEt
126 Mnemonics
Mnemonic: NALy
Extra-axial Pituitary tumor
Schwannoma
Meningioma (dura based)
Mnemonic: PSM. Also, dura matter is a Meninge. (PSM is
extra-axial)
• Contrast nephropathy is more common in individuals with
pre-existing
Metformin
Multiple myeloma
CRF (chronic renal failure)
CCF (congestive cardiac failure)
Diabetes mellitus
Dehydration (hypovolemia)
Mnemonic: (MCD)2
• Obstructive lung disease versus restrictive lung diseases
In obstructive lung disease, vital capacity and FEVI/FVC
decrease, others remain normal (diffusion capacity), increases
(residual volumes) or normal to increases (total lung capactiy).
– In restrictive lung disease, VC, RV,TLC, DLCO, all dec-
reases except FEVI/FVC which is normal to increase.
• Obstructive lung disease
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Cystic fibrosis
COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
Mnemonic: ABC
• Lower motor neuron (LMN) palsy
Flaccidity (hypotonia)
Fasciculation
Flexor plantar
Individual muscle paralysis
Degeneration reaction
Atrophy (wasting) is marked (cardinal feature)
Mnemonic: 3FIDA
130 Mnemonics
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma
Cutaneous lichen amyloidosis
Hirschsprung’s disease
FMTC
Mnemonic: MP ke Para main FM se Clah
• MEN2B
MTC
Mucosal and gastrointestinal neuromas
Marfanoid features
Pheochromocytoma
Mnemonic: 2MP
• Noonan’s syndrome versus Turner’s syndrome
Noonan’s syndrome
Autosomal dominant (seen in both sexes)
Pectus carinatum/pectus excavatum
Cardiac defect—pulmonary stenosis, HOCM, ASD
Mental retardation.
Mnemonic: Ad PCM at Noon
• Turner syndrome
Phenotypically females only
Broad chest with widely spread nipples.
Coarctation of aorta
Bicuspid aortic valve
Short fourth metacarpal
Mnemonic: Turn broad, CoBi to short.
• Metabolic acidosis
Normal anion gap
Fistula
Cholera
Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis
Medicine 133
• Ejection click
Semilunar valves (AS, PS, HTN)
Opening snap—AV Valves (MS > TS)
Pericardial knock—constrictive pericarditis tumor plop—
atrial myxoma
• Pansystolic murmur —VSD, MR, TR and aortopulmonary
shunts.
Mnemonic: MTV
Midsystolic murmur — aortic (AS, COA, aneurysm, PDA
Pulmonary (PS, P.hypertension, P.artery dilatation)
Early systolic murmur TR (in absence of Pul. HTN), MR (in a
noncompliant left atrium), VSD (V.small muscular VSD, large
VSD with Pul. HTN)
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Main diagnostic criteria
Clinical history of asthma
Pulmonary infiltrates (transient/fixed)
Precipitating antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus
Immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen (wheal and
flare response)
Peripheral eosinophilia
Elevated serum IgE levels
Central/proximal bronchiectasis.
Mnemonic: All India Exam 2 times, i.e.
(AIE) 2 + Bronchiectasis
• Causes of transudative pleural effusion
Cirrhosis of liver
Nephrotic syndrome
Myxoedema
CHF
SVC obstruction
Mnemonic: CNMC in SVC is transudative
• Exudative pleural fluid
Light criteria: Pleural fluid protein / serum protein > 0.5
Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH > 0.6
Pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 upper limit of serum LDH
Medicine 135
Peripheral arthritis
Erythema nodosum
Episcleritis
Renal stones (uric acid oxalate)
Gallstones
Mnemonic: DOPE ERG in Crohn’s
• Approach to diagnosis of arthritis in a single joint
Associated with fever Septic arthritis
Not associated with fever Acute: Trauma
Hemarthrosis
Hemophilia
Chronic: JRA
Trauma
Tuberculosis
Legg-Perthes disease
Mnemonic: JTTL (like Jatil in hindi)
• Tubulopathy/ tubulitis
PCT—RTA2, Fanconi syndrome
Mnemonic: 2 Fan for PC
Thick ascending—Bartter syndrome
Mnemonic: BaTA
DCT—Gitelman syndrome
Collecting duct : RTA1
Liddle’s syndrome
D(Nephrogenic)
Renal papilla—Renal papillary necrosis
Major calyx/pelvis—hydronephrosis, pyonephrosis, reflux
nephropathy
Any/all—acute tubular necrosis
Mnemonic: 1 Little DIN in CD-Collecting Duct
• Syndrome Most likely congenital cardiac lesion
Down’s syndrome ASD of endocardial cushion type
(ostium primum type)
Turner’s syndrome Coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic
valve
Medicine 137
Gender
Cigarette smoking
SBP
Mnemonic: AT GCS
• Sheehan’s syndrome—order of loss of hormone—
G—GH
F—FSH
L—LH
T—TSH
A—ACTH
Mnemonic: GFLTA
• Migraine
Pulsating headache
One day illness
Unilateral headache
Nausea
Disabling.
Mnemonic: POUND
• Sturge-Weber syndrome
S—Seizure
T—Trigeminal nerve distribution—Hemangioma/Portwine stain
U—unilateral weakness
R—mental Retardation
G—Glaucoma
E—Eye problems—Buphthalmos.
• Anencephaly—
Polyhydramnios
Post-dated delivery
Pituitary hypoplasia
Mnemonic: 3P
• Diagnostic criteria of SLE
M—Malar rash
D—Discoid rash
S—Serositis
148 Mnemonics
O—Oral ulcer
A—Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
P—Photosensitivity
B—Brain (lupus cerebritis)
R—Renal (lupus nephritis)
A—AIHA (Auto-immune hemolytic anemia)
I—Immunological criteria (dsDNA/anti-cardiolipin antibody/
anti-β2 glycoprotein)
N—Non-erosive arthritis
Diagnosis—4 out of 11 (immunological criteria is must)
• PAN—Poly arteritis nodosa
It is necrotizing vasculitis of small to medium vessels.
Mnemonic: PAN: Pulmonary Artery Never involved
Note: PAN can never lead to renal artery stenosis.
Ascites +/↑
Asterixis +/↑
PT with INR ↑
Note: BAAAP
• Esophageal dysphagia
Solid and liquid Progressive systemic sclerosis—progressive
(motility) Achalasia—progressive
Diffuse esophageal spasm—non-progressive
Mnemonic: PaDi Motile
Solid only Cancer—progressive
(mechanical) Stricture (peptic)— progressive
Ring (lower esophageal)—non-progressive
Mnemonic: CaSRi is Mechanical
• MBC fail ESWL test—stones that are not broken by ESWL are
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Brushite
Cysteine
Mnemonic: MBC
• Whole liver orthotopic transplantation require five sequential
anastomoses.
Suprahepatic lVC
lnfrahepatic lVC
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile ducts
Mnemonic: SIPoHe Bill
• Factors indicating possibility of malignancy in gallbladder
polyps
Single polyp
Size of polyp > 1.0 cm
152
Surgery 153
Pancreas (11%)
Mnemonic: SCOP
• Phosphate or struvite stones are infection stones associated
with urea splitting organisms
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Providencia
Klebsiella
Staphylococci
Mycoplasma
Mnemonic: P3KSM
• Syndrome associated with Wilms’ tumour
Denys-Drash syndrome
Male pseudohermaphrodite
Mesangial sclerosis
Missense mutation in WT1 gene
Mnemonic: Denys ki MaMMi
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Hemihypertrophy
Macroglossia
Visceromegaly
Omphalocele
Wilms’ tumour
Mnemonic: BHMV of Wilms’
• Papillary Ca thyroid
Calcification
Radiation induced
Orphan-Annie eye nuclei
Mnemonic: CROP
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Hürthle cells are virtually pathognomonic
Mnemonic: H for H
• Posterior urethra (membranous urethra) is injured in pelvic
trauma and fracture
Mnemonic: P for P
156 Mnemonics
162
Gynecology and Obstetrics (G and O) 163
– Hypoplastic phalanges
– Nail dysplasia
– Facial dysmorphism
– Cleft lip and palate
– Microcephaly
Mnemonic: Heart, Hand, Head
• Neonatal complications of diabetic mothers
– Hypoglycemia
– Hypocalcemia
– Hypomagnesemia
– Hypothermia
– Hyperbilirubinemia
– Polycythemia
– RDS
– Cardiomyopathy.
Mnemonic: Only these two increases—bilirubin and blood
• MC ovarian neoplasm during pregnancy
Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid) (21%) > Serous cyst
adenoma (21%) > Cystic corpus luteum (18%)
Mnemonic: BSC
• Bacterial vaginosis
– Few leucocytes
– No/few lactobacilli
– Clue cells
– Gram variable micro-organism including
Gardnerella vaginalis (Gram-negative)
Haemophilus vaginalis (Gram-negative)
Moblincus (Gram-positive)
Mnemonic: Lactobacilli and leukocytes are low in number
• Neural tube defect Ventral wall defect
↑ Acetylcholinesterase ↓ Acetylcholinesterase
↓ Pseudocholinesterase ↑ Pseudocholinesterase
Mnemonic: PV
Gynecology and Obstetrics (G and O) 165
• Contraindication of ergometrine
– Suspected multiple pregnancies
Gynecology and Obstetrics (G and O) 167
• Types of pelvis
Naegele’s pelvis Ala on one side is absent
Mnemonic: N for N
Robert’s pelvis Ala on both sides is absent
Mnemonic: B for B
Rachitic pelvis
Increased interspinous diameter of the false pelvis
Reniform shape of inlet with shortened AP diameter
Widened transverse diameter of the outlet and pubic arch
inlet is typically triradiate
Osteomalacic pelvis
• Side effects of OCP—
Mild—continue the OCP
N—Nausea
O—Oedema
R—Recurrent headache
M—Mastalgia
A—Abnormal bleeding (breakthrough bleeding)
L—Loss of bleeding (withdrawal bleeding)
Moderate—Acne
Weight gain
Chloasma
If patient is worried, stop the OCP.
Severe—stop the OCP.
Cholestasis
Cardiovascular—thromboembolism
CNS—depression
Cancer—increased risk of breast carcinoma and cervical
carcinoma
• Non-contraceptive benefits of OCP—Decreases risk of
Other—Ovarian cyst and carcinoma
B—Benign breast disease (like fibroadenoma)
E—Endometriosis
N—Neoplasia like ovarian and endometrial carcinoma
Gynecology and Obstetrics (G and O) 169
E—Ectopic pregnancy
F—Fibroid
I—Iron deficiency anemia
T—Tension—pre-menstrual tension
S—Skeletal—osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
14
Pediatrics
• Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
UGC—Unconjugated
Gilbert’s syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome I and II
• Downe’s score
– Cyanosis
– Air entry
– Respiratory rate
– Grunting
– Retraction
Mnemonic: CARGR
• Silverman-Anderson index
– Grunting
– Nasal flaring
– Retraction—Upper chest
– Retraction—Lower chest
– Retraction—Xiphoid
Mnemonic: GFR 3–LUX–Silver
• Fallot’s triad RVH
ASD
Pulmonic stenosis
Mnemonic: RAP
Fallot’s tetralogy Pulmonic stenosis
RVH
Overriding of aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Mnemonic: PROVe
170
Pediatrics 171
80 Chloride 70 65
10 Citrate 7 10
Magnesium 3
Zinc 0.3
Copper 0.045
311 300
Mnemonic: Mazic in ReSoMal
• Agents responsible for bronchiolitis
MC agent Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Other Parainfluenza virus 3,1
Adenovirus
Influenza virus
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Mnemonic: MYC PAIR in bronchiolitis
• Surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot
Waterson shunt—Ascending Aorta to Pulmonary artery
Blalock-Taussig shunt—Subclavian artery to pulmonary artery
Pott’s shunt—Descending aorta to pulmonary artery
Mnemonic: Water’s Black Pot–ASD
• Target cells are seen in
Haemoglobin C, S, etc.
Thalassemia
Liver diseases
Mnemonic: HaThali Target
• Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
Type 1 (45%) Supracardiac
Type 2 (25%) Cardiac
Type 3 (25%) Infracardiac
Type 4 (5%) Multiple levels
Mnemonic: SCIM
• Assessment of dehydration in patients with diarrhoea and
PLAN
No sign of dehydration Treatment plan A (home avai-
lable food, ORS)
Some sign of dehydration Treatment plan B
174 Mnemonics
Rehydration therapy
75 ml/kg ORS in first 4 hrs
Maintenance therapy
10–20 ml/kg ORS for each liquid
stool
Severe dehydration Treament plan C
IV fluid (RL best, NS can be given)
< 12 months 30 ml/kg in 70 mI/kg in
1 hr 5 hr
> 12 months 30 ml/kg in 70 ml/kg in
to 5 yrs 30 minutes 2½ hrs
• Congenital rubella syndrome
The common manifestations are:
Growth retardation
Cardiac anomalies PDA > PS > VSD
Sensorineural deafness
Ocular Microphthalmia, cataract, glaucoma,
retinitis
Cerebral Chronic encephalitis
Hematological Thrombocytopenia
Lymphopenia
Bluberry muffin rash, i.e. dermal nests of
extramedullary hematopoiesis or purpura.
• β-thalassemia or Cooley’s anaemia
Peripheral blood picture shows Microcytic hypochromic
anaemia
Anisocytosis (marked)
Target cells
Reticulocytosis
Nucleated red cells
Mnemonic: MATRN
• Endemic cretinism includes two different overlapping
syndromes
Neurological syndrome—Goitre, severe mental retardation,
deaf mutism, cerebral diplegia, squint
Mnemonic: CDS GS
Myxedematous syndrome: Hypothyroid (T4, TSH) severe
growth retardation, physical signs—coarse dry skin, husky
Pediatrics 175
• Principle of phototherapy—
SI > PI > PO
Structural isomerisation > Photoisomerisation > Photo
oxidation.
• T-series are cyanotic—
TAPVC
Truncus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid atresia
TGA with VSD
TGA with VSD with PS.
15
Skin
177
178 Mnemonics
Tuberculides:
Papulonecrotic tuberculides
(Acne scrofulosorum)
Lichen scrofulosorum
Rosaceous tuberculide
Erythema induratum
Lupus miliaris disseminatus faccei
Mnemonic: ALi Rose Indure Lupus Miliaris
Pityriasis Classification
Trunk involvement P. versicolor
P. rosea—erythematous (rose red)
Mnemonic: VeROT
Face involvement P.alba
P.rubra—erythematous (rubra red)
• Fordyce’s spots Ectopic sebacious glands (if on head of
penis—Tyson glands)
Fox-Fordyce (apocrine miliaria)—blockage of sweat glands
Forcheimer’s spots—German measles (rubella)
Infectious mononucleosis
Scarlet fever
• Gluten restriction in diet Celiac sprue
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Note: Gluten is found in Barley: Rye, oat and wheat, i.e. Brow.
180
Anesthesia 181
Trielene
Methoxyflurane
Mnemonic: NCD SEE ICH of TM–In increasing order of
potency.
Note: Ether is between sevoflurane and enflurane, chloro-
form is between isoflurane and halothane
Alfentanyl, Remifentanyl
Etomidate
Methohexitone
Propofol
Thiopentone
Mnemonic: SID ARe EMPTy
• Rapid sequence anesthesia (crash induction)
Preoxygenation
Induction agent
Suxamethonium
Sellick’s maneuver (cricoid pressure)
Mnemonic: PISS
• Concept of balanced anesthesia (Lundy)
Thiopental for Induction
N2O for Amnesia
Mepridine (or other opioid) for Analgesia
Curare for Muscle relaxation
Mnemonic: TNMC
• Drugs sensitizing the heart to arrhythmogenic action of
adrenaline include:
Halothane
Methoxyflurane
Trichlorethylene
Cyclopropane
Chloroform
Mnemonic: Halo Metri, Cycle se Chalo
17
Radiology
Delirium Dementia
Onset Acute Insidious
Consciousness Clouded Normal
Orientation Grossly disturbed Disturbed only, in late
stages
Memory Immediate and Immediate is normal
188 Mnemonics
• Klippel-Feil syndrome
Triad—Short (web) neck
Low hair line
Restriction of neck motion
Mnemonic: SLR
• Risk of progression of vertebral anomalies in decreasing order
Unsegmented bar
Hemivertebra
Wedge vertebra
Block vertebra
Mnemonic: Unique History of West Bengal (UH of WB)
• Reconstruction of an amputated limb: Order of repair
Bone
Extensor tendons
Flexor tendons
Arteries
Nerves
Vein
Mnemonic: BE FAN Vein
• Test for anterior shoulder instability
Anterior shoulder instability
Apprehension test (Crank test)
Relocation test
Fulcrum test
Mnemonic: FRANK–CRANK
189
190 Mnemonics
Extraocular muscles
Mnemonic: Smooth CDE
• O’Donogues triad (unhappy triad)
Anterior cruciate ligament AC
Medial collateral ligament MC
Medial meniscus MM
Mnemonic: AC MC MM
• Plaster casts and their uses
Humerus fracture—Hanging cast and U slab.
Mnemonic: Hu-Hu
A spica is a cast where a limb and a part of the trunk are
included, e.g. hip spica (fracture femur)
Shoulder spica (shoulder immobilization)
Patellar tendon bearing cast—fracture of tibia
Cylinder cast (tube cast)—fracture patella (fracture around
knees)
• Common sites for bone tumors
Epiphysis—Chondroblastoma
Giant cell tumor
Mnemonic: ECG (GC–CB)
Diaphysis Adamantinoma
Multiple myeloma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans’ cell
histiocytosis)
Osteoid osteoma
Mnemonic: Dia add multiple wing to Eosinophil of osteoma
• Markers of bone formation
– Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase
– Serum propeptide or type I procollagen
– Serum osteocalcin
Mnemonic: Alka Type Osteocalcin for bone formation
• Management of idiopathic clubfoot
So Soft tissue release < 3 yrs
Orthopedics 193
• Swelling of joint—
X-ray
MRI
Aspiration (for culture)
Swelling of joint
Mnemonic: X MAS
• Epithelial tumors of bone
Adamantinoma—Tibia
Mnemonic: Ad on Tb
Ameloblastoma—Mandible
Mnemonic: Mandi ka mela
• Bone metastasis
BPL—Breast carcinoma, Prostate carcinoma, Lung carcinoma
Pure osteoblastic—Prostate carcinoma
Carcinoid tumor
Medulloblastoma
Mnemonic: PCM
Breast carcinoma—Mixed
Osteolytic (2/3rd) > osteolytic (1/3rd)
• Ollier’s syndrome—Only enchondroma
Mnemonic: O for O
Maffucci syndrome—Multiple enchondroma and cavernous
hemangioma
Mnemonic: M for M
• Coast of Maine—McCune-Albright syndrome (margins are
irregular)
Mnemonic: M for M
Coast of California—Neurofibromatosis (margins are regular)
• Poor factors of rheumatoid arthritis:
RF
Acute phase reactants/advanced age
One year
198 Mnemonics
Nodules
Erosion/ESR
Mnemonic: RA—ONE
• MESS—Mangled extremity severity score. It tells about the
survival of a limb after crushing injury.
V—Velocity of trauma
I—Ischemia
S—Shock
A—Age.
• Housemaid knee—Prepatellar bursitis
Clergyman knee—Infrapatellar bursitis
Mnemonic: Pre-maid, i.e. Pramod
• Nerve injury in supracondylar humerus fracture—Anterior
interosseous > Median > Radial > Ulnar nerve.
Mnemonic: AMRU
• Colles’ fracture—Extra-articular fracture of distal end of radius
with
S—Supination of distal fragment
L—Lateral displacement (tilt, shift)
I—Impaction
P—Posterior displacement (tilt, shift)
Treatment—Hand shaking cast.
• Trendelenberg test
Normal hip—Negative
Hip abductors—Gluteus medius > Gluteus minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
Drop of pelvis on opposite side—Positive
Mnemonic: DROP
If bilateral drop—Waddling gait
• Kocher’s maneuver is the most common maneuver used to
reduce shoulder dislocation. It involves—
Traction
Orthopedics 199
External rotation
Adduction
Internal rotation
Mnemonic: TEDI
• Vertebra plana—Coin like vertebra. Seen in
M—Metastasis
E—Eosinophilic granuloma
L—Lymphoma
T—Trauma and very rarely TB