B.

Review of Related Literature

LGBT Communities and Domestic Violence

Author: National Resource Center on Domestic Violence

Based on this study, it is deeply explained that the people who identify as “lesbian” or “gay” usually have primary
intimate relationships with partners of their own gender and people who identify as “bisexual” usually have primary
intimate relationships with partners of the same or different genders. This direction of a person’s sexual attraction is
considered sexual orientation. “Trans”, on the other hand, is not a sexual orientation, it is a gender identity. Gender
identity involves all the ways individuals experience themselves as being female, male or something else.
It is also said on this study that trans has become an umbrella term for people who experience the gender they
identify with as different from the biological gender they were born with, or who in some way transgress the restrictive
gender boundaries and expectations of the dominant culture. Trans people may be lesbian, gay, bisexual, heterosexual or
something else. Therefore, the descriptors “same-gender” and “gender-variant,” used with the term “relationship,” means
intimate relationships between and with people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or trans.
According to this study, homophobia is a cultural construct, not a phobia in the clinical sense. It is a combination
of at least three deeply ingrained prejudices: a general mistrust and dislike of difference, an aversion to same-gender
sexual activity and an aversion to people who appear to blur or violate traditional gender roles. The expressions of
homophobia differ depending on the degree and type of prejudice held, and range from personal discomfort to outright
violence to systematic institutional discrimination against those perceived to be non-heterosexual or defying gender
norms.
And to understand the meaning of heterosexism, on this study they found out that the cultural assumption is that
everyone is heterosexual and that it is the “correct” way to be. It perpetuates the idea that people who are not heterosexual
are somehow unnatural or at least less important and are perhaps responsible for their own oppression. The cultural
assumption of universal heterosexuality bestows privileges on those assumed to be heterosexual, while rendering invisible
or punishing those who are not. They gave an example, stated that many information forms give only the options of
married, divorced, or single to define relationship status, refusing to acknowledge same-gender or gender-variant
relationships. Men holding hands or kissing in public is considered a flagrant display of sexuality (and may be risking
open attack), but there is no such censure of public displays of affection by a heterosexual couple.
EQUALITY, DIVERSITY AND RIGHTS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE
Author: Office for Civil Rights, Cambridge Technical

Understand concepts of equality, diversity and rights in relation to health and social care

On this research study, it is presented for all tutors that should guide learners for example LGBT individuals
through the concepts of equality, diversity and rights in relation to health and social care. It is suggested that group
discussion would be useful in identifying perceptions of difference in society and the value of diversity that the nature of
difference brings.

The value of diversity presented by this article could be highlighted and demonstrated by presenting the group with
some examples of the various contributions made by different cultures, for example the music, food, literature and art that
enrich our society.

In order to contextualize issues of equality, diversity and rights they said that the knowledge and experience of
guest speakers could be utilized. It is explained, when a member or leaders could address the relevant information in terms
of their own job roles and professional experience or opinion. Learners should be asked to generate a list of pertinent
questions they would like to ask in relation to the learning outcomes of the topic. The values of care could be considered
through the use of case studies or possibly a guest speaker, such as a psychologist or college counsellor, who would be
able to give real life examples of care values in practice in their day-to-day work.

Know discriminatory practice in health and social care

According to this article, to reflect on their own attitudes and prejudices learners could be sensitively encouraged,
or those of others that they may have experienced or observed. It is suggested in order to give learners an insight into
discriminatory practice that can occur, news articles and documentary programmes could be used. This may be bullying
on an individual level or the inadequate provision of services on an institutional level. It is stated that learners should be
guided in discussing the differences between direct and in-direct discrimination, so as to appreciate the subtleties as well
as the overt nature of discrimination. Then, it is enumerated that case studies, scenarios and role play would provide
learners with opportunities to explore the important factors relating to discriminatory practice in health and social care.
These delivery methods could be implemented in a way that gives learners an insight into the wide ranging effects of
discrimination on people who use services.

Understand how national initiatives promote anti-discriminatory practice in health and social care

It stated that learners should understand how national initiatives can promote anti-discriminatory practice. Relevant
Legislation, regulation, codes of practice, policies and procedures should be introduced and reviewed in order to help
learners understand the role the legal requirements can play in supporting anti-discriminatory practice. These could
include for example confidentiality, equal opportunities, and health and safety policies. Policies can often be found on the
websites of local health, social care or early year’s organizations, or the school/college policies could be used to provide
real examples.

Know how anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings

According to this study, learners could be made aware of situations or incidents whereby shortcomings have been
detected by the regulatory and inspection process, which then impacts upon health and social care provision. Ways of
implementing inspection report recommendations could be discussed in groups and then feedback to the class. Case
studies and role play could also be effective tools in emphasising how anti-discriminatory practice can be actively
promoted.