Aula 3

Transformers and
Induction Machines
Electrical Transformers
Bernardo Marques Silva

based on Prof. Artur Costa TMI notes
Electrical Transformers (for Power Systems)
• Susbstations and transmission systems
• Distribution grid
Immersed (Wet) Type Dry Type

• Measurement (voltage/current)
• Type of Transformers
Single Phase
Conventional
Triphase
Single Phase
Power Auto-
Transformer transformer
Triphase
Bi - Phase
(Scott,
Leblanc)
Poli Phase Triphase
Hexaphase
Voltage
Measurement
Transformer
Current
Signal
Transformer Other applications such as: offset transformers, isolation transformers, impedance
adapter transformers, etc…
• Nominal Power 𝑺𝒏 (VA) (value declared in characteristics plate)
• Nominal voltages 𝑼𝟏𝒏 ; 𝑼𝟐𝒏 (V) (values declared in characteristic plate)
𝑼 𝑼𝒏𝑨𝑻
• Nominal Ratio 𝒎 = 𝟏𝒏ൗ𝑼 = ൗ𝑼𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝑩𝑻
• Nominal Current 𝑰𝟏𝒏 ; 𝑰𝟐𝒏 (A)
• Nominal Frequency 𝒇𝒏 (Hz)
𝑼𝟐𝟎 − 𝑼𝟐
• Nominal Voltage Regulation ∆𝑼𝒏 % = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑼𝟐𝟎
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟑 × 𝑼𝟏𝒏 × 𝑰𝟏𝒏 = 𝟑 × 𝑼𝟐𝒏 × 𝑰𝟐𝒏 (3 ~)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝑼𝟏𝒏 × 𝑰𝟏𝒏 = 𝑼𝟐𝒏 × 𝑰𝟐𝒏 (1 ~)

• Some symbology
triphase
• Transformer
single-phase
10 kVA 630 kVA
400 / 200 15 000 / 420 V

V 50 Hz
50 Hz In the area common to the 2
circles the connection is
• Autotransformer
included.
single-phase triphase
10 kVA 10 kVA 630 kVA
400 / 200 400 / 0-200 15 000 / 420 V

V V 50 Hz
50 Hz 50 Hz
• Constructive Aspects
• Windings
• In cooper or aluminum
• Wire, bar or band
• Magnetic circuit
• Laminated, whether in ferromagnetic sheet (most commonly used) or amorphous
materials – used in most transformers
Solution for toroidal cores: Coiled sheet (also laminated)
• Massive, if in ferrite or iron filings aggregated with resins (*) - only used in
transformers for signal applications
(*) Due to the resistivity of the material used is very high, the eddy currents will be low. That is, eddy current losses will be reduced and there is
no need to laminate.
• Crossings and connecting terminals
• In copper, they are in the continuity of the windings, receive crossing insulators
and are separated in order to ensure effective electrical insulation between them
• Insulation System
• Composed of several materials, which combine the insulating property with a good thermal
behavior: oil (mineral, synthetic or vegetable), silicone or SF6 as an electro-insulating
liquid/gas for immersed transformers, impregnated paper and pressed cardboard (cellulose),
mica-based materials, glass fibers, varnishes , enamels, epoxy resins, rubber and wood,
among others.
• They guarantee the effective level of insulation between the windings and these in relation to
the masses (magnetic circuit and other metal parts).
• The characteristics of the materials used define the Insulation Class

• Magnetic Sheets (Magnetic steel)
• Tank (cuba) (transf. immersed) containing a liquid or an electro-insulating gas
• Multiple tie rods (steel and wood) and clamping screws (fiberglass)
• Cooling system (ONAN, ONAF, etc.)
• Support chassis, with possible wheels and suspension eyes
• Maneuvering and protection equipment (ground terminal, sensors, etc.)
• Characteristics plate
• Magnetic Sheets (Magnetic steel)
• Iron, with the addition of 3% to 5% of Silicon and traces of Carbon.
• Thicknesses in the order of 0.2 to 0.4 mmm
• Sheet of NON-ORIENTED CRYSTALS (hot rolling) - Isotropic
• Plate of ORIENTED CRYSTALS (cold rolling) - Anisotropic
Fe-Si sheet roll to be prepared for sheet metal cuttin Cuted sheet metal
• Advantages of ORIENTED CRYSTAL sheet (vs normal plate)
• Greater magnetic permeability → Lower magnetizing currents
• Higher maximum saturation induction → higher work inductions (design), → smaller sections
and volumes of magnetic circuits, → more economical designs;
• Higher electrical resistivity, → lower eddy currents and respective losses
• Smaller area of the hysteretic cycle, → lower hysteresis losses
Specific losses of the order of 1 W/kg @ 1T – 50 Hz
• Disadvantages of ORIENTED CRYSTAL sheet (vs normal plate)

• Highest price
• Increased hardness and brittleness increase the difficulty of cutting and machining
• They are not of general application, being limited to situations where the paths of the
magnetic field lines of force have fixed rectilinear directions (as is the case of transformers)
• They involve techniques for the construction of their own magnetic circuits
• Sheets of amorphous materials vs oriented crystal sheet

• Properties discovered circa 1970
• Recently used in DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
• They come in the form of very thin films (thickness of 0.025 mm)
• Allow the construction of "laminated" magnetic circuits
• Packaging factors tend to be worse → sections of larger cores
• Magnetic cores a little bulkier
• Resistivity → about 3x higher
• Much lower → specific magnetic losses
• For equivalent transformers, empty losses → about 1/3 or better
• Specific losses < 0.3 W/kg @ 1T – 50Hz
• Hardness about 3x higher
The initial cost of the transformer with amorphous core is higher, if compared to the type of conventional transformer using
magnetic steel sheet of oriented crystals; however, the operating cost will be lower, due to the lower magnetic losses,
making the Life Cycle Cost of the amorphous transformer lower.
• It is estimated that energy losses in distribution transformers account for about 2 to 3 percent
of the world's annual electricity production.
• It is estimated that, in the European Union alone, there are about 4.5 million distribution
transformers, responsible for 38 TWh of losses annually and 30 million tons of CO2 emissions.
As for financial costs of energy losses...!!
• Basic configurations of magnetic circuits and assemblies typical of windings: SINGLE-
PHASE TRANSFORMERS
a a 2a a 2a
Core Type (Colunas) Shell Type (Couraçado) Shell Type (Couraçado)
with concentric coils with concentric coils with alternating coils (in
(low power) galettes)
CONCENTRIC COILS → Shaft mounting in VERTICAL → REFRIGERATION

ALTERNATING COILS → Mounting with shaft in HORIZONTAL → REFRIGERATION
Winding closer to the core: the LOWEST VOLTAGE → COST REDUCTION INSULATION
Note that the center column of the two right most settings has a double width (and section)
to keep the flux density (magnetic induction) equal throughout the magnetic circuit.
Intermediate powers and high voltages

• Basic configurations of magnetic circuits and assemblies typical of windings: THREE-
PHASE TRANSFORMERS
a 2a
Moderate power and voltage
Type CORE (Colunas) Very high powers and tensions
with concentric coils High powers and voltages
With DISSOCIATED PHASES
Axis of the coils vertically Shell Type (Couraçado) Shell Type (Couraçado)
with concentric coils (in galettes)
with alternating coils (in galettes)

• Laminated Core Section
Square or rectangular Step (with circumscribed circumference) Step (with

Shell Transformers Core Transformers circumscribed ellipse)
Small transformers Core Transformers
Toroidal Core
• The windings involve the magnetic circuit.
• Used in measurement transformers, in certain autotransformers and in signal
transformers.
• The core can be in rolled plate or in ferrite.
• Joints
Platter Direction of maximum permeability
Window
Window
Column Column joints
Platter
Top mount
NOTE WELL
The need to segment the plates of the magnetic circuit,
requiring the existence of JOINTS, results from the
plates being NON-ISOTROPIC: magnetic flux must
always follow the direction of maximum magnetic
permeability, as indicated in the figures by the arrows.
Step-lap or staggered
assembly

• The three-phase transformation can be achieved with:
• Three-phase transformer
• Three-phase bench (3 equal single-phase transformers)
• Advantages of the three-phase transformer
• Lower weight and volume
• Less clutter
• Greater simplicity in maneuvering
• Advantages of the three-phase bank
• Greater ease of transport, → lower weight and volume per unit
• Lowest exchange price, per unit
• Lowest reserve price (a single single-phase transformer in the case of the
bank versus a full equivalent three-phase unit)
• Lower cost of repairs
• Possibility of V-connection.
• The three-phase bank – V Connection
Connection Layout
• Only 2 single-phase transformers with equal
transformation ratios.
• If the voltage system in the primary is three-phase
symmetrical so is the voltage system in the secondary
But...
Installed power: 2/3 ≅ 0,667 of total
Available power: 1ൗ 3
≅ 0,577 of total
Total Power: 3 transformers

• The three-phase bank – V connection
• Star Connection (Y or y)
w/neutral w/o neutral
• Delta Connection (D or d)
• Zig-Zag (Z or z) – 15% more copper
w/neutral w/o neutral
ZN or zn Z or z
• Referencing:
Uppercase letters are used to refer to links of the primary windings and lowercase letters for the links of the
secondary
EXAMPLE:
Dyn → transformer with Delta in the primary and Star with neutral accessible in the secondary.
• Polarity of a winding
• Characteristic that expresses the dependence of the meaning of the f.e.m. in relation
to the flow that generates it.
• Conventionally, f.e.m. is marked by an arrow (e.g., pointing from the Neutral terminal to
the Phase terminal).
• In addition to the f.e.m., polarity can be identified through, for example, a point placed
next to the terminal of higher potential, as in the figure above.
• Two terminals are of the same polarity or homologous when they are equally situated
in relation to the positive direction of f.e.m. in one winding and the other.
2 windings that are in the same column of a magnetic circuit (i.e. that are influenced by
the same flow) have:
• same polarity if they are coiled in the same direction
• opposite polarities, otherwise.
• Indexes and Time Groups
• Angular Deviation: Discrepancy, measured in delay, between the phasors of the voltages
between the neutral point (real or fictitious) and the homologous terminals of two windings, when it
is assumed that a direct three-phase voltage system with the alphabetical sequence of these
terminals if they are designated by letters, or in the numerical sequence if designated by numbers,
is applied to the higher voltage terminals.
• In other Words: Delay shift (lag) between simple voltage (real or fictious) from the lower voltage
and the higher voltage windings.
• Since the possible values of that lag are always multiples of 30°, if one takes the vertical phase
reference and points upwards (fixing the single voltage phasor of the high winding), it is possible to
establish a relationship between the position of the phasor representative of the simple voltage of
the homologous terminal of the low voltage winding with the hours on an analog clock → Thus it is
defined as HOURLY INDEX.
• For example, if the phasor representing the simple voltage of the homologous terminal of the low-
voltage winding has a delay of 120° in relation to that reference frame, it will be said that the
transformer connection will have an hourly index of 4.
• Indexes and Time Groups
• Theoretically, 12 hourly indices numbered from 0 to 11 can be considered. But indices 3 and 9 are
not feasible/possible.
• The hourly indexes can be gathered into 4 TIME GROUPS
• Determination of the hourly index
• Representation of windings (example of Dy connection)
• Represent winding connections: primary on the left and secondary on the right, with the terminals
on the left side (the representation can be shown vertically, with the primary winding on top).
• Mark the accessible terminals and number them (uppercase for primary and lowercase for
secondary, as in the Figure or with letters ABC/abc).
• Note that the voltages (and the f.e.m.) in the primary and secondary windings of the same column
have the same phase if their homologous terminals are both input, being in phase opposition if one
is input and the other output (adapt to zigzag connection).
• Determination of the hourly index
• Make the representation of the phasors of the primary voltages so that the simple voltage (real or
fictitious) corresponding to phase I points to the 12 hours.
• From this reference and taking into account the phase criterion indicated above, represent the
phasors of the secondary voltages (composite or simple) and define the simple voltage phasor (real
or fictitious) of the secondary phase i .
• The hourly index is calculated by dividing the delay lag between the phasors of the simple voltages
of phases I and i, primary and secondary, respectively.
• According to these rules, the hourly index corresponding to the Dy link represented
above will be 11, i.e. the link is Dy11
• Parallel of Transformers
Real parallel requires:
• Equality of stipulated stresses (primary and secondary) and equal
secondary stresses in void.
• Equality of short-circuit voltages with equal ohmic and inductive
drops (ensures optimal parallel, with equal load factor for
transformers and phase currents: available power = installed power).
• If it is not possible to guarantee the above condition, the short-circuit
voltages must at least be equal or, if this is impossible, never accept
values for these voltages that differ by more than 10% (available
power < installed power).
• Being three-phase, it is required that the transformers also have the
same hourly index (simply connecting, on both sides of the
transformers, the terminals with the same designation), be of the
same time group (in this case, there is a need to perform
permutations of terminals in order to connect terminals to the same
relative potential) or be of groups III and IV.
In practice and despite the previous rules, the parallel of

transformers only becomes feasible if the nominal powers of
the machines used are not very different.
• No load current and consequences (single phase transformer
u1(t)  - e1(t) = N1 ( d (t) / dt )
 u1(t) sinusoidal →  (t) sinusoidal (aprox.)
i (t)
The excitation component 𝒊𝑯 (𝒕) of the no-load

current 𝒊𝟎 (t) cannot be sinusoidal due to its
relationship to the magnetic flux being
nonlinear.
So 𝒊𝟎 (t) is also not sinusoidal.
IH(t)
• No load current and consequences (single phase transformer) 𝑼𝟏
𝑑
• 𝑢1 𝑡 ≅ 𝑁1 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑼𝟏 ≅ 𝒋𝝎𝑵𝟏  
Flow is sinusoidal and is delayed by approx. 90° from the primary voltage.
The no-load current is the sum of two components:
Excitation current (shown in the previous figure) [ iH(t) ]
• It is influenced by magnetic saturation and hysteresis
Hysteresis Component
• Extremes coincide with those of flow.
• It is not sinusoidal
• It includes a main component that is intended to create the magnetic field and another
that is intended to feed the hysteresis losses
• It's far behind the tension.
• No load current and consequences (single phase transformer) 𝑼𝟏
𝑑
• 𝑢1 𝑡 ≅ 𝑁1 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑼𝟏 ≅ 𝒋𝝎𝑵𝟏  
Flow is sinusoidal and is delayed by approx. 90° from the primary voltage.
The no-load current is the sum of two components:
Excitation current (shown in the previous figure) [ iH(t) ]
• It is influenced by magnetic saturation and hysteresis
Hysteresis Component
• Extremes coincide with those of flow.
• It includes a main component that is intended to create the magnetic field and another
that is intended to feed the hysteresis losses
• It's far behind the voltage.
• No load current and consequences (single phase transformer)
• Eddy current losses [ iF(t) ]

• It is sinusoidal and is in phase with the supply voltage because it represents an active
power (losses).
• The No-load current:

• It's far behind the tension
• It only contains odd harmonic terms, the most important of which is the 3rd
HARMONIC
• Distortion increases with saturation
• Flow and current cannot be simultaneously sinusoidal.
• The 3rd order harmonic term of the empty current (as well as the remaining terms, incidentally)
must exist for the magnetic flux to be sinusoidal. It circulates on the power lines.
• If the flow is sinusodal, the f.e.m. induced in the secondary will also be sinusodal, as will the
secondary voltage.
• The no-load current has, in relation to the load current (primary and secondary), very low values
(<<5%).
• In single-phase transformers, the harmonic distortion of the empty current does not create any
special problems other than a low harmonic pollution in the current of the upstream circuits.
NOTES:
1. It follows from the antecedent that, in the equivalent circuit of a transformer, the
representation of the empty current is made in an approximate way, through an
equivalent sinusoid whose effective value is I0.
2. In the equivalent circuit, this current I0 is decomposed into the active (Ia) and
magnetizing (Im) components, which do not correspond directly to the hysteresis
components of eddy currents, mentioned above.
• Three-phase Transformers
• The 3rd order harmonic is a phase synphasic system of currents, that is, the triple
frequency currents are in phase in the three phases of the system.
• This 3rd harmonic can only circulate on the power lines if there is a neutral conductor -
connections of star windings with neutral accessible.
• It can also circulate on the "inside" of an association of triangle windings.
• When neutral exists, the triple frequency current in the neutral is the sum of the triple
current in the three phases
• → Intensity 3 times higher!
• The circulation of a phase system of currents in the windings creates a

synphasic system of flows in the respective magnetic cores, that is, it
creates a system of flows (of triple frequency) that are in phase in the
three columns of the magnetic circuit.
• In shell cores these flows circulate unopposed, because there are

2 return columns (low reluctance) between the upper and lower
beams of the magnetic circuit.
• In column cores they are very attenuated because they have to

close by air (great reluctance), between the upper and lower
crossbars.
• Star primaries with neutral: a 3rd order component (150Hz) will circulate in the neutral
of the transformer power lines, where the components of the 3 phases will be added. This
does not affect the operation of the transformer but may cause electromagnetic
interference with equipment (communications, for example) located in the vicinity of the
transformer's supply circuit.
YNy, YNyn, YNd, YNz, and YNzn.
• Delta primaries: A 3rd order component will circulate in the primary triangle without
affecting the power lines (although it may slightly affect secondary voltages due to voltage
drops. The transformer will run smoothly.
Dy, Dyn, Dd, Dz and Dzn.

Primaries in a non-neutral star: the triple frequency current cannot circulate, so the magnetic flux in the
transformer will only be sinusoidal if a 3rd order component can circulate in the secondary
winding → Yyn, Yd and Yzn.
In the Yy configuration, the magnetic flux will contain a 3rd harmonic and the secondary simple
voltages as well. As a result, two phenomena will arise in the secondary:
(i) the simple stresses will be greater than the compound stresses (which do not change) to be divided
by root of 3
(ii) There will be the phenomenon of neutral fluctuation (variable potential with respect to the Earth).
These phenomena can be aggravated by possible resonance effects associated with the
grounding of neutrals, making them potentially dangerous.
• IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF THE YY CONNECTION
1 - If a TERTIARY WINDING (always connected in a triangle) is added to three-phase transformers
and transformer banks.
Primary Tertiary Secondary

winding winding winding
The tertiary winding allows the circulation of the 3rd harmonic of the empty current (as in a Yd connection):
→ The magnetic flux in the nucleus will be sinusoidal.
→ The tensions in the secondary will be sinusoidal.
Tertiary winding can be used to power small loads, such as the ancillary services of a power plant or
substation.
ITS USE ALSO BENEFITS THE OPERATION WITH UNBALANCED LOADS, ESPECIALLY IN THE YYN
CONNECTION.
2 - If the core of the transformer is columns.
In this case, the high reluctance that will have to be overcome by the homopolar component of the
magnetic flux (path between the upper and lower beams, made outside the core) greatly limits this same
component and ensures that the simple voltages in the secondary do not have, practically, the undesirable
term of 3rd order.
• Fields of application of three-phase connections
YNyn link: Little used for harmonic effects
Yyn link: Output of power plants

Great substations
Not advisable if strong load imbalances
Dyn Link: The most used in PT’s (secondary substations – MV-LV)

MT side triangle
Secondary neutral grounded
Output of power plants
Triangle generator side
Usually with earth neutral
Yd link: Transport-Distribution interface substations

AT side star with earth neutral
Triangle to feed network (overhead or cable)
• Fields of application of three-phase connections
Yzn: PT's up to about 100 kVA

When strong load imbalances are expected
dd link: Certain private processing stations, supplying motive power circuits
Other links: Unused.

• Autotransformer
• Working Principle – ideal autotransformer
F.e.m. per turn (espira):
Eesp = - (d/dt) Note that:
F.e.m. by winding : E1/ E2 = N1/ N2
E1 = N1 Eesp U1/ U2 = m = a
E2 = N2 Eesp I1/ I2 = 1/m = 1/a
.... as it happens
E1/ E2 = N1/ N2 in a conventional transformer
(although the primary and secondary quantities are in phase)!
a = N1/ N2
F.m.m.: In the real autotransformer, m = U1/ U2  a

(N1-N2)I1 = N2 I3
 I3 = (a-1) I1
I2 = I1 + I3 = aI1
• Autotransformer
• Power transferred to the secondary
Power transferred to the secondary:

S2 = U2  I2*
= U2 I1*  + U2 I3 *
= 1/aS2 + (a-1)/aS2 = Scond + Sind
• Part by conduction (Scond) and part by induction (Sind)
• If a<2, most of it is by driving: Scond > Sind
Current in windings:
• In the non-common part (N1–N2 turns): I1N
• In the common part (N2 turns): I3N = (a-1). I1N
•
• The autotransformer, in addition to having a single winding with N1 turns, in a portion of it will have a sizing with section for I3n,
• If a<2, that part with N2 turns will have smaller section .
Winding insulation:
• All for the highest voltage.
Magnetic circuit: lighter
For the same Uesp, it will be identical to that of a transformer saving, however, by means of the smaller volume of windings, which requires shorter lengths of iron.
• Autotransformer
COMPARISON WITH A TRANSFORMER
(in equality of powers)
Advantages:
• Lower weight and volume.
• Lowest price.
• Higher efficiency.
• Lower magnetization current.
• Smaller voltage variations at load (due to the combined impedance of leaks being lower).
Drawbacks:
• Lack of electrical insulation between high and low voltage
• Higher short-circuit currents (resulting from lower combined leakage impedance).
INTEREST OF THE AUTOTRANSFORMER

• In the VARIAC version, for laboratory applications.
• In the rest, only for low transformation ratios, usually no more than 2 (because the gains are accentuated and the previous drawbacks are mitigated).
• Three-phase connections
• Three-phase connections
• Tri-Hexaphasic transformer
• Tri-Dodecaphasic transformer
• Tri-Diphasic transformer – SCOTT or T-link
• Tri-Diphasic transformer – SCOTT or T-link
Measurement Transformers
• Applications and Requirements
• In measurement systems, measurement transformers serve as an interface between the
quantity to be measured and the measuring equipment.
• These devices are also used in control systems, in the acquisition of electrical quantities.
• Their interest stems from the possibility of saving (and standardizing) the measuring
apparatus, as well as from the safety requirement that certain systems and regulations
require (dangerous voltages).
• These appliances are required:

o Transformation ratio at slightly variable load,
o Minimum mismatches between primary and secondary quantities
o Linearity.
• Types and Functions
• Intensity (or current) transformers - CT

• Used in the acquisition of current intensities
• Voltage (or Potential) Transformers – TT
• Used in voltage acquisitions
• Symbols and Connections

• Current Transformer
T I T I T
100/5A 100/5A 100/5A
Cl. 0.5 Cl. 0.5 I Cl. 0.5
For an Ammeter or amperimetric coil of a wattmeter or energy meter, e.g.

• Symbols and Connections

• Voltage Transformer
U
VT
15000/110V VT VT
Cl. 0.5 15000/110V 15000/110V
Cl. 0.5 Cl. 0.5
For a voltmeter or voltimetric coil of a wattmeter or power meter, for

example.
• Characterization
• Transformation ratio
I 1n U 1n
CT: k n = VT: k n =
I 2n U 2n
• Accuracy class
• CT: 0.1 – 0.2 – 0.5 – 1 – 3 – 5
• VT: 0.1 – 0.2 – 0.5 – 1 – 3
• Power precision
• CT: 2,5 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 30 (VA)
• VT: 10 – 25 -50 – 100 – 200 – 500 (VA)
• Secondary nominal quantities

• CT: 1 – 2 – 5 (A)
• VT: 100 – 110 (V)
• Characterization
• Measurement errors
• As a result of their "imperfections", measurement transformers introduce measurement

errors.
• Amplitude error
• Phase error (measured in minutes of degree)
• Errors affect the accuracy of the measurement, the latter exclusively in the
measurement of power and energy.

Aula 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aula 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformers and

Bernardo Marques Silva

Immersed (Wet) Type Dry Type

𝑺𝒏 = 𝟑 × 𝑼𝟏𝒏 × 𝑰𝟏𝒏 = 𝟑 × 𝑼𝟐𝒏 × 𝑰𝟐𝒏 (3 ~)

𝑺𝒏 = 𝑼𝟏𝒏 × 𝑰𝟏𝒏 = 𝑼𝟐𝒏 × 𝑰𝟐𝒏 (1 ~)

400 / 200 15 000 / 420 V

400 / 200 400 / 0-200 15 000 / 420 V

• The characteristics of the materials used define the Insulation Class

Specific losses of the order of 1 W/kg @ 1T – 50 Hz

• Disadvantages of ORIENTED CRYSTAL sheet (vs normal plate)

• Sheets of amorphous materials vs oriented crystal sheet

CONCENTRIC COILS → Shaft mounting in VERTICAL → REFRIGERATION

Electrical Transformers (for Power Systems)

Intermediate powers and high voltages

Electrical Transformers (for Power Systems)

Square or rectangular Step (with circumscribed circumference) Step (with

Electrical Transformers (for Power Systems)

Total Power: 3 transformers

In practice and despite the previous rules, the parallel of

The excitation component 𝒊𝑯 (𝒕) of the no-load

• Eddy current losses [ iF(t) ]

• The No-load current:

• It can also circulate on the "inside" of an association of triangle windings.

• The circulation of a phase system of currents in the windings creates a

• In shell cores these flows circulate unopposed, because there are

• In column cores they are very attenuated because they have to

YNy, YNyn, YNd, YNz, and YNzn.

Dy, Dyn, Dd, Dz and Dzn.

Primary Tertiary Secondary

2 - If the core of the transformer is columns.

YNyn link: Little used for harmonic effects

Yyn link: Output of power plants

Dyn Link: The most used in PT’s (secondary substations – MV-LV)

Yd link: Transport-Distribution interface substations

Yzn: PT's up to about 100 kVA

dd link: Certain private processing stations, supplying motive power circuits

Other links: Unused.

F.m.m.: In the real autotransformer, m = U1/ U2  a

Power transferred to the secondary:

• If a<2, most of it is by driving: Scond > Sind

Magnetic circuit: lighter

INTEREST OF THE AUTOTRANSFORMER

• These appliances are required:

• Intensity (or current) transformers - CT

• Symbols and Connections

For an Ammeter or amperimetric coil of a wattmeter or energy meter, e.g.

• Symbols and Connections

For a voltmeter or voltimetric coil of a wattmeter or power meter, for

• Secondary nominal quantities

• As a result of their "imperfections", measurement transformers introduce measurement

You might also like