Transformer

Basic Idea
 A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one voltage
level to ac electric power at another volt age level through the action of a
magnetic field.

 A transformer is an electrical device that can transfer electrical power

from one circuit to another circuit through changing the magnitude
voltage and current and without changing the magnitude of power and
frequency.
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of
an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across a conductor in
a changing magnetic field.
 Faraday’s Law
The magnitude of the emf (voltage) induced in a circuit is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux that cuts across the circuit.

Mathematically:
𝑑∅
𝐸= 𝑁 volt
𝑑𝑡

Where
E= voltage
N= number of conductor in the circuit
𝑑∅
= rate of change of flux
𝑑𝑡
∅ = Magnetic flux
Constructional idea

• Transformer
Core
• Primary coil
• Secondary
coil
 Transformer Action
 Transformer action is based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction
 Transformer can works only on Ac supply
When AC sinusoidal voltage is applied across the primary
winding(coil):
 Primary current Ip flows through the primary coil
 Ip current produce a sinusoidal flux
 The sinusoidal flux complete its circuit through the entire core. i.e. the
sinusoidal flux or time varying flux or rate of change of flux is existing in
whole cross section of the core.
 According the Faraday’s law an emf(voltage) is induced in the secondary
winding(coil)
 If you connect a load across the secondary coil Is current flows from the
coil
Transformation Ratio
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝
 = = =𝑎
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝 𝑁𝑠
where
𝑎 is the turns ratio.
When a transformer increase voltage the level of voltage increment is denoted
by 𝑎 . That is a transformer increase or decrease the voltage 𝑎 times
simultaneously it decrease or increase the current 𝑎 times .
 Detail construction:
According to the core architecture it is two types:
a. Core type, b. shell type

Core type transformer shell type transformer

https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-core-type-and-shell-
type-transformer.html
 Some important points on construction
 High voltage winding has higher number of turns and low voltage winding
has lower number of turns.
 High voltage winding consists of thin wire(conductor) and low voltage
winding consists of thick wire (conductor).
 Resistance of High voltage winding is higher and the resistance of low
voltage winding is lower.
Some important points on construction

 In case of shell type transformer both the windings are

placed on the same limb and practically they are placed on
one another.
 Inner side winding is low voltage winding and outer side
Winding is high voltage winding
Classification of Transformer
According to construction:
a. core type transformer
b. Shell type transformer
According to voltage level
a. Step-up
b. Step-down
According to use
a. Unit transformer - A transformer connected to the output of a
generator and used to step its voltage up to transmission levels ( 110+ kV)
is sometimes called a unit transformer.
b. Distribution transformer - The transformer that takes the distribution
voltage and steps it down to the final voltage at which the power is actually used
(110, 208, 220 V, etc.) is called a distribution transformer.

c. Instrument transformer( CT and PT)

d. substation transformer :The transformer at the other end of the transmission
line, which steps the voltage down from transmission levels to distribution levels (from
2.3 to 34.5 kV), is called a substation transformer.