TRANSFORMATOR

HARTONO BS
 Basic Transformer
• Transformers are capable of either increasing
or decreasing the voltage and current levels of
their supply, without modifying its frequency,
or the amount of Electrical Power being
transferred from one winding to another via
the magnetic circuit.
• A transformer operates on the principals of
“electromagnetic induction”, in the form
of Mutual Induction.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
 Single Phase Voltage Transformer
• A single phase voltage transformer basically
consists of two electrical coils of wire, one
called the “Primary Winding” and another
called the “Secondary Winding”.
 Transformer Construction
(single-phase)

Where:
• VP - is the Primary Voltage
• VS - is the Secondary Voltage
• NP - is the Number of Primary Windings
• NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings
• Φ (phi) - is the Flux Linkage
 A Transformers Turns Ratio
Example:
A voltage transformer has 1500 turns of wire on its primary coil and 500 turns of wire
for its secondary coil. What will be the turns ratio (TR) of the transformer.

If 240 volts rms is applied to the primary winding of the same transformer above,
what will be the resulting secondary no load voltage.
 Transformer EMF Equation

Where:
• ƒ - is the flux frequency in Hertz, = ω/2π
• Ν - is the number of coil windings.
• Φ - is the flux density in webers
 Transformer Basics Example
• A single phase transformer has 480 turns on the primary
winding and 90 turns on the secondary winding. The
maximum value of the magnetic flux density is 1.1T when
2200 volts, 50Hz is applied to the transformer primary
winding. Calculate:
a) The maximum flux in the core.
b) The cross-sectional area of the core.
c) The secondary induced emf.
a) The maximum flux in the core.

b) The cross-sectional area of the core.

c) The secondary induced emf.

Power and Efficiency in a Transformer
Transformer Construction of the Core
 Transformer Winding Arrangements
• If the secondary output voltage is less than that of the primary input
voltage the transformer is known as a “Step-down Transformer”. If the
secondary output voltage is greater then the primary input voltage it is
called a “Step-up Transformer”.
• Type of In core-type Winding Arrangements : concentric coil, sandwiched
coils and cylindrical coil/Helical Windings
• In core-type transformer construction, the windings are usually arranged
concentrically around the core limb with the higher voltage primary
winding being wound over the lower voltage secondary winding.
• Sandwiched or “pancake” coils consist of flat conductors wound in a spiral
form and are so named due to the arrangement of conductors into discs.
Sandwich coils and windings are more common with shell type core
construction.
• Helical Windings also known as screw windings are another very common
cylindrical coil arrangement used in low voltage high current transformer
applications.
Transformer Winding Arrangements
Transformer Construction using Dot
Orientation
 Transformer “No-load” Condition

• This no-load primary current is made up of the following two

components:
– An in-phase current, IE which supplies the core losses (eddy
current and hysteresis).
– A current, IM at 90o to the voltage which sets up the magnetic
flux.
 Transformer Loading Example
• A single phase transformer has an energy component, IE of 2 Amps and a
magnetising component, IM of 5 Amps. Calculate the no-load current, Io
and resulting power factor.
Transformer “On-load”

transformer ratio equation to find the

value of any unknown voltage, ( V )
current, ( I ) or number of turns, ( N )
as shown.
Transformer Loading Current Vector
 Transformer Loading Example
• A single phase transformer has 1000 turns on its primary winding and 200
turns on its secondary winding. The transformers “no-load” current taken
from the supply is 3 Amps at a power factor of 0.2 lagging. Calculate the
primary winding current, IP and its corresponding power factor, φ when
the secondary current supplying a transformer loading is 280 Amperes at
0.8 lagging.
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
(IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER)
 SERIES CONNECTION OF
MUTUALLY COUPLED COILS
AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER
The Current Transformer
 Current Transformer Example
A bar-type current transformer which has 1 turn on its primary and 160 turns on its
secondary is to be used with a standard range of ammeters that have an internal
resistance of 0.2Ω’s. The ammeter is required to give a full scale deflection when the
primary current is 800 Amps. Calculate the maximum secondary current and
secondary voltage across the ammeter.
Secondary Current:

Voltge across Ammeter:

assume our current transformer from above is connected to a 480 volt three-phase power
line. Therefore:
TAPPED TRANSFORMERS
MULTIPLE-LOAD TRANSFORMERS
 Dual Voltage and Center Tapped
Transformers
• Series Connected Secondary Transformer

• Parallel Connected Secondary Transformer.

• The Center-tap Transformer
Autotransformer
Saving of copper in an auto
transformer

Symbol for
Autotrasformer
 Autotransformer Example
An autotransformer is required to step-up a voltage from 220 volts to 250
volts. The total number of coil turns on the transformer main winding is 2000.
Determine the position of the primary tapping point, the primary and
secondary currents when the output is rated at 10KVA and the economy of
copper saved.
 Three Phase Transformers
• Three Phase Transformer Connections
Transformer Star and Delta
Configurations
Transformer Delta and Delta
Connections
Transformer Star and Star Connections
 Three-phase Transformer Line Voltage
and Current

Star-Delta Delta- Star

Turns Ratio Turns Ratio
 Three Phase Transformer Example
The primary winding of a delta-star
( Dy ) connected 50VA transformer is
supplied with a 100 volt, 50Hz three-
phase supply. If the transformer has
500 turns on the primary and 100 turns
on the secondary winding, calculate the
secondary side voltages and currents.
Given Data: transformer rating, 50VA,
supply voltage, 100v, primary turns
500, secondary turns, 100.