CLEANLINESS

Cleanliness is both the abstracts state being clean and free from dirt, and the process of achieving
and maintaining the state.

Cleanliness may be wed with a moral quality, as indicated by the aphorism “cleanliness is next to
godliness, “[1] and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty.

In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the purpose of maintenance and
prevention, the concept of cleanliness differs from purity, which is a physical, moral, or ritual
state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas purity is usually a quality of an individual or
substance, cleanliness has a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions.[2]
"Cleanliness," observed Jacob Burckhardt, "is indispensable to our modern notion of social
perfection."[3] A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness, but not ordinarily
purity; cleanliness also would be a characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or prevent
dirtying.

On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related to hygiene and disease prevention. Washing is one
way of achieving physical cleanliness, usually with water and often some kind of soap or
detergent. Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost importance in many forms of manufacturing.

As an assertion of moral superiority or respectability, cleanliness has played a role in

establishing cultural values in relation to social class, humanitarianism, and cultural
imperialism.[4]

In Islam

There are many verses in the Quran which discuss cleanliness. For example, “…Truly, Allah
loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean”
(2:222). And, “…In mosque there are men who love to be clean and pure. Allah loves those who
make themselves clean and pure”,(9:108).

INDUSTRY
In industry, certain processes such as those related to integrated circuit manufacturing, require
conditions of exceptional cleanliness which are achieved by working in clean rooms.

Cleanliness is essential to successful electroplating, since molecular layers of oil can prevent
adhesion of the coating. The industry has developed specialized techniques for parts cleaning, as
well as tests for cleanliness. The most commonly used tests rely on the wetting behavior of a
clean hydrophilic metal surface.
Cleanliness is also important to vacuum systems to reduce outgassing. Cleanliness is also crucial
for semiconductor manufacturing.
 NATURAL DISASTER
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth;
examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic
processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage,[1] and typically leaves
some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's
resilience, or ability to recover.[2]

An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable
population.[3][4][5] In a vulnerable area, however, such as San Francisco and Nepal, an earthquake
can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, requiring years to repair.

In 2012, there were 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related
disasters. Overall costs were US$170 billion and insured losses $70 billion. 2012 was a moderate
year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were
climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events
(earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for
14% of all natural catastrophes.[6]

Avalanches
A powder snow avalanche

During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during
the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front. Many of the avalanches were
caused by artillery fire.[7][8]

Earthquakes
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic
waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and
sometimes displacement of the ground. The vibrations may vary in magnitude. Earthquakes are
caused mostly by slippage within geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. The underground point of origin of the
earthquake is called the focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the
epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary
events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and
volcanoes, that are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by
better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning. Some of the most significant
earthquakes of the past decade include:

 The 9.0 magnitude March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which killed 15,889
and injured more than 6,000 people in Japan, costing $235 billion in property damage.
 The 8.8 magnitude February 27, 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami, which killed 525
and injured more than 12,000 people in Chile, costing $15 billion in property damage.[9]
 The 7.9 magnitude May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake, which killed 69,195 and injured
more than 370,000 people in China, costing $75 billion in property damage.
 The 7.8 magnitude April 25, 2015 Nepal earthquake, which killed 8,452 and injured more
than 19,000 people in Nepal, costing an estimated $5 billion in property damage.
 The 7.0 magnitude January 12, 2010 Haiti earthquake, which killed 230,000 and injured
more than 300,000 people in Haiti, costing $14 billion in property damage.
 The 6.9 magnitude October 8, 2005 Kashmir earthquake, which killed 86,000 and injured
more than 69,000 people in Pakistan, costing $5.2 billion in property damage.
 The 6.3 magnitude February 22, 2011 Christchurch earthquake, which killed 185 and
injured more than 5000 people in New Zealand, costing $40 billion in property damage.

A rope tornado in its dissipating stage, Tecumseh, Oklahoma.

A daytime wildfire in California.

A powder snow avalanche