Single Phase Circuit

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SYLLABUS
Circuit Theory Electrical Machines
BASIC ELECTRICAL • Introduction • DC Machines

TECHNOLOGY • DC Networks • Transformers
EE 101 • Single phase AC Circuits • Induction Motor
• Three phase AC Circuits • Electrical measuring
• Magnetic Circuits instruments
Prof. Paresh Kale
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Rourkela.
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SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
• Single phase emf generation,
• Average and effective values of sinusoidal waveform,
• Solution of R, L, C series circuits,
• ‘j’ operators
• Solution of parallel circuits
• Solution of series-parallel circuits

Alternating Voltage and Current
Single phase AC Circuits by Dr.
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ALTERNATING SYSTEMS
• Abbreviated as ‘a.c.’
• Magnitudes of the voltage and of current vary in
repetitive manner
• Curves related are called as waveforms
• Sinusoidal waveform is most important

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GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF
a) No flux is cut and no emf is generated.

• Loop AB is rotated with b) Now coil sides are cutting the flux and emf is generated
constant speed c) Rate of cutting is maximum.
• Anticlockwise direction
• In uniform magnetic
field due to poles NS
Generation of an alternating e.m.f.

EMF in rotating coil
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GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF SIN WAVE OF EMF
d) Coil sides again in horizontal position, however position of

A and B is interchanged • For N number of turns,
instantaneous value of emf
e) Induced emf is of same magnitude but opposite polarity generated
f) Negative peak position

𝒆 = 𝟐𝝅 𝑩 𝑨 𝒏 𝑵 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 •  = angle of rotation from the

horizontal position
• u = peripheral velocity of each side of
the loop (m/s)
𝐸𝑚 = 2𝐵𝑙𝑢 • B = flux density (T)
• l = length of the coil sides (m)
• b = breadth of the coil sides (m)
𝑢 = 𝜋𝑏𝑛 • n = speed of rotation (m/s)
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑏
EMF in rotating coil
SIN WAVE OF EMF SINE WAVE REPRESENTATION
• Emf wave can be represented by sine wave • Cycle = +ve and –ve half of the sinusoidal wave
• Instantaneous value (e): magnitude of the waveform at any instant
• Em = maximum value
• 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝐟 𝐢𝐧 𝐇𝐳) = No of cycles per second = 1/ T
• Emf is positive from 0o to 180o and negative from 180o to 360o • Time period (T) = Time (in seconds) taken by the waveform to
complete one cycle / duration of one cycle
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PEAK VALUES
A coil of 100 turns is rotated at 1500 rpm in magnetic field
having a uniform density of 0.05 T, the axis of rotation being
• Peak value: Maximum instantaneous value at right angles to the direction of rotation of flux.
The mean area per turn = 40 cm2.
Calculate:
1. The frequency
2. The period
3. The maximum value of generated emf
4. The value of generated emf when the coil has
rotated through 300 from the position of zero emf
• Peak to peak value: maximum variation between positive
maximum and negative maximum

Paresh Kale
Frequency = no. of cycles per second AVERAGE AND RMS VALUES
= no .of revolutions per second • Electrical generators produce purely sinusoidal wave
1500
= = 25 Hz • Use of electronic switching has resulted in many circuits
60
operating with waveforms other than sinusoidal
Period = time of 1 cycle
1 𝑖1+ 𝑖2+ …………..+𝑖𝑛
= =0.04 s
25
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓−𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝐸𝑚 =2×0.05 × 0.004 × 100 ×1500/60 =3.14 V 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓−𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
For 𝜃 = 30°, sin 30° = 0.5 2 2 2

I = √ (𝑖1+𝑖2+𝑛………+𝑖𝑛)
e = 3.14× 0.5= 1.57 V
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AVERAGE VALUE OF SINE WAVE RMS VALUE
Instantaneous value of current • In AC work, average value is of comparatively less

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 important
Total area enclosed by the

current over half cycle • Root mean Square (RMS) is important
𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 𝑖. 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 𝐼𝑚 ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑑𝜃 • RMS value of an alternating current is measured in
= 2 𝐼𝑚 terms of the direct current that produces the same
heating effect in the same resistance
Length of base line = 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖2𝑅 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝟐 • 𝑅𝑀𝑆 value =
𝑰𝒂𝒗 = 𝑰 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝝅 𝒎
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RMS VALUES FORM AND PEAK FACTOR
• Heat generated during the first

half cycle
= Area enclosed by i2R curve • Form factor (Kf) = RMS / Average
𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 𝑖2𝑅. 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
• Peak or crest factor (Kp) = Peak or maximum / RMS value
= 𝐼𝑚2R ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 2 Im2R
Average heating effect

𝜋 1
= Im2R /  = Im2R (Watts)
2 2
If I is the value of direct current through same resistance to produce same

1
heating effect , then I2R = Im2R
2
𝑰𝒎
∴𝑰= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑰𝒎
√𝟐
ALTERNATIVE FORMULAE
𝟏 𝑻
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = න 𝒊 𝒅𝜽
𝑻 𝟎
𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = න 𝒊 𝒅𝜽
𝑻 𝟎

Paresh Kale
NOTATIONS
An alternating current of sinusoidal waveform has
an RMS value of 10A.
• Lower-case letters represent instantaneous
values What are the peak values of this current over one
cycle?
• Upper-case letters represent definite values What is the peak-to-peak value?
e.g. Maximum value, average or RMS value
• In AC circuit, Capital I and V without any • Im = 10/0.707 = 14.14 A

subscript represents r.m.s. value
• Peak values ~ 14.14 A and -14.14. A
• Peak to peak value = 28.28

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An alternating voltage has the equation 𝝑 =141.4.sin 377 t; what

are the value of : instantaneous voltage when t = 3 ms?
(a) r.m.s. voltage and Frequency 𝜗 =141.4 sin 377 t

(b) instantaneous voltage when t = 3 ms?
When t = 3 × 10−3 𝑠
The relation is of the form
𝜗 = 𝑉𝑚 sin t and , Also by comparison 𝜗= 141.4 sin (377 ×3 ×10−3 )
by comparison,
 =377 rad/s = 2f
=141.4 sin 1.131
Vm=141.4 V =√2V
377
hence f = = 60 Hz
141.4 2 = 141.4 ×0.904 =127.8 V
V= = 100 V
√2
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SUMMARY PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF AN ALTERNATING QUANTITY
e = 𝐸𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2𝜋𝐵𝐴𝑁𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 volts
1
f=
𝑇
For sinusoidal waves

𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 0.637 𝐼𝑚
𝐼 =0.707 𝐼𝑚 • 𝑓 = Frequency (Hz)

• 𝑂𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 sin • Angular velocity () = 2𝑓
𝑟.𝑚.𝑠.𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼𝑚 sin
From factor = 𝑘𝑓 =1.11 for a sine wave • Instantaneous value of current
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =𝑖
i = Value of instantaneous current 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 sin
𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
Peak factor = 𝑘𝑝 = 1.414 for a sine wave
𝑟.𝑚.𝑠.𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼𝑚 sin2𝜋𝑓𝑡
PHASE DIFFERENCE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SINUSOIDAL QUANTITIES
• Phasor sum or Phasor difference
• If the instantaneous value of current is represented by

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 sin
Then the instantaneous value of voltage is represented by
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin  + 𝜑
Addition of phasors Subtraction of phasors
𝜑 = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
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MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS RECTANGULAR FORM / SYMBOLIC FORM
• Symbolic Notation
• Trigonometric Form
Real Quadrature
• Exponential Form Component Component
𝐸1 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
• Polar Form.
𝑏
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 )
𝑎1
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATOR J OTHER FORMS
• symbol ‘j’ is used to indicate the counter-clockwise rotation of a

vector through 90º
• Trigonometrical Form
• 𝑗 = −1 E = E (cos𝜃  𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
• ‘j’ is adopted because letter ‘i' is reserved for representing current
J=90° ccw rotation = (−1)
𝑗 2 = 180° ccw rotation = [ (−1)]2 = -1;
• Exponential Form 𝑒  𝑗𝜃 = ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃  𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑗 3 = 270° ccw rotation = [ (−1)]3= - (−1) = −j
𝑗 4 = 360° ccw rotation = [ (−1)]4 = + 1;
𝑗 5 = 450° ccw rotation = [ (−1)]5= - (−1) = j
1 𝑗 𝑗
= = = -j • Polar Form E=E𝜃
𝑗 𝑗2 −1
Rectangular to polar conversion
Single phase AC series circuits

3 + j4 = 5  53.1 (R, L, C, R-L, R-C, R-L-C)
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RESISTIVE CIRCUIT POWER IN RESISTOR
• 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 • Instantaneous power, 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖

𝑣
•𝑖=
𝑅 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑽 • 𝑝= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡
• 𝒊 = 𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 2 2
𝑹
𝑉 • Power consists of a constant
• 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚
𝑅 part and a fluctuating part
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼
• Current and voltage are in P= 2
= 2
× 𝑚2
phase
• 𝜑=0 P = V × I watt instantaneous values of voltage
and current are always either both
V = r.m.s. value of applied voltage. positive or negative and hence the
I = r.m.s. value of the current product is always positive.
PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
𝑑𝑖
•𝑒=𝐿 𝑑𝑡
• 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin
𝜋
• 𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2 )
• Induced emf attains its

maximum positive value a
quarter of a cycle before
the current
• Induced emf leads the
current by 𝜑 = 90𝑜 Phasor diagram
Variation of reactance and
current With frequency for a
• 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 purely inductive circuit
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝑓𝐿 (𝑂ℎ𝑚)
POWER IN PURE INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE ONLY
𝑑𝑣
• 𝑖 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
• 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
• 𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
• Voltage attains its maximum

positive value a quarter of a cycle
after the current
• Current leads the voltage by

• In a pure inductor, the average demand of power from 𝜑 = 90𝑜
the supply for a com
• 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑋𝑐 = 1/2𝑓𝐶 (𝑂ℎ𝑚)
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WAVEFORM AND PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR PURE

POWER FACTOR (PF) IN AC CIRCUIT
CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
• Cosine of angle between voltage and

corresponding current
• Power factor of the circuit = ‘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑’
• It can be leading, lagging or unity
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅)
• 𝑝𝑓 =
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍)
Q-FACTOR OF A COIL Resistor (R) Inductor (L) Capacitor (C)

Current in phase with Current lags by Current leads by
voltage applied 90ovoltage applied 90ovoltage applied
• Reciprocal of pf = Q-factor of a coil
If V 0o, I 0o If V 0o, I -90o If V 0o, I 90o
• i.e. Quality factor of the coil

VL
I V I VC
• or its figure of merit. I
Z=R Z = jXL = XL 90o Z = -jXC = Xc  -90o
• Ideally should be infinity
=0  = 90 (lag)  = 90 (lead)
1 1 𝑍 Power factor = cos  = 0 (lag) 0 (lead)

Q factor = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
= unity = 1
𝑅 Consumes real power Consume reactive power Delivers reactive power

Paresh Kale
• A coil has an inductance of 40mH and negligible • Calculate the current taken by a 23 μF capacitor
resistance. Calculate its inductive reactance and when connected to a 240V, 50 Hz supply.
the resulting current if connected to a 240V, 50 Hz
supply.
• Xc = 1 / 2πfC = 1/2π(50)(23 × 10−6) = 138.4 Ohms
• XL = 2πfL = 2π(50)(40 × 10−3) = 12.57 Ohms

• -j Xc = 138.4  -90 Ohms
• j XL = 12.57  90 Ohms
• Current, I = V/-jXc
= 240 0 / 138.4  -90
• Current, I = V/XL
= 1.73  90 A
= 240 0 / 12.57  90
= 19.09  -90 A
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Resistor (R) Inductor (L) Capacitor (C) R AND L IN SERIES (R-L CIRCUIT)
Current in phase with Current lags by Current leads by

voltage applied 90ovoltage applied 90ovoltage applied • 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
If V 0o, I 0o If V 0o, I -90o If V 0o, I 90o • 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑗𝑋𝐿
I V
VL
I • 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑉𝐿
I VC
Z=R Z = jXL = XL 90o Z = -jXC = Xc  -90o • 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍

=0  = 90 (lag)  = 90 (lead) • Z = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
Power factor = cos  = 0 (lag) 0 (lead)
• Z = Impedance of the circuit
unity = 1 (Expressed in ohms)
Consumes real power Consume reactive power Delivers reactive power

Paresh Kale
PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR R-L CIRCUIT R AND L IN SERIES (R-L CIRCUIT)
• Z = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
• Z = Impedance of the circuit
• Z is Expressed in ohms
VL
V
I VR
VOLTAGE AND IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE POWER IN AC CIRCUIT
The mean or real power consumed by the circuit

is given by the product of V and
that component of the current I which is in phase with V.
I
I Sin θ
𝑉𝐿 𝑋𝐿
• 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉𝑅 𝑅 θ
−1 𝑉𝑅 −1 𝑅 I Cos θ
• 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 V
𝑉 𝑍
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POWER TRIANGLE • A resistance of 7 is connected in series with a

pure inductance of 31.8 mH and the circuit is
connected to a 100 V , 50 Hz , sinusoidal supply.
𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 (KVA)
Calculate:
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑄 = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 (KVAr) • the circuit current
• The phase angle

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 (KW)
𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 or S = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
Paresh Kale
• A pure inductance of 318 mH is connected in series with a

R=7 pure resistance of 75.
XL = 2fL = 10  • The circuit is supplied from a 50 Hz sinusoidal source and
Z = 7 + j 10  = 12.2  55.1 the voltage across the 75 resistor is found to be 150 V.
• Calculate the supply voltage.
V = 100  0
I=V/Z
I = 8.2  -55.1
Power factor = cos 55.1

= 0.572 (lagging)

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R-C SERIES CIRCUIT

R = 75 
XL = 2fL = 100 
• 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
Z= 75 + j 100  = 125  53.13
• 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼 ∗ (−𝑗𝑋𝑐 )
I = 150/75  0
• 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑗𝑉𝐶
V= I Z
V = 250  53.13 • 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
Power factor = cos 53.13
= 0.6 (lagging) • 𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
• Z = Impedance of the
circuit (Expressed in ohms)
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R-C SERIES CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AND IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS
I VR
V 𝑉𝐶 𝑋𝐶
• 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
VC 𝑉𝑅 𝑅
−1 𝑉𝑅 𝑅
• 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑉 𝑍
A capacitor of 8uF takes a current of 1A when the alternating

voltage applied across is 230 V. Calculate: a) Xc = V /I = 230 
a. Frequency
b. Resistance to be connected in series with the capacitor to Xc = 1 / 2fC f = 86.5 Hz
reduce the current in the circuit to 0.5 A at the same frequency
c. The phase angle of the resulting circuit.
b) Z = V / I = 460 
Z =  ( R2 + Xc2)
Xc = 230  R = 398 
Z = 398 – j 230  = 460  -30
c) Power factor = cos 30

= 0.866 (leading)

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R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR RLC CIRCUIT
• 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
VL
• 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑗𝑋𝐿
• 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼 ∗ (−𝑗𝑋𝐶 )
VR
• 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑉𝐿 − 𝑗𝑉𝐶
I
• 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 Condition Net reactance (X) Nature of X
XL > X C XL - XC Inductive
VC
• 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋 (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 ) Net reactance
XL < X C XC - XL Capacitive
XL = X C 0 resistive
Z = Impedance of the circuit (Expressed in ohms)
• XL = 2πfL = 37.70 Ohms

• A coil of resistance 5 and inductance 120mH in series
with a 100 μF capacitor, is connected to a 300V, 50 Hz • XC = 31.83 Ohms
supply. • Z = R + j (XL-XC)
• = 5 + j 5.87 Ohms
= 7.71  49.58
Calculate:
(a) the current flowing

(a) the current flowing I = 300  0 / Z = 38.91  -49.58
(b)the phase difference between the supply voltage and
current (b) the phase difference between the supply voltage and current = 49.58
(c) the voltage across the coil
(c) the voltage across the coil
(d) the voltage across the capacitor. Vcoil = I * (R + j XL ) = 1480  32.86
(d) the voltage across the capacitor.

Vcap = I * ( - j Xc) = 1239  -139.58
23-01-2018 81 23-01-2018 82
• For the circuit given, calculate STEPS
(i) Current delivered by the source

• Choose ref. quantity (V  0) i.e 100  0
(ii) Voltage drops V1,V2, and V3 and
• Write values of Z1, Z2 and Z3 in rectangular and polar coordinates
(iii) Real power absorbed by each impedance
e.g. Z1= 4+3j = 5  36.86
(iv) Total real power absorbed by the circuit.
• Find ZT = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 (all in rectangular)
• Take voltage vector along the reference axis.
• Convert ZT to polar
• I = V /Z (all in polar)
• Calculate V1, V2 and V3 e.g. V1 = I Z1 (all in polar)
• Calculate the power consumed by each impedance = I2R
• Total power = VI
• OR Total real power = summation of real power by all impedance

Paresh Kale
12
23-01-2018
𝑍1 = (4+j3)Ω; 𝑍2 = (8-j8)Ω; 𝑍3 = (4 + j0) Ω;

• A factory has following loads connected to the mains
Z = 𝑍1 +𝑍2 +𝑍3 =(4+j3)+(8-j8)+(4+j0)=(14-j5) Ω
supply of 415 V, 50 Hz:
Taking V =V 0°=100 0°=(100+j0)
P1 = I2R = V1ICosθ1 (a) 40 kVA, 0.75 lagging p.f.;

(b) 5 kVA, unity p.f.;
I = V/Z = _______ + j ____ A
(c) 10 kVA, 0.9 leading p.f.;
𝑉1 =I 𝑍1= < The complex
conjugate • Find the capacitance needed to correct the power
𝑉2 =I𝑍2 = < of current is used to factor to 0.95 lagging.
make the power
𝑉3 =I𝑍3= < angle the same as
the impedance angle!
V= 100 +j0 (check)

23-01-2018 85 23-01-2018 86
S P (S cos) Q (S sin)
Load kV A p.f.(cos) kW sin kvar Since power delivered remains unaltered,
(a) 40 0.75 30 0.6614 + 26.46 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 44 tan 18.19° = 14.46 kvar
(b) 5 1.0 5 0 0 The capacitors must add

Q = (22.1-14.16) =7.64 kvar
(c) 10 0.9 lead 9 0.4359 -4.36
Sum: Sum: Since Q =𝐼 2 𝑋𝑐 and V = 𝐼𝑋𝑐
𝑉2
Q=
44 kW +22.1 kvar 𝑋𝑐
Hence for a 415 V supply and Q = 7.64 Kvar,

4152 1
Capacitance must be added in order to 𝑋𝑐 =
7640
= 22.54 Ω =
𝐶
correct to this new phase angle 1
C= = 141µF
250×22.54

Paresh Kale
RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN PARALLEL
• Trick : Treat every series circuit

separately
Single-phase 𝑉
• 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉
• 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑋 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝐿 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑉 𝑏𝑦 90𝑜
Parallel Networks 𝐿
𝑰 = 𝑰𝑹 + 𝑰𝑳
𝐼𝐿 𝑅 𝑅
• 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐼𝑅 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝐼𝑅 𝑍
• 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝐼 𝑅

Paresh Kale
13
23-01-2018
A parallel network consists of branches A, B and C . If IA = 10 -60° A,

RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL IB =5  -30° A, and Ic = 10 90° A , all phase angles being relative to the supply
voltage, determine the total supply current.
• Trick : Treat every series circuit
separately
𝑉
• 𝐼𝑅 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅
𝑉
• 𝐼𝐶 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑉 𝑏𝑦 90𝑜
𝑋𝐶
• 𝑰 = 𝑰𝑹 + 𝑰𝐂
𝐼 𝑅
• 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
𝐼𝑅 𝑋𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 Rω𝐶 • I = IA + IB +IC
−1 𝐼𝑅 𝑍
• 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐼
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑅
• I = 9.33 – j 1.16 A = 9.4  -7.1 A
Paresh Kale
CONCEPT OF ADMITTANCE CONCEPT OF ADMITTANCE
• Admittance is inverse of impedance
• Y = Admittance = 1 / Z
𝐼 1 𝑗
• Y= = - = G – j𝐵𝐿
𝑉 𝑅 𝑋𝐿
• G = Conductance = 1/R
• B = Susceptance = 1/X
𝐼 1 𝑗
• admittances are added for parallel Y = 𝑉 = 𝑅 + 𝑋 = G + j𝐵𝐿
𝐶
branches,
IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE TRIANGLE A circuit consists of a 115 Ω resistor in parallel with a 41.5µF capacitor and is
connected to a 230 V.50 Hz supply, Calculate:
(a) the branch currents and the supply current;

(b) the circuit phase angle,
(c) the circuit impedance.

Paresh Kale
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23-01-2018
• A coil of 50  and inductance

0.318 H is connected in parallel
• XC = 76.7  with a circuit comprising a 75 
resistor in series with a 159 uF
• V = 230  0 V capacitor.
• IR = V/R = 2  0 A
• The resulting circuit is connected
• IC = V / -jXC = 3  90 A
to a 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply.
• I = IR + I C • Calculate
• I = 3.6  56.3 • The supply current
• Circuit impedance
• Z = V/ I = 63.9  56.3 (lead) • Circuit Resistance and Circuit
reactance

23-01-2018 105 23-01-2018 112
• XL = 100  I1 = V/Z1 = 2.05  -63.5 A
• XC = 20  I2 = V/Z2 = 2.96  15 A
• Z1 = 50 + j 100 
I = I1 + I2 = 3.9  A
Series-Parallel
• Z2 = 75 - j 20  Z = V/ I = 56 + j 16 
AC Circuits
• V = 230  0 V

23-01-2018 113 23-01-2018 117
• Determine the current drawn each branch by the STEPS

following circuit and the voltage across each
impedance.
• A voltage of 200 V is applied across the same. • Convert all impedances to Polar
• Draw the phasor diagram.
• Find total impedance / equivalent of circuit
• Find Total current I = V/Z
• Apply current division rule to find I2 and I3.
• Find Voltages across all three branches
• Draw phasor diagram

Paresh Kale
15
23-01-2018
• ZBC = 10.9 + j3.1 =11.3 ∠ 15.9 Ohms
• Z = 14.9 + j 9.1 = 17.5 ∠ 31.4° Ohms
• I = V/Z = 11.4 ∠ − 31.4° A
• VAB = I. Z1 = 11.4 ∠ − 31.4° × 7.2 ∠ 56.3°

= 82.2 ∠ 24.9° V
• VBC = I. ZBC = 11.4 ∠ − 31.4° × 11.3 ∠ 15.9

= 128.8 ∠ − 15.5° V
• I2 = 8.25 ∠ 34.7 A I3 = 15.1 ∠ -74.5° A

23-01-2018 120 23-01-2018 121
• Z1 = 6 − j8 = 10 ∠−53°13°
• Determine the average real power delivered to each of the
three boxed networks • Z2 = 2 + j14 = 14.14 ∠ 81.87°
• Z3 = 6 − j8 = 10 ∠ − 53.13°
• Z23 = Z2 || Z3 = 14.14 ∠ -8.13° = 14 -j2
• V23 = 63.2 ∠ 18.43 = 60 +j20

• V1 = 47.7 ∠ 26.57 = 40 -j20
• I1 = 4.47 ∠ 26.56
• I2 = 4.47 ∠ 63.44
• I3 = 6.32 ∠ 71.56
23-01-2018 122 23-01-2018 123
• P1 = V1I1 cos φ = 120 W

• P2= 40 W
• P3 = 240 W
• Total power = 400 W
• Check
• P = VI cos
= 100 × 4.47 × cos 26.56°
= 400 W

Paresh Kale
16

Single Phase Circuit

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23-01-2018

Circuit Theory Electrical Machines

BASIC ELECTRICAL • Introduction • DC Machines

23-01-2018 Single phase AC Circuits by Dr. Paresh Kale 2

SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS

• Single phase emf generation,

• Average and effective values of sinusoidal waveform,

• Solution of R, L, C series circuits,

• Solution of parallel circuits

• Solution of series-parallel circuits

• Curves related are called as waveforms

• Sinusoidal waveform is most important

GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF

a) No flux is cut and no emf is generated.

Generation of an alternating e.m.f.

GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF SIN WAVE OF EMF

d) Coil sides again in horizontal position, however position of

f) Negative peak position

𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 •  = angle of rotation from the

SIN WAVE OF EMF SINE WAVE REPRESENTATION

• 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝐟 𝐢𝐧 𝐇𝐳) = No of cycles per second = 1/ T

The mean area per turn = 40 cm2.

Single phase AC Circuits by Dr.

Frequency = no. of cycles per second AVERAGE AND RMS VALUES

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓−𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

For 𝜃 = 30°, sin 30° = 0.5 2 2 2

AVERAGE VALUE OF SINE WAVE RMS VALUE

Instantaneous value of current • In AC work, average value is of comparatively less

Total area enclosed by the

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖2𝑅 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

RMS VALUES FORM AND PEAK FACTOR

• Heat generated during the first

Average heating effect

If I is the value of direct current through same resistance to produce same

Single phase AC Circuits by Dr.

• In AC circuit, Capital I and V without any • Im = 10/0.707 = 14.14 A

• Peak to peak value = 28.28

Single phase AC Circuits by Dr.

An alternating voltage has the equation 𝝑 =141.4.sin 377 t; what

(a) r.m.s. voltage and Frequency 𝜗 =141.4 sin 377 t

Single phase AC Circuits by Dr. Single phase AC Circuits by Dr.

SUMMARY PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF AN ALTERNATING QUANTITY

e = 𝐸𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2𝜋𝐵𝐴𝑁𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 volts

For sinusoidal waves

𝐼 =0.707 𝐼𝑚 • 𝑓 = Frequency (Hz)

PHASE DIFFERENCE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SINUSOIDAL QUANTITIES

• Phasor sum or Phasor difference

• If the instantaneous value of current is represented by

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS RECTANGULAR FORM / SYMBOLIC FORM

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATOR J OTHER FORMS

• symbol ‘j’ is used to indicate the counter-clockwise rotation of a

Rectangular to polar conversion

Single phase AC series circuits

RESISTIVE CIRCUIT POWER IN RESISTOR

• 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 • Instantaneous power, 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖

PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT

• Induced emf attains its

POWER IN PURE INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE ONLY

• Voltage attains its maximum

• Current leads the voltage by

WAVEFORM AND PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR PURE

• Cosine of angle between voltage and