DAM 1213

Aircraft Electrical Machine

What is Aircraft Electrical?
What is a Transformer (Electrical)
• A transformer is a passive component that
transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
circuit, or multiple circuits.

• Transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to

one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or
reducing (stepping down) the voltage.
Transformers
Shapes Of Transformer Core

• Please state the two shapes of Transformer Core

Types Transformer Core
• These are:

• the core types

• the shell types

• the toroidal types
• The Single - Phase Core Transformer The single - phase core type is an
arrangement of U - and I - shaped steel laminations. These are built
up to form a rectangular core with the windings wound around its
limbs.
• The Single--Phase Shell Transformer The single--phase shell type has a
laminated magnetic core which has a central limb supporting all the
windings and two outer limbs completing the flux path
• The Single-Phase Toroidal Transformer The single--phase toroidal type
has a ring - shaped core, often formed by helically wound steel strip,
resin - bonded to form a rigid structure. The whole ring surface is
wound by the primary winding and secondary winding with the low -
voltage winding nearer to the core.
Application of Transformers
• Transformers are applied in the wide field of electricity and
electronics. For this reason transformers have been designed to
operate at voltages of 10,000 V and more, and also such types which
operate at very small voltages, e.g. 2.4 V
Application in aircraft
• What is the voltage of aircraft?
2. Transformer Characteristics
• The input and output power has the same frequency
• All transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction
• The primary and secondary coil are not connected. The power
transfer is through the magnetic flux.
• The loss in a transformer is much smaller compared to other
devices
Turns Ratio
• In theoretical contemplation the voltage induced in the secondary
winding of a transformer is proportional to the number of turns of the
secondary winding in relation to the number of turns in the primary
winding.
• In the transfer of electrical power across an ideal transformer, the power
absorbed by the primary winding is equal to the power delivered by the
secondary winding.
Hence:
Pp = Ps
• Pp = primary power Ps = secondary power.
• Thus, the power on either side of the transformer is equal to the volt--
amperes, or:
Pp = Up ∙ Ip and Ps = Us ∙ Is

Up ∙ Ip = Us ∙ Is
• As the ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage is equal to the
turns ratio the ratio of current in the primary winding to current in the
secondary winding is equal to
Losses and Efficiency

• What are the losses in Transformers?

Losses occur because of

• hysteresis loss
• Core saturation
• eddy currents
• copper loss.
Hysteresis Losses

• Hysteresis losses are very much smaller than Eddy Current losses and
are caused by the additional Power required to reverse the Magnetic
Field within the Hysteresis Loop. The greater the Frequency of the AC
applied to the Transformer the greater the Hysteresis losses.
Eddy Current Loss
• The Eddy Current Field opposes the Induced Magnetic Flux which then
requires more Power to maintain the Transformers required level. In
doing so it generates more heat.
More heat means more resistance.

To overcome most of the Eddy Current effect most Transformers use

laminated Iron Cores. As the cross section of each lamination is very small
Eddy Currents cannot build up. Also between each lamination is insulated
with a very thin layer of Varnish, Silicon Steel or Iron Oxide.
Eddy current
• Every transformer has a certain power loss.
• Due to this fact, the amount of power applied to the primary of the
transformer must be greater than the power which is necessary at the
secondary.
• Thus, the efficiency of a transformer is always less than 100 % but
greater than 95 %. The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of
output power to input power:
• Example: A transformer has an input power of Pp = 110 W and an
output power of Ps = 105 W.

• η = Ps Pp ⋅ 100 %
• = 105 W x 100%
• 110 W
• η = 95.45 %
 Winding Connections
• Conventional transformers are double--wound, the primary and one or
more secondaries are separated with no electrical connection between
them.

• To enable the primary to be connected to a number of different mains

supply voltages, or to allow some variation in the secondary terminal
voltage, usually either tapped connections to the main windings are
provided or there are separate tapping coils which may be connected so
that the voltage across a particular winding can be increased or
decreased.
• a) the primary winding is tapped so that it can accept mains supply
voltages of 240 V, 220 V, 120 V and 110 V.
• In detail b) the secondary has tapping points, so when operating with
a fixed mains supply, the transformer can provide an output of 10 V,
15 V or 20 V.
• In detail c) the primary consists of two separate coils which may be
connected in series for 240 V supply or in parallel for 120 V supply.
• In detail d), both the primary and secondary have two separate coils,
giving a choice of mains supply voltage and of secondary output voltage.
In the example presented, the transformer can accept 240 V or 120 V
mains supply and can provide an output of 20 V at 1 A or 10 V at 2 A
As you will see there are three (3) examples: Figure below shows :-

• Equal Ratio – when both the Primary (P) and Secondary (S) Coils have
the same Turns (N); Np and Ns are the same = 1:1 Ratio

• Step Down Ratio – when the Secondary (S) Coil has less Turns (N) than
the Primary Coil: Ns less than Np = 5:1

• Step Up Ratio - when the Secondary (S) Coil has more Turns (N) than the
Primary Coil: Ns more than Np = 1:5
You will see that the Transformer shown in Figure has
• One (1) Primary Coil with 1200 Turns 
• Three (3) Secondary Coils (Ns 1= 100 Turns), (Ns 2=200 Turns) and
(Ns3 = 300 Turns) making a Total of Ns=600 Turns.

• Based on the Turns Ratio formula:

• Therefore to find the Voltage for each of the Secondary Coils use the
following formula to find out the Turns per Volt of the Primary Coil.

• Therefore the Secondary Coils = (Ns 1=100 Turns / 5 =20 Volts), (Ns 2 =200
Turns / 5 = 40 Volts) and (Ns 3=300 Turns/5=60 Volts) which totals 120 Volts
which is correct using the Ratio 2:1 Step Down (240 Volts / 2 = 120 Volts).
Thank You