COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OUAT,

BHUBANESWAR

ASSIGNMENT ON: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

BENGAL GRAM IN WORLD, INDIA, AND ODISHA WITH
ECOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION

Course no- AG 123

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Dr. B. BEHERA SIR ARPITA ROUTRAY
PROF & HEAD ADM. NO-18121119
DEPT OF AGRONOMY 1ST Year B.Sc(hons)ag
Group-6, Sec-B
ABSTRACT:
Bengal gram is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world, especially in the
Afro-Asian countries. It is also one of the major pulse crops cultivated and consumed in India
and also known as Bengal gram. In India, chickpea accounts for about 45% of total pulses
production. Similar to the case of other pulses, India is the major chick pea producing country
and contributing for over 75% of total world chickpea production. The chickpea production in
the country has gone up from 3.65 to 9.53 million tones between 1950-51 and 2013-14,
registering a modest growth. During the period while the area has also gone up from 7.57 to 9.93
million ha, the yield has steadily increased from 482 kg/ha to 960. The present data were broadly
partitioned into seven decades in order to demonstrate the trend of chickepea production in more
convincing and simple manner. The compound growth rates of production and yield of chickpea
were found positive and negative for area. However growth in yield was estimated positive after
eighites. Overall there was positive growth rate of production and yield, and marginal negative
growth in area. The yield effect has a greater say in chickpea each decades separately except
ninties. The interaction of area and yield is not much. Overall the production is increased mainly
due to area effect.

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CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...4
2. WORLD DISTRIBUTION…………………………………………………………….5
3. INDIA DISTRIBUTION………………………………………………………………6
4. ODISHA DISTRIBUTION……………………………………………………………7
5. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………..10
6. REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………….11

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LIST OF FIGURES
1. BENGAL GRAM PLANT…………………………………………………...............1
2. BENGAL GRAM……………………………………………………………………..2
3. BENGAL GRAM DISTRIBUTION ON WORLD MAP…………………………….4
4. BENGAL GRAM PRODUCTION PIE CHART………………………………..........5
5. BENGAL GRAM DISTRIBUTION ON INDIA MAP……………………………....6
6. BENGAL GRAM PRODUCTION PIE CHART……………………………………..6
7. BENGAL GRAM DISTRIBUTION ODISHA MAP…………………………………7

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INTRODUCTION
Bengal gram is called Chickpea or Gram (Cicer aritinum L.) in South Asia and Garbanzo bean
in most of the developed world. Bengal gram is a major pulse crop in India, widely grown for
centuries and accounts for nearly 40 percent of the total pulse production. India is the major
growing country of the world, accounting for 61.65 percent of the total world area under
Bengal gram during 2002 and 68.13 percent of the total world production. Bengal gram is
widely appreciated as health food. It is a protein-rich supplement to cereal-based diets,
especially to the poor in developing countries, where people are vegetarians or cannot afford
animal protein. The pulse proteins are rich in lysine and have low sulfur containing amino
acids. It offers the most practical means of eradicating protein malnutrition among vegetarian
children and nursing mothers.
Bengal gram has a very important role in human diet in our country. The ancient wisdom of
the Indians about the value of pulses in human nutrition is perhaps, responsible to a extent for
the wide spread vegetarianism in our country.
The staple pulse component in combination with cereals in our diet (for example,dalroti and
and dal-chawal) eminates from this recognition, Modern nutritionists also substantiates that
this combination is superior to either pulse or cereal alone.

Our ancestors were also wise to the value of pulse crops in maintaining and improving the soil
fertility, not only by raising legumes for grain but also for green manuring.
During the last few decades, there has been a spurt in consumption of fertilisers as a result of
which, pulse production has been pushed aside. However, it is now considered for too costly
to apply desired levels of factory-produced fertilisers to non-leguminous crops.
In times to come, there will naturally be a greater dependence on nitrogen fixed by legumes
because of the declining availability of petrolium by-products which constitute the raw
materials for artificial fertilisers.
More and more countries especially in semi-arid tropics are now showing growing awareness
of the inevitability of resorting to exploitative farming practices based on legume-non-legume
companion cropping or sequential cropping.

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Data reveal that as much as 20 to 60kg N per hectare may be left by these legumes for the
subsequent crop, besides meeting their own requirements.
We, in this country, are fortunate in having some of these systems already under practice but
they need to be standardized and further improved.
Chickpea is generally grown on conserved moisture during the dry season of the year. Through
most of the Indian sub continent, desi types are grown as an autumn sown winter crop.

Local Names

Hindi - Chana
Assamee - Butmah
Bengali - Chola
Oriya - Bool
Telugu - Sanagalu
Tamil - Kadalai
Malayalam - Kadalai
Kannada - Kadale
Marathi - Harbara

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 Gujrati - Chana

Gram is the most important pulse crops grown in India, ranking fourth among the grain crops
in acreage and production.
It occupies over 10 million hectares yielding about 5.4 lakh tons of grain annually in India.
The main producing areas are the upper basins of the Ganges, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar and the adjoining tracts of Central India, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Gram is not an important pulse crop in South India. Total area of gram in South India is 2
lakhs hectares with a production of 94 thousand tons and thus the average yield is very low.

World distribution

India is the largest producer of Bengal gram in the world. During 2002, India contributed for
61.65 percent of the total area under gram and 68.13 percent of total world production. Major
Bengal gram producing countries were India followed by Turkey (7.56 percent), Pakistan
(4.64 percent), Iran (3.20 percent), Mexico (3.07 percent) and Ethiopia (2.25 percent). The
production of the World was about 7.8 million tones during the said period. Turkey, Mexico,
USA, Afghanistan and Iran produced Kabuli type, while India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Ethiopia, Spain and Australia produced largely Desi type. It has been observed that
the productivity of Bengal gram in India was 8721 kg per hectare as compared to the world
average of 7892 kg per hectare in the year 2002.

Soil Type

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The plant requires fertile soil with good drainage system. Any waterlogged conditions can severely
damage the crop. Chickpeas generally grow on heavy black or red soils and require a soil pH of
6.0 to 7.0. They prefer soil with good residual soil moisture content. Inoculating chickpeas with
rhizobium, when planting first time in virgin sandy soils or in heavier soils can increase yield by
10-62%. In Ethiopia, chickpea is best adapted to the areas having Vertisols.
Temperature
Chickpea is a self-pollinated crop and usually grown as a rain-fed cool-weather crop or as a dry
climate crop in semi-arid regions. The optimum daily temperature ranges from 18 to 29°C.
Occurance of frost and hailstones can severely damage the crop. Though sensitive to cold, some
cultivars can tolerate temperatures as low as -9.5°C in early stages. A relative humidity of 21-41%
is optimum for seed setting.

Rainfall
The plants grow well in areas with annual rainfall of between 600 - 1000 mm. However, chickpea
productivity under marginal rainfall conditions may be increased through genotype selection and
manipulation of planting density. Owing to its deep tap root, chickpea is fairly drought tolerant as

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it is able to extract moisture from deep layers of soil profile, but its productivity is reduced by the
recurrence of the terminal droughts.

INDIA DISTRIBUTION
In 2017-18, chickpea was cultivated in about 106 Lha. The country harvested a record production
of > 111 Lt at the ever highest productivity level of 1056 kg/ha. As usual, MP has contributed a
significant 34% of the total gram area and 41% of total gram production in the country, thereby
ranking first both in area and production. Maharashtra (18%) and Rajasthan (13%) were the next
in terms of area.More than 90 per cent of gram production of the country during the period under
reports been realized by 10 states of MP, MS, Rajasthan, Karnataka, UP, AP, Gujarat , Jharkhand,
CG and Telangana

Soil Type

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The plant requires fertile soil with good drainage system. Any waterlogged conditions can severely
damage the crop. Chickpeas generally grow on heavy black or red soils and require a soil pH of
6.0 to 7.0. They prefer soil with good residual soil moisture content. Inoculating chickpeas with
rhizobium, when planting first time in virgin sandy soils or in heavier soils can increase yield by
10-62%. In Ethiopia, chickpea is best adapted to the areas having Vertisols.

Temperature
Chickpea is a self-pollinated crop and usually grown as a rain-fed cool-weather crop or as a dry
climate crop in semi-arid regions. The optimum daily temperature ranges from 18 to 29°C.
Occurance of frost and hailstones can severely damage the crop. Though sensitive to cold, some
cultivars can tolerate temperatures as low as -9.5°C in early stages. A relative humidity of 21-41%
is optimum for seed setting.

Odisha distribution

Front line demonstrations on new production and protection technology conducted by research
and extension system of OUAT and the State Agriculture Department indicate a large yield gap
among potential, demonstrated and average yields of various pulse crops in the state (Table 6).
This indicates that there is vast scope for increasing the productivity of pulse crops in the state.
Hence, our extension system should be strengthened to expedite for achieve the higher
productivity.

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The requirement and production of pulses in the state indicate that there is a gap of about 2.75 lakh
tonnes between demand and supply as per projection of 2015-16. But the gap is felt more because
of consumption of more arhar dal instead of greengram and blackgram by the people. Assuming
the requirement of 50g of processed pulse per capita per day or 70g whole grain, the total
requirement of pulses per adult equivalent would be 26 kg/year. With a population of 444.92 lakh
and adult equivalent of 339.53 lakh (2015-16), the total requirement of pulses for consumption is
10.15 lakh
In Odisha, rice is cultivated on wide range of soils and lands. Kharif paddy coverage in the state
(medium and low land) is 30.74 lakh ha (15.8 +14.94 lakh ha) out of which rabi pulse area is 14.03
lakh ha, other crops after rice are grown in 4.51 lakh ha and rice fallow is 12.2 lakh ha. The climate
of the state is hot sub humid with hot summers and mild winters. The mean annual temperature of
the state is about 27.50 C. The mean winter (November-December-January) temperature of the
state is 21.8 0C. Mean maximum for these months is 29.10 C and mean minimum is 14.40 C. Mean
annual rainfall of the state is 1421 mm and is received in 63 days. Average winter rainfall
(November to January) is 40 mm (22+6+12), which is received in 2 rainy days. Rain in October is
about 124 mm received in 5 rainy days which is helpful for sowing rabi pulses under residual soil
moisture. Greengram, blackgram, cowpea, horsegram, pea and lentil are usually grown as rabi
pulses in the state. Their optimum temperature requirement (0C) is 25-30 C

Conclusions
Because of the high level of fluctuation in chickpea production (due to biotic and abiotic stress)
and price (in the absence of an effective government price support mechanism) farmers are not
very keen on taking up chickpea and other pulse crops cultivation despite the high whole sale
chickpea and other pulse price in recent years. Nevertheless, improvement in yields, albeit modest,
has contributed to higher chickpea production in recent years. Low yield in India compared to
other chickpea growing countries is attributed to poor spread of improved varieties and
technologies, abrupt climatic changes, vulnerability to pests and diseases, and generally declining
growth rate of total factor productivity. In order to give muck needed fillip to pulse production,
the government has included pulses in the NFSM has been significantly increasing MSP for
chickpea and most pulses. This has resulted in an above normal growth in chickpea production in
recent years.

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