Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Nico C. Canaveral May 17, 2019

Advanced Personality Theories (PSY 217)

Part 1. Summary (Personality Theories) and “Reviewer” as part of the final examination.

Part 4. Summarize your learning in this subject through this table.

Table of Content:

Sigmund Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis pg.2 Albert Ellis: Irrational Beliefs pg.22
Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology pg.3 Aaron Beck: Irrational Cognitive Processes pg.23
Jung: Analytical Psychology pg.4 Eric Berne: Transactional Analysis pg.24
Melanie Klein: Object Relations Theory pg.5 Humanistic and Non-Western Theories pg.25
Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory pg.6 Maslow: Need Hierarchy Theory pg.25
Erikson: Psychosocial Development-Post Freudian Theory pg.7 Rogers: Person-Centered Theory pg.26
Erich Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis pg.9 Ryan and Deci pg.28
Sullivan’s Object relations, self-psychology and attachment theory pg.9 Rollo May: Existential Psychology pg.29
Henry Murray: Theory of Psychogenic Needs pg.10 Victor Frankl: Man’s Search for Meaning pg.30
Traits, Dispositional, Biological Theories pg.11 Frederick Fritz Perls: Gestalt Psychology pg.30
Eysenck’s Biological Based Factor Theory pg.11 Lessons from the Eastern Culture pg.32
Evolution (Buss: Evolutionary Theory) and Temperament: Biological Theories pg.12 Buddhist Psychology pg.32
Gordon Allport: Personological/Dispositional Trait Theory/Psychology of the Individual pg.13 Filipino Psychology pg.33
Raymond Cattell’s Trait Theory pg.14
Big Five Analytical Trait Theory pg.15
Learning Theories pg.17
Ivan Pavlov, Watson’s Contribution pg.17
Skinner and Staats: The Challenge of Behaviorism pg.18
Dollard and Miller: Psychoanalytic Learning Theory pg.18
Cognitive Learning Theories pg.19
Bandura: Cognitive Social Learning Theory pg.19
Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory pg.20
George Kelly: Personal Construct Theory pg.21

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Theory/Approach Main Tenet/s Positive Points Negative Points Importance of the Theory for therapy
Psychoanalytic perspective together with the Neo-Psychoanalytic approach and more recent trends in Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud: Levels of Mental Life: Freud’s theory was the Many of the Application of psychoanalytic theory
Classical Unconscious (phylogenitic endowment) Preconscious, Conscious first comprehensive hypotheses
Psychoanalysis Provinces of Mind: Id, Ego, Super Ego, theory of human generated from the Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
Dynamics of Personality: Drives, Sex, Aggression, Anxiety behavior and personality. theory are not
Defense Mechanisms testable which Freud Later Therapeutic Technique
Regression, Denial, Undoing, Reaction Formation, Fixation, Many psychologists built makes the theory
Regression, Introjection, Projection, Displacement, Sublimation, their theories on the considerably less Dream Analysis
Intellectualization, Rationalization foundation laid down by useful to scientists.
Stages of Development: Infantile, Oral, Anal, Phallic Phase of Freud. Freudian Slips
development, Oedipus (castration complex and anxiety) and Electra Many of the early
(penis envy) complex The shape of more recent followers broke out
Latency, Genital, Maturity approaches to with him because
Pathology: Infantile Sexuality, Fixation and Regression, Conflict personality, even though they felt that Freud
Symptoms far removed from ignored and
Change: Transference, Conflict Resolution, “where id was, ego shall psychoanalytic theory has deemphasized
be” probably been influence important
in many ways by Freud’s influences on
vision of personality. personality,
emphasis on
Freud influenced the instinctual basis for
subject matter of personality at the
personality research expense of
today. important social
and cultural
influences.

Concentrate on
psychological
disorders rather
than on daily
functioning and

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positive aspects of
personality
Alfred Adler: Striving for Success or superiority: Alfred Adler's approach Although Adlerian The Adlerian Theory Suggests That
Individual Striving force as compensation (Striving for Personal Superiority and appeared to be more Theory is a model Psychopathology, A Mental or Behavioural
Psychology Striving for Success) developed and did for self-consistency, disorder, Results From Lack Of Courage,
Subjective Perception: address occupational task it suffers from a lack Exaggerated Feelings Of Inferiority, And
Fictionalism (Teleology and Casuality) and Social task as of precise underdeveloped Social Interest.
Physical Inferiorities essential factors in operational
Unified and Self-consistent: Organ Dialect (unconscious and personality and identity. definitions. *Enhance One’s Courage
conscious) *Lessen Feelings Of Inferiority
Social Interest: Adlerian Theory is a Terms such as goal *Encourage Social Interest
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl, Ideal Mother and Ideal Father Style of positive approach that of superiority and
Life: Psychologically unhealthy individuals and Psychologically provides encouragement. creative power have Adler believed that a warm, nurturing
healthy individuals Creative Power: Free individual, Three It has been updated over no scientific attitude by the therapist would help the
Contributing Factors Which Can Lead To Abnormality (Exaggerated the years, adding ways to definition. Nowhere patient to expand their social interest to
Physical Deficiencies, Pampered Style of Life, Neglected Style of Life) work with children, teens, in Adler’s works are each of the three problems of life:
Safeguarding Tendencies ( *Excuses *aggression: Depreciation, parents, etc. The Adlerian they operationally
accusation and self-accusation *Withdrawal: Moving approach also works well defined, and the Sexual love
in helping with mental potential researcher Friendship
backward, standing still, hesitating and constructing obstacles)
disorders such as anxiety will look in vain for Occupation
and conduct disorders. precise definitions
that lend Adler innovate a method of therapy with
The Adlerian Theory is themselves to problem children by treating them in front
that it is very adaptive rigorous study. of an audience of parents, teachers,
and can be used with and health professionals.
almost anyone at any The term creative
time. power is an Adler didn’t blame the parents for a child’s
especially illusory misbehaviour he instead worked to
one. The concept of Win the parent’s confidence and to persuade them
creative power is to change their attitudes toward the child.
simply fiction and
cannot be
scientifically

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studied.

The individual
psychology is low
on internal
consistency.

Jung: Analytical Levels of the Psyche: help improve the lives of Nearly impossible 4 basic approaches to therapy representing
Psychology Psyche, Conscious, personal Unconscious and Collective those to verify or falsify 4 developmental stages in the history of
unconscious with depression, anxiety, psycho therapy
Archetypes: instinct- distinguish (persona, shadow, anima, animus, grief, phobias, Difficult to test
great mother, wise old man, hero and self) relationship empirically Confession
Development: Childhood ( Anarchic Phase, Monarchic Phase and or trauma issues, low self-
Interpretation, Explanation and elucidation
dualistic phase) esteem, or other Generated a
transformation
Youth, middle life and old age emotional problems. It is moderate amount
Self-Realization also appropriate for of research Dream analysis and active imagination
Dynamics, Causality and teleology anyone who wants a
Progression deeper understanding of Moderate rating on Transference
Regression themselves and is willing organizing research
Countertransference
Both Essential to make a commitment to
Psychological Types: Attitudes (Introversion, Extraversion) the work involved in Low rating on
Function (Thinking, Feeling-valuing, sensing and intuiting) acquiring that knowledge. practically

Has some internal

consistent but
terms can have
more than one
meaning- Local
internal consistency

Low rating on
parsimony

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Neither optimistic
nor pessimistic

Neither
deterministic nor
purposive

Low on individual
differences
Melanie Klein: Psychic Life of the Infant: Phantasies (Good Breast and Bad Breast) Over the past 20 years, The theory has Therapeutic Prophylactic
Object Relations Fantasy object relations theory brought its own Treatment Analysis
Theory Objects has broadly influenced conundrums.
Positions (Paranoid-Schizoid and Depressive Position) general psychiatry. Object relations Freudian Dream Analysis & Free Association
Physic Defense Mechanisms: Introjection, Projection, Splitting and theory fills a niche
Projective Identification This theory gives a basis in the bio Play Therapy
Internalization: Ego, Superego and Oedipus Complex (Female and for individual psychosocial model
Male) psychotherapy of severe but is not a BELIEF: Young children express unconscious
disorders and a more complete and conscious wishesthrough play therapy
effective understanding of psychology for
countertransference general psychiatry. AIM- reduce depressive anxieties and persec
Rather, it is an utory fears and to mitigate the harshness of
This theory rates high on addition to drive internalized objectsProcedure- Re-
the measure of theory and ego experience early emotions and fantasies, wit
determinism vs. free- psychology within h the therapist pointingout differences
choice psychoanalysis. between reality and fantasy, between
conscious and unconscious
This approach is high on Lack of an
unconscious explanation for the CONNECTION MADE- Less persecuted by
determinants because all effects of physical internalized objects- Reduced depressive
of these theorists trace and cognitive anxiety- Project previously frightening
the determinants of factors on object internal objects into the outer world
behavior to early infancy relatedness.
before language.

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Object Relations Theory

emphasizes the
similarities between
people. Most of the
discussion in all of these
approaches emphasizes
the differences between
healthy and unhealthy
individuals with little
understanding of healthy
personality
Horney and Parental Behaviour and Development One of the best- Her theory suffers to help patients grow
Relational Theory: Parental Indifference / Basic Evil known theories of from lack of current in the direction of self-realization
Interpersonal Basic Hostility neurosis. research that might
Psychoanalytic Basic Anxiety support her constructive
Theory provides interesting suppositions. friendliness
Anxiety: Securing affection and love, Submissive, power, prestige or perspectives on the
possession and withdrawal nature of humanity Horney's theory free association
Neurotic Needs falls short on its dream analysis-
Neurotic Trends It is rated high on its power both to self-realization
Neurotic Solution ability to organize generate research
Interpersonal Orientation knowledge of neurotics and to submit to
(Compliant Personality, Aggressive Personality and Detached the criterion of
Personality) falsifiability.
Intrapsychic Conflicts Idealized self-image Sense of identity Speculations from
Compliant people Aggressive people Detached people3 aspects: the theory do not
•Neurotic search for glory easily yield testable
•Neurotic claims hypotheses and
•Neurotic pride therefore lack both
Self-hatred verifiability and
Feminine Psychology falsifiability.

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Very low on its

capacity to explain
what is known
about people hi
general.

Erikson: Ego: Body Ego, Ego ideal, Ego Identity Psychosocial theory Erikson theory PSYCHOHISTORY
Psychosocial Society’s Influence provides a broad covers only a
Development-Post Inborn capacities and society framework from which to few aspects of PLAY
Freudian Theory Pseudospecies view development human CONSTRUCTION- Used toys to construct elo
Epigenetic Principle throughout the entire developments, such ngated objects
Stages of Development: Syntonic, lifespan. as individual’s basic Girls arrange toys in
Dystonic, attitude towards low and peaceful scene
Basic strength Allows us to emphasize
other people and
Core pathology, the social nature of CONCEPT OF
towards life.
psychosocial stages, human beings and the HUMANITY- Limited free choice- Motivated
important influence that Consequently, it by past
multiplicity &
identity crisis social relationships have does not deal Experiences
on development. with other Either conscious or
developmental unconscious Both
aspects at all. For optimism and
instance, no uniqueness of
attention is given to individuals
cognitive
development, and
very little to
emotional
development (Louw,
1998).

Vague causes of
development

A more specific
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criticism relates to
the incomplete
description of the
developmental
stage of maturity,
which Erikson
attempted to
correct in his 1986
book (Erikson,
Erikson, &
Kivnick,1986).

The theory fails to

detail exactly what
type of experiences
are necessary at
each stage in order
to successfully
resolve the conflicts
and move to the
next stage.
Erich Fromm: most basic assumption Fromm’s theory is both Negligible research Aim of therapy: Patients to come to know
Humanistic Individual personality pessimistic and optimistic and few empirical themselves
Psychoanalysis Human Dilemma studies
human ability to reason: Blessing, Curse existential dichotomies & It is both free will and Without knowledge of ourselves, we cannot
Life and death deterministic Unable to falsify know any other person or thing
Human Needs (Existential Needs): what is done
Patients come to therapy seeking
Relatedness: It emphasizes a future
satisfaction of their basic human needs
(Submission, Power: orientation rather than terms, precision,
Love, Care, Responsibility, the past causes and explanations Free association
Respect / knowledge) are lacking
Transcendence (Creating, Destroying) It stress the conscious
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Rootedness (Productive strategy, non-productive strategy or fixation and unconscious equally As a guide to action, Dream analysis
& it is difficult for
Incestuous Desires/Feelings) therapists to know Dream symbols are not universal
Sense of Identity exactly what to do Patients are asked to associate their dreams
Frame of Orientation with clients
The Burden of Freedom: Basic Anxiety, Mechanism of Escape
(Authoritarianism: masochism, sadism
Destructiveness, Conformity)
Positive Freedom
Character Orientation: Non-productive orientation (Receptive,
exploitative, hoarding, &marketing)
Productive Orientation:
Productive love (Biophilia), Productive thinking
Personality Disorders: Necrophilia, Malignant Narcissism, Incestuous
Symbiosis
Syndrome of decay
Syndrome of Growth
Sullivan’s Object Selective Inattention Logically conceptualized It is not as popular Interpersonal psychotherapy was initially
relations, self- Personifications and holds together as a among academic developed as a brief therapy for depression.
psychology and Developmental stages (epochs) or heuristic Stages in Development: unified entity. psychologists as the
attachment theory Infancy, Childhood, Juvenile, Pre-adolescence, Early adolescence & theories of Freud, Interpersonal therapists provide active,
Late adolescence it rates high on Adler, Jung, or Erik non-judgmental treatment in order to help
Adaptiveness unconscious Erikson. people in therapy successfully handle
Brain Functions determinants; average on challenges and improve mental health.
free choice, optimism, the theory can
Developmental changes
and causality receive only a Various techniques, such as role-playing.
Essential Factor
moderate rating on
Monotropy his theory rates very high its ability to IPT
Social Interactions on social influences organize knowledge
Transactional Processes
Critical Period interpersonal
Robustness of development theory is low in its
Internal working model ability to generate

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research

Sullivan’s theory
lacks indicator to
measure
effectiveness of
intervention

Dependent on
clinician’s
experience and
expertise for
effectiveness

'In summary, his

theory rates very
low in falsifiability
Henry Murray: Murray's Types of Needs: Primary Needs, Secondary Needs Three of Murray's Murray Thematic Apperception Test-
Theory of Psychogenic Needs: Ambition Needs, Materialistic Needs, Power Psychogenic Needs have classification of projective instrument
Psychogenic Needs Needs, Affection Needs, Information Needs, Influences on been the focus of needs may be
Psychogenic Needs & Research on Psychogenic Needs considerable research: overly complex and Purpose:
The Need for Power a great deal of Individual assessments
(nPow), Affiliation (nAff) overlap exists Research
and Achievement (nAch). among the needs. Precautions:
Cultural, gender, and class issues
The list of need has had It is unclear how the Multiplicity of scoring systems
considerable impact on needs relate to Computer scoring
the construction of other aspects of
psychological test. personality and
how the needs
The concept of need and develop within an
the importance Murray individual.
placed on motivation in

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his system have

influenced the modern
study of personality.
Traits, Dispositional, Biological Theories
Eysenck’s Biological Identifying factors These theories are Those theoretical
Based Factor Hierarchy of Behavior Organization sometimes referred in commitments are
Theory Dimensions of Personality psychometric theories, untenable in
Three Personality of Dimensions because of their emphasis personality
Identifying Personally Dimension on measuring personality psychology.
Measuring Personality by using psychometric
Biological Bases of personality tests. The first two
Personality as predictor commitments
Personality and behaviour This theory concerns the were rejected
Personality and disease extraversion, neuroticism since they
Neuroticism and psychoticism traits, distance
Psychoticism whereas gray proposes themselves from
the use of new, rotated holistic
axes of impulsivity and presumptions
required for the
anxiety.
study of
Eysenck’s theory argues personality.
strongly that biological
predispositions towards The model was
certain personality traits initially
combined with developed from a
very small
conditioning and
sample, which
socialisation during
has led to
childhood in order to oversimplification
create our personality. .

Evolution (Buss: Nature & Nurture of Personality Evolutionary theory has The Theories and
Evolutionary Fundamental situational error had an enormous assumptions are

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Theory) and Fundamental attribution error influence on psychology not falsifiable.

Temperament: Adaptive problems and their solution (mechanism): Physical
Biological Theories mechanism & Psychological mechanism: Goals/drive/motives, Buss argues that mating All behaviours are
emotions & personality Traits strategies have evolved as not adaptive
Evolved Mechanism: Motivation, emotion, personality traits solutions to specific
Surgency adaptive problems faced Adaptations are
Extraversion by males and females forged over long
Dominance expanse of
Agreeableness Selection is key to evolutionary
Emotional stability evolution, or change in a time, and we
Conscientiousness species over time cannot go back to
Openness/intellect determine with
Environmental sources: Early experiential Calibration, Alternative Variants that lead to certainty what
niche specialization greater genetic the precise
Heritable/genetic sources replication spread selective forces
No-adaptive sources through the population on humans have
Maldaptive Sources been
Evolutionary Researchers infer
psychology can be causes from
applied to all three levels results
of personality analysis—
human nature, sex Gradual view of
differences, individual evolutionary
differences change has been
criticized

Gordon Allport: Neuropsychic System Allport's theory of Poor predictor of Assessment devices:
Personological/Disp Guide to a Person's Behaviour personality emphasizes the future The Thematic Apperception Test
ositional Trait Types of Traits: Cardinal Traits, Central Traits, Secondary Traits the uniqueness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
Theory/Psychology What is Personality? individual and the Does not address
of the Individual Dynamic Organization, internal cognitive and development of
Psychophysical, determine, characteristic behavior and thought motivational processes the traits.
What is the Role of Conscious Motivation? that influence behavior.

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What are the Characteristics of a Healthy Individual? This trait theory

Strict reliance on is stuck
Proactive Behavior objective and statistical explaining about
Six Criteria for the Mature Personality: data. present events
Extension of sense of self, Warm relating of self to others, Emotional rather than
security or Self-acceptance, Realistic perception of their Has no bias compared to looking towards
environment, Insight and Humor, Unifying principle of life structure other theories. the past or future
of personality
Personal Disposition, Common Traits Freud's relationship with Does not provide
motivational stylistic dispositions: his mother and Jun's a way to change
Motivational dispositions, stylistic dispositions belief in mythology could bad traits.
Proprium have been possible
non-appropriate behaviors Motivation propriate striving influences of their Measures the
Peripheral motives A Theory of Motivation Functional Autonomy theories. traits but explains
no way how to
Describes each and every change them.
trait
This theory seeks
Easy to use and have a to explain or list
number of assessment what traits
devices. people have
throughout the
Provides an easy to duration of their
understand continuum life.
that gives a large amount
of information about a
person's personality
about the self and the
world.

Raymond Cattell’s L-data The most notable Trait theory Psychometric test
Trait Theory Q-data strength of trait theory is approach fails to 16 PF
T-data its clarity, which makes it predict

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1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical easily understood. individual’s

2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident behavior. Even
3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive Trait theory completely though an
4. Emotional Stability: Calm versus high-strung relies on statistical individual might
5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained analysis or hard data. score high on a
6. Openness to Change: Flexible versus attached to the particular trait,
familiar he/she might
7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined differently.
8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete Another major
10. Rule-Consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming weakness of
11. Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent these theories is
12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded. their inability to
13. Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy explain the
14. Tension: Impatient versus relaxed emergence of
15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting differences
16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved between
individual
personalities.

It does not fully

address why or
how traits
develop. Due to
its statistical
nature, trait
theory offers no
clarification of
personality
development.

It cannot predict
future behaviour.

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Trait theory does

not substantially
account for
personality
changes, both
temporarily and
in the long term.
Big Five Analytical OCEAN: The Five Factors: The model is the basis of The model
Trait Theory Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, numerous personality cannot accurately
Agreeableness profile questionnaires, predict any single
& Neuroticism dating and romantic specific
Big Five Inventory: Extroversion compatibility quizzes, and behaviour.
Gregariousness career aptitude
Assertiveness assessments. Limited by its
Activity broad
Excitement-seeking The Big five model can universalism.
Positive emotions accurately predict
Warmth patterns of behaviour It does not help
Agreeableness over period of time. people
Trust understand
Straightforwardness Dozens of researchers culturally-
Altruism were able to specific, gender-
Compliance independently verify its specific, and age-
Modesty predictive accuracy specific
Tender-mindedness personality
Conscientiousness The model accurately expressions.
Competence identifies correlating
Order personality traits
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation

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Neuroticism
Anxiety
Angry hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
Openness to experience
Ideas
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Actions
Feelings
Values

Learning Theories
Ivan Pavlov, Types of Classical Conditioning: Forward Conditioning & Backward Emphasizes learning from Does not account
Watson’s Conditioning our environment. for the idea of
Contribution Two types of Forward Conditioning: Delay Conditioning, Trace free will.
Conditioning It suggests that nurturing
Generalizing from the Rule is more critical to This learning
The Little Albert Experiment development than process
nature. underestimates
how unique
This response to stimuli human beings
becomes a method of really are.
self-protection.

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There is no
It can help people to predictive quality
modify destructive to classical
behaviors. conditioning.

We can use it every day We must

or receive it to create remember the
changes. difference
between
“creating” and
“learning.”

There are
numerous
variables which
can change the
possible
outcomes.
Skinner and Staats: radical behaviourism People and animals are one-dimensional
The Challenge of Behavior as the data for scientific study: the evolutionary context of able to adapt their approach
Behaviorism operant behaviour & the rate of responding behavior when new
Learning principle information is introduced does not account
psychological for other types of
behaviourism Its use of rigorous, learning
experimental methods of
research enhances the
credibility of science as a
scientific discipline

Dollard and Miller: Drive: Wanting something It can be used to explain It grossly
Psychoanalytic Cue: Noticing Something the nature of human exaggerates and
Learning Theory Response: Doing something development and all generalizes
Reward: Getting something aspects of mental human behavior.

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The Learning Process: A learning dilemma, Undesirable responses, functioning.

Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Stimulus generalization, Most
Discrimination, Gradient of reward states, Gradient of punishment it gives patients the psychoanalytic
states, Anticipatory responses opportunity to talk about theories are
Same behaviour problems with a difficult to
Copying professional, which could measure and
Matched dependent behavior help relieve symptoms of often
Four Critical Training Periods of Childhood: Feeding, Cleanliness psychological illness overemphasize
training, Early sex training, Anger-anxiety conflicts, Gradient of the unconscious
approach, Gradient of avoidance mind, sex,
Four Types of Conflict: Approach-avoidance conflict, Avoidance- aggression and
avoidance conflict, Approach-approach conflict, Double approach- childhood.
avoidance conflict, Reducing conflict
Cognitive Learning Theories
Bandura: Cognitive Learning The social learning theory The theory does The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is
Social Learning Observational learning Modeling has been sometimes not provide a full self-regulation Levels of Therapy
Theory Processes governing observational learning: called a bridge between explanation of 1.instigation of some changes in behavior
Attention, Representation, Behavioral Production, behaviourist and how social 2.generalization of specific changes
Motivation cognitive learning cognition, 3. Maintenance of those changes
Enactive learning Consequences as a response theories because it behavior, by preventing relapse
Triadic reciprocal causation: Behavior, compasses attention, environment, and
External environment, memory and motivation. personality are Basic Treatment Approaches
Person related (known as 1.Overt or Vicarious Modeling
Chance Encounters Fortuitous Events Human agency One of the principles “reciprocal 2.Covert or Cognitive Modeling
Core Features: Intentionality, underlying social learning determinism”). 3.Enactive Mastery
Forethought, Self-reactiveness, Self-reflection theory is that people are
Self-efficacy more likely to treasure a Biological
What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? modelled behaviour if theorists argue
Mastery Experiences , PAST PERFORMANCES, they think it will merit that the social
Social Modeling, and produce outcome learning theory
Social Persuasion & they prefer. completely
Physical and Emotional States ignores
Proxy Agency It also exhibits ideas that individual’s

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Collective Efficacy everyday situation are in biological state.

Techniques for Measuring Collective Efficacy the fact the basis for
Several factors that can undermine collective efficacy observational learning. The social
Self-Regulation learning theory
External Factors in Self-Regulation The social learning theory rejects the
Internal Factors in Self-Regulation: advocates that differences of
Self-Observation, Judgmental Process & individuals, especially individuals due to
Self-Reaction children, imitate or copy genetic, brain,
Self-Regulation through Moral Agency modeled behavior from and learning
Two aspects of moral agency: doing no harm to people, personally observing differences
Proactively helping people others, the environment, (Jeffery, 1985:
Selective activation Disengagement of Internal Control and the mass media. p.238).

4 Mechanisms: Redefine the behavior, Disregard or Distort the In the Bobo doll
Consequences of Behavior, Dehumanize or Blame the Victims, experiment,
Displace or Diffuse Responsibility Dysfunctional Behavior: critics have
Depression, Phobias, Aggression: Five common reasons for argued that the
aggressing: children were
1.enjoys inflicting injury on the victim manipulated into
2.avoid or counter the aversive consequences of aggression by responded to the
others aggressive movie.
3.receives injury or harm for not behaving aggressively Many critics
4.lives up to their personal standards of conduct by their aggressive believed the
behavior experiment
5. observes others receiving rewards for aggressive acts or conducted was
punishment for nonaggressive behavior unethical and
morally wrong
because the
children were
trained to be
aggressive.
Rotter and Mischel: Predicting Specific Behaviors It rates high on Rotter's basic 1. Changing Goals
Cognitive Social Behavior Potential generating research, prediction

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Learning Theory Expectancy internal consistency formula and 2. Eliminating Low Expectancies
Reinforcement Value: Internal reinforcement, external general
reinforcement, Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences It rates about average on prediction
Psychological Situation its ability to be falsified, formula are
Basic Prediction Formula to organize data, and to completely
Predicting General Behaviors guide action hypothetical and
Generalized Expectancies cannot be
Needs: recognition-status, dominance, independence, protection- Cognitive social learning accurately tested
dependence, love and affection, physical comfort theories have generated
need components: need potential, freedom of movement, need both quantity and quality It is relatively
value of research. simple and does
General Prediction Formula not purport to
Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Mischel's theory lends offer
Interpersonal Trust Scale itself somewhat more explanations for
Maladaptive Behavior adequately to all human
falsification. personality.
George Kelly: Kelly’s philosophical position The theory internally Personal The rep test
Personal Construct Person as a scientist consistent, with a set of construct theory Repertory grid
Theory Scientist as a person operationally defined receives a
Constructing alternativism terms is rate very high. moderate to
Personal constructs strong rating on
Basic postulate The theories language, the amount of
Supporting corollaries although frequently research it has
1.Construction corollary difficult, is both elegant generated.
–similarities among events and precise. The Rep test and
2.Individuality corollary the repertory grid
–differences among people The theory of personal have generated a
3. Organization corollary–relationships among constructs constructs is exceptionally sizable number of
4.Dichotomy corollary straightforward and studies,
–dichotomy of constructs economical. especially in
5. Choice corollary choices between dichotomies Great Britain,
6.Range corollary–range of convenience although these
7.Experience corollary–experience and learning instruments are

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8.Modulation corollary–adaptation to experience| used less

permeability frequently by
9. Fragmentation corollary– incompatible constructs psychologists in
10. Commonality corollary- similarities among people the United States.
11.Sociality corollary–
social processes Kelly's notion
Core role Applications Abnormal development4 common elements that our behavior
is most human disturbances is consistent with
Threat our current
Fear perceptions helps
Anxiety organize
Guilt knowledge; but
his avoidance of
the problems of
motivation,
developmental
influences, and
cultural forces
limits his theory's
ability to give
specific meanings
to much of what
is currently
known about the
complexity of
personality.

Rate the theory

low as a guide to
action.
Albert Ellis: 12 Irrational Beliefs Well supported by Requires clients
Irrational Beliefs 1. The idea that it is a dire necessity scientific research to be attuned to
2. The idea that certain acts are awful or wicked nuances in mood

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

3. The idea that it is horrible when things Wide application or attentive to

4. The idea that human misery is invariably externally caused previously
and is forced on us by outside people and events Has been used unconscious
5. The idea that if something is or may be dangerous or successfully with thoughts
fearsome personality and mood
6. The idea that it is easier to avoid disorders Can be overly
7. The idea that we absolutely need something prescriptive and
8. The idea that we should be thoroughly competent, Provides a structured plan ignore individual
intelligent, and achieving in all possible respects and sequence for therapy factors
9. The idea that because something once strongly affected our
life Requires the
10. The idea that we must have certain and perfect control over ability to think
things abstractly (ie. to
11. The idea that human happiness can be achieved by inertia think about
and inaction thinking).
12. The idea that we have virtually no control over our
emotions and that we cannot help feeling disturbed about May not be as
things depth orientated
as some clients
may prefer or see
as necessary for
change
Aaron Beck: Cognitive Approach to Depression This theory is visualized The fact that the Beck's contributions to therapy that
Irrational Cognitive Treating Depression as an umbrella for validity of its modernized therapy :
Processes Dysfunctional Belief Themes: different kinds of measurements 1. Minimized exploration of childhood
1. "I am defective or inadequate." therapies which relates involved in the 2. Moved tx toward exploration of daily issues
2. "All of my experiences result in defeats or failure." with each other having a theory cannot be 3. Focused on common sense meanings of
3. "The future is hopeless." common elements generalized to all problems, rather than generating elaborate
Beck Depression Inventory people since interpretations
0 - I don't feel disappointed in myself Beck’s theory provides a different people 4. Moved away from symbolism and took
1 - I am disappointed in myself basis for encouraging have inherent clients' reports at face value
2 - I am disgusted with myself depressed people to differences. 5. Placed importance on clients' verbalization
3 - I hate myself develop confidence in as being right until proven otherwise

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

them by avoiding the The theory does 6. placed primary importance on thinking, not
negative triad. not clearly unconscious motives or drives
illustrate how
This theory is rooted in cognitive
empirical evidence and distortions occur
not just assumptions.
Beck’s theory
depicts schemas
that are created
in people’s minds
and which are
triggered by
stress-causing
event.
Eric Berne: Early theory tend to focus on
Transactional Parent, Child, Adult the analysis of
Analysis Modern transactional analysis theory the situation
 a theory of personality (instead of
 a model of communication concentrating on
 a study of repetitive patterns of behaviour solving the
Nurturing problem)
Controlling
Modern usage facilitate an
Ego states explanation or
First-order structural model interpretation
Parent ego state (instead of
Adult ego state questioning the
Child ego state other person to
Contamination of Adult state: Parent contamination, Child allow them to
contamination, Double contamination (Parent and Child) present their
frame of
reference and,
therefore, explain

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

the many ideas

they have on the
issue)

push the user to

stress their
understanding of
the concepts,
rather than
focusing on their
interaction with
the other person

Humanistic and Non-Western Theories

Maslow: Need Views on Motivation1. Holistic approach to motivation This theory puts forward Wahba and Aim : Embrace B-values- Free dependence fro
Hierarchy Theory 2. Motivation is usually complex the idea that individuals Bridwell (1976) m others
3. People are continually motivated by one need or another move through a carried out an in- Interpersonal process- Healthy relationship
4. All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs5. fundamental number of depth review of between client and therapist
Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy hierarchical motivations, the HON which Satisfy love and
Hierarchy of needs in a unique order, based concluded that belongingness need
Conative need: upon both physiological the evidence for
Self-actualization, Esteem, Love & belongingness, Safety, and psychological needs. the hierarchical
Physiological order of the
Aesthetic needs The HON, despite being a needs proposed
Cognitive needs psychological theory, has by Maslow is
Neurotic needs been widely adapted sparse.
within educational
General discussion of needs:
learning theory Acknowledging
low level need satisfied-emergence of next level need, May emerge
(Mittleman, 1991). that human
gradually, Simultaneous motivation of needs beings do have
Reverse order of needs needs to be met,
Unmotivated behavior the existence of a
Expressive behavior rigid order of

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Coping behavior needs for every

Deprivation of needs individual is
Instinctoid nature of needs questioned.
Values of Self-actualizers
Being values: Truth, Goodness, Beauty, The position of
Wholeness / the transcendence of dichotomies, Aliveness / spontan sex within the
eity, Uniqueness, Perfection, Completion, Justice & order, HON has also
come under
Simplicity, Richness / totality, Effortlessness, Playfulness / humour
criticism as it is
& Self-sufficiency /autonomy
categorised
Characteristics of self-actualizing people: alongside
More efficient perception of reality, Accepting of self, breathing and
others, & nature food.
Spontaneity, simplicity naturalness, Problem-
centering, The need for privacy, Autonomy, Cianci and
Continued freshness of appreciation, The peak experience, Gambrel (2003)
Gemeinschaftsgefühl, Profound Interpersonal Relations, have criticised
The democratic character Structure, Discrimination Between means the HON as too
and ends, Philosophical sense of humor, Creativeness), simplistic and
Resistance to enculturation suggest that it
Love, Sex, and Self-actualization does not account
Self-actualizer for societal needs
at a particular
The Jonah Complex
time, such as
recession and
war.
Rogers: Person- If-then framework Basic Assumptions: CONDITIONS:
Centered Theory Formative Tendency COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE,
Actualizing Tendency: UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD &
Self- actualization, EMPATHIC LISTENING PROCESS
Esteem,
Love and belongingness, Stage 1
Safety, Physiological, -Unwillingness to communicate anything about

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Maintenance & oneself.

Enhancement -They do not recognize any problems and
Psychological growth requirements: Congruence, Unconditional refuse to own any personal feelings or
Positive Regard & Empathy emotions.
The Self and Self-Actualization Actualization Tendency
Self-subsystems: Stage 2
Self-concept(Perceived self / organismic self) -Clients become slightly less rigid.
Ideal self-Awareness Levels of Awareness: -Clients may talk about personal feelings as if
Ignored / denied, Accurately Symbolized, such feelings were objective phenomena.
Distorted
Denial of Positive Experiences Becoming a Person Barriers to Stage 3
Psychological Health: Conditions of Worth -Clients freely talk about themselves more, still
(External evaluations) as an object.-
Incongruence -Talk about feelings and emotions in the
(Vulnerability & Anxiety and Threat) past or future tense and avoid present feelings.
Anxiety and Threat
Defensiveness Deny individual responsibility for most of their
(Distortion & decisions.
Denial)
Disorganization Stage 4
-They begin to talk of deep feelings but not
ones presently felt.
-Accept more freedom and responsibility than
they did in stage 3
-Allow themselves to become involved in
a relationship with the therapist

Stage 5
-They have begun to undergo significant
change and growth.
-They begin to make their own decisions and
to accept responsibility for their choices.

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Stage 6
-They have begun to undergo significant
change and growth.
-They begin to make their own decisions and
to accept responsibility for their choices.

Stage 7
-They become fully functioning "persons of
tomorrow"
-They become congruent, possess
unconditional positive self-regard, and are able
to be loving and empathic toward others.
Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic
Change
-They are freed to listen to themselves more
accurately.
-To have empathy for their own feelings.
-Their perceived self becomes more congruent
with their organismic experiences.

OUTCOMES
-Congruent client who is less defensive and
more open to experience.
-Become more realistic.
-They become more accepting of others, make
fewer demands, and simply allow others to be
themselves.
Person of Tomorrow

Ryan and Deci Theory that links personality, human motivation, and optimal Individually guided by the The theory fails Self-Determination Theory in (Special)
functioning. It posits that there are two main types of motivation— personal desires of those to provide any Education and Disability
intrinsic and extrinsic—and that both are powerful forces in shaping who seek personal intrinsic impetus • Students are much more likely to learn and
who we are and how we behave. improvement for people to succeed in school when they are

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

• According to Deci and Ryan, extrinsic motivation is a drive to become intrinsically motivated by their need for
behave in certain ways that comes from external sources and personally competence than when they are
results in external rewards (1985). Such sources include grading motivated extrinsically motivated by teachers,
systems, employee evaluations, awards and accolades, and the parents, or the grading system.
respect and admiration of others. • Enhancing the self-determination of
• On the other hand, intrinsic motivation comes from within. students with disabilities has been shown
There are internal drives that motivate us to behave in certain to result in many positive outcomes,
ways, including our core values, our interests, and our personal including a greater likelihood of gainful
sense of morality. employment and a higher chance of living
independently in the community
(Wehmeyer & Schwartz, 1997; Wehmeyer
& Palmer, 2003).

How to Promote and Encourage Self-

Determination Skills
• Self-awareness and self-knowledge
• Goal-setting ability
• Problem-solving skills
• Decision-making skills
• Ability to self-advocate
• Ability to create action plans to
achieve their goals
• Self-regulation and self-management
skills (Wehmeyer, 2002).

Rollo May: EXISTENTIALISM Bringing together the Moderate on Should make people more human; that
Existential Basic Concepts: psychoanalytic tradition Organizing is, helping them expand their consciousness so
Psychology Being in the world in psychology and the Knowledge and that they will be in a better position to make
DASEIN existentialist movement Parsimony choices
simultaneous modes in their being in the world in philosophy.
Umwelt Low on Internal The purpose is to set people free
Mitwelt Humanistic-existential Consistency
Eigenwelt model of psychology is Very Low on Must be concerned with helping

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

Non being The Case of Philip that it is optimistic. Generating people experience their existence, and that
Anxiety: Normal Anxiety Instead of focusing on Research, relieving symptoms are merely a by-product of
Neurotic Anxiety what's lacking in people, Falsifiability, and that experience Existential therapists:
Guilt it looks at the potential of Guiding Action
Forms of ontological guilt: people to become great. Must establish a one-to-one relationship that
Umwelt enables patients to become more aware of
Mitwelt themselves and live more fully in their
Eigenwelt Intentionality Care, Love, and Will own worlds
Will vs wish
Personality Types Have empathy for the patient’s experience and
Neo-Puritan will & x wish is open to the patients
Infantile - wish & x will subjective world
Creative -will & wish
Union of love and will Forms of love: Sex, Eros, Philia, Agape “Our task is to be guide, friend, and interpreter
Freedom and destiny to persons on their journeys through their
Freedom: private hells and purgatories... Our patients
Existential Freedom, often, toward the end, are understandably
Essential Freedom Destiny frightened by the possibility of freely deciding
The power of myth for themselves.”
Myths
The Oedipus myth: May was more likely to ask questions, to delve
Birth, into a patient’s early
Separation or exile from parents and home, childhood, and to suggest possible meanings
Sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other, of current behavior
Assertion of independence and the search for identity &
Death

Victor Frankl: Man’s Logotherapy Can speak for those who its applicability is
Search for Meaning -the core of this theory is the belief that man’s primary motivational might have been feeling only strong as to
force is search for meaning. deprived of freedom or the time this
“Logotherapy” — a method of healing the soul by cultivating dominated. theory speaks.
the capacity to find a meaningful life.

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217
Frederick Fritz Perls: -The approach is an experiential therapy that stresses here-and-now encouraging direct
Gestalt Psychology awareness and integration of the fragmented parts of personality. contact and expression of
-It focuses on the “what and how” of behavior and the role of feelings, the approach
unfinished business from the past in preventing an effective de-emphasizes abstract
functioning in the present. intellectualizations of
one's problems.
Intense experiencing can
occur quickly.
The approach recognizes
the value of working with
the past as it is important
to the here-and-now.
It focuses on the
recognition of one's own
projections and the
refusal to accept
helplessness.
It give attention to
nonverbal and body
messages.
It stresses doing and
experiencing as opposed
to merely talking about
problems in a detached
way.
The approach
tends to be
anti-intellectual
to the point that
cognitive-thinkin
g factors are
discounted.
It lends itself to
becoming a series
of mechanical
exercises behind
which the
therapist can stay
hidden. It can be
misused as a set
of gimmicks.
It is not grounded
in solid theory. A
possible danger is
that of stressing a
"do your own
thing" philosophy
to the extent of
promoting a
sense of
irresponsibility
toward others.
"Pure" Gestalt
therapy restricts
group interaction.
The therapist
could possibly
manipulate the
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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

client with some

powerful
techniques.
Lessons from the Eastern Western
Eastern Culture 1. Cosmological unity 1. Feeling oneself as an
2. Life is a journey towards eternal realities that are beyond the element of the Divine
realities that surround us 2. Life is a service (to
3. Circular view of the universe, based on the perception of the God, money,
eternal recurrence business, etc.)
4. Inner-world dependent 3. Linear view of the
5. Self-liberation from the false "Me" and finding the true "Me". universe and life,
The highest state is believed to be a state of 'no-self', where based on the
neither self-worth nor self-importance have any real meaning. Christian philosophy
6. Behavioral ethics where everything has
its beginning and the
end.
4. Outer-world
dependent
5. Self-dedication to the
goal (life vision,
success, happiness,
etc.)
Buddhist Four Noble Truths Buddhism is receptive to Caution must be Similar to Jungian therapy goals, Buddhism
Psychology 1. The Noble Truth of Suffering science. taken not to leap seeks to decrease personal suffering and
2. The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering prematurely from increase compassion for others
3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering In spite of abstract nature one level of mindfulness mediation allows thoughts to
4. The Noble Truth of the Way to the Cessation of Suffering of Buddhist constructs, explanation to appear and be recognized but not judged, in
Noble Eightfold Path: there is evidence of another. many ways similar to Freudian free association,
1. Right Understanding; positive, enduring Psychological and Miller (nonjudgmental)
2. Right Intention; outcomes assessment is still cognitive behaviorists have incorporated
3. Right Speech; indispensable in aspects of meditation in treating a variety of
4. Right Action; filling gaps disorders including eating disorders, phobias,
5. Right Livelihood; between physical addiction, and OCD

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 Advanced Personality Theories PSY217

6. Right Effort; measures and the dialectical behavior therapy treats borderline
7. Right Mindfulness; and spiritual language personality disorder by integrating Zen
8. Right Concentration. of Buddhism. Buddhist principles, including acceptance and
mindfulness meditation, to a cognitive
behavioral approach
Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology- it is an indigenous psychology. The scientific Strengths of the Filipino Weaknesses of
study of the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the Character the Filipino
application to psychological practice of indigenous knowledge 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao Character
rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness (Enriquez, 2. Family Orientation 1. Extreme
1994). 3. Sense of Humor Personalism
The subject matter for formal indigenous psychology are: 4. Flexibility, Adaptability, 2. Extreme Family
Kamalayan or consciousness (emotive and cognitive) Creativity Centeredness
Ulirat or awareness of one’s surroundings 5. Hard work or Industry 3. Lack of
Isip or knowledge and understanding 6. Spirituality Discipline
Diwa which includes habits and behavior 7. Ability to Survive 4. Colonial
Kalooban or emotions or feelings Mentality
Kaluluwa or psyche which translate to soul of people. 5. Kanya-Kanya
Syndrome
6. Lack of Self-
analysis and Self-
reflection

pg. 32