Design Guidelines, Criteria & Standards

ENGINEERING
SURVEYS

ENGR. JOSHUA B. MONSANTO

CHIEF, HIGHWAY DESIGN SECTION
DPWH RO VII
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

ALTIMETER SEXTANT ALIDADE WITH

PLANE TABLE
measure the altitude measure angles,
of an object above a primarily altitude of for drawing lines of
fixed level. celestial bodies. sight on a distant
object and for
measuring angles
 ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

SURVEYOR’S SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR
LEVEL
TELESCOPE
measure and lay off
measure theLEVEL
SURVEYORS’ height of
observation of remote angles, and establish
distant points in
objects by collecting line of sight
relation to a bench
electromagnetic
mark.
radiation
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Old Survey Instruments

THEODOLITE ENGINEERS’ TRANSIT

ENGINEERS’both
measures TRANSIT
the
measures both the
horizontal and horizontal and
vertical angles vertical angles
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Common Survey Instruments Today
DIGITAL LEVEL GNSS RECEIVER TOTAL STATION

Measures horizontal Calculates a position Measures horizontal

distance and from a computed and vertical angles
vertical elevation ranges of all visible and its sloping
GNSS Satellites distance
 ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Advance Survey Instruments Today
TERRESTRIAL 3D SURVEY GRADE MOBILE LASER
LASER SCANNER MAPPING DRONE SCANNER

Collects a 3 Collects digital Collects a 3D data of

dimensional data of a photographs that can geometric samples
geometric samples generate point cloud while in motion
data
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Advance Survey Instruments Today
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING AIRBORNE
(LiDAR) CAMERA

Collects a 3D data of geometric Collects digital

samples while in motion photographs that can
generate point cloud data
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Hybrid Survey Equipment
TOTAL STATION AND MULTISTATION (SCANNER
GNSS EQUIPMENT AND TOTAL STATION)
SURVEY EQUIPMENT COMPARISON
Total Station GNSS Receiver
Indirect acquisition of 3D Direct acquisition of 3D
coordinates coordinates
Horizontal and vertical Horizontal accuracy is better
accuracies are comparable than the vertical accuracy
Accuracy depends on the Accuracy depends on
distance, angle and prism satellite availability,
atmospheric effect, satellite
geometry and multipath
More precise than GPS Less precise than total
station
Satellite independent Satellite dependent
Visibility dependent Visibility not needed
Day time date collection Day or night data collection
Source: Surveying with GPS, total station and terrestrial laser scanning: a comparative study by S.D.
Chekole, 2014
SURVEY EQUIPMENT COMPARISON
Laser Scanner Total Station
Dense information along Single measurement (angle
homogenous surface and distance) of a point
Day and night data collection Day time data collection
Vertical accuracy is better Both angles have comparable
than horizontal accuracy accuracy
Direct acquisition of 3D Indirect acquisition of 3D
coordinates coordinated
Accuracy depends on the Accuracy depends on the
angle and distance of the distance, angle and prism
façade
Heavier to transport Easy to transport
Source: Surveying with GPS, total station and terrestrial laser scanning: a comparative study by S.D.
Chekole, 2014
ENGINEERING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Hydrographic Survey Equipment
TOTAL STATION / GNSS
ECHO-SOUNDER EQUIPMENT
REFERENCE DATUM
Mean Sea Level

Philippine Reference System of 1992

PRS92 Datum origin is

located at Mataas na bundok,
Mogpog, Marinduque
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS) – PRS92
Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid of 1866
Projection Transverse Mercator, in zones of two degrees
net width
Point of origin Intersection of the equator and the central
meridian of each zone, with a northing of
0m and an easting of 500,000 m.
Scale factor at 0.99995
central meridian
Extents of zones
Zone Central Meridian Limits
I 117° E 116° 00’ to 118° 30’
II 119° E 117° 30’ to 120° 30’
III 121° E 119° 30’ to 122° 30’
IV 123° E 121° 30’ to 124° 30’
V 125° E 123° 30’ to 127° 00’
PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS

Requirements:

1. Must be in reference with PRS92 and Mean Sea

Level
2. Must be conducted by or under the supervision
of qualified professional pursuant to RA 8560,
otherwise known as the Philippine Geodetic
Engineering Act of 1998, as amended.
HORIZONTAL POSITIONING
Methodology

1. The nearest PRS92 stations can be researched

from the NAMRIA Website www.namria.gov.ph
2. Position determination by GNSS
a. Static Method
b. Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) Method
3. Traverse using Total Stations
ELEVATION MEASUREMENT
Methodology

1. Differential Leveling using Precise Level and/or

Digital Level
2. Trigonometric Leveling using Total Stations
3. Height from GNSS Survey Grade Receivers
SURVEY ACCURACIES
Horizontal Accuracy

DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy Standards

Accuracy Order Relative Precision Precision
(cm/km)
First Order 1:100,000 ±1
Second Order 1:50,000 ±2
Third Order 1:20,000 ±5
 SURVEY ACCURACIES
Traverse Accuracy

DPWH Accuracy Standards – Traverse

Accuracy First Second Third Order

Order Order
Azimuth
Closure
1.7”√N 3.0”√N 4.5”√N
not to
Exceed
Where N is he number of segments
 SURVEY ACCURACIES
Vertical Accuracy
DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards
(Minimum Requirements)
Accuracy Second Order Third Order
Differential Leveling
Check Between Fixed
8.4mm√K 12mm”√K
Elevations of Loop
Closures not to exceed..
Where K is the distance between benchmarks in kilometers
QUALITY CONTROL IN SURVEYS
The project control must be connected to at least three (3)
existing PRS92 stations for horizontal accuracy and two (2)
NAMRIA Benchmark for vertical accuracy.
 SURVEY MONUMENTS
1. Accessibility
2. Ground Stability
3. Security to disturbance or destruction

Square Cross Section

Control Station Length Exposed Embedment
Top Bottom
Primary GPS Control 40cm 45cm 100cm 20cm 80cm
Primary Project
30cm 35cm 100cm 20cm 80cm
Control
Intermediate Control 100cm
20cm 30cm 20cm 80cm
ALTERNATIVE STATE-OF-ART SURVEYING
AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• A primary technology for providing the necessary base
maps for engineering projects.
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR)
• A remote sensing method that uses light in the form of pulse
laser to measure ranges to the earth.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• A ground-based technique using a laser beam to
scan the surface – storing the position and
elevation of the surrounding object to measure
the position and dimension of object.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• A ground-based technique using a laser beam to
scan the surface – storing the position and
elevation of the surrounding object to measure
the position and dimension of object.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
The project composed of fifty five
(55) scan stations staggered in
every directions to get every little
details necessary for the project.
It was set to medium resolution to
take point cloud data at an
approximate spacing of 20 mm.
Point clouds was referenced from
a NAMRIA Control Points inside
the University of the Philippines
using the GS15 GNSS Receiver.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Scan world point clouds spaced from
to 10 to 100 mm depending on
resolution and sight angle from the
instrument to the surface. Thus,
smaller spacing of points indicates
better accuracy on volume
calculation, horizontal and vertical
design of the proposed structure.

Attached views are the Triangular

Irregular Network (TIN) surface of
the project containing typical dense
spacing of points in the cloud as
uploaded in Civil3D.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Scan world point clouds spaced from
to 10 to 100 mm depending on
resolution and sight angle from the
instrument to the surface. Thus,
smaller spacing of points indicates
better accuracy on volume
calculation, horizontal and vertical
design of the proposed structure.

Attached views are the Triangular

Irregular Network (TIN) surface of
the project containing typical dense
spacing of points in the cloud as
uploaded in Civil3D.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Electrical wiring connections and electrical posts can detailed in
the drawing. Together with the Truview, the designer can also
verify the type, location and size of materials and its exposed
height. Attached view is a Electrical Layout Plan of C5 Katipunan
Ave and C.P. Garcia Intersection and Truview of Station 5. Truview of CP Garcia

Electrical Plan
Electrical Plan
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
• Sample Project: C5 Katipunan – CP Garcia Intersection
Project Details
Irregular shapes of structures are drawn in the plan
accurately and reviewing this details can easily be done
using Truview without visiting the site.

Attached is the Horizontal and Vertical Plan (existing)

of the project and the Truview of Scan Station 2.
BATHYMETRIC LIDAR
• A method used to determine water depth by measuring the time delay
between the transmission of a laser light pulse and its return signal.
INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE
(IFSAR)
• Involves coherently combining radar measurements made by two or
more antennas displaced by a relatively small distance.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)
• Provides aerial photography for engineering surveys covering small
areas (100 to 2000 hectares) and have the advantage of rapid, low
cost and accurate mapping.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
• A computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
manage, and present all types of geographic data.
SIMULTANEOUS USE OF EQUIPMENT

GNSS EQUIPMENT UNMANNED AERIAL

SYSTEM

3D LASER SCANNER
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Steps in Highway Surveying
MAP REVIEW, GROUND EXAMINATION, STEREOSCOPIC
RECONNAIS-
EXAMINATION OF AERIAL PHOTOS, OCULAR INSPECTION
SANCE AND OTHER AVAILABLE DATA.
NARROWING DOWN CHOICES TO ONE OR TWO BEST ROUTE
ROUTE CONSIDERING RROW, LAND USE, LENGTH, ALIGNMENT AND
SELECTION GRADE, WATERWAY CROSSINGS, CONSTRUCTION COST AND
USER BENEFIT RATIO

PRELIMINARY
AERIAL SURVEY AND MAPPING, GROUND SURVEY
SURVEY

OFFICE
BEST LINE IS PLOTTED ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
PLANNING

FINAL CENTERLINE STAKEOUT, PROFILE AND CROSS-SECTION,

LOCATION SURVEY DRAINAGE SURVEY, ROW-SURVEY, PARCELLARY
SURVEY SURVEY, AS-STAKED SURVEY AND AS-BUILT SURVEY
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures

1. Reconnaissance
 A rapid and critical general examination of the terrain
through which the road is to pass for the purpose of
identifying all possible routes worthy for further
examination and eliminating all but the best option.
 Can be aided by available maps, aerial inspection and
photographs and site inspection.
 Alternative method includes Digital Photogrammetry,
LiDAR, IFSAR and UAV
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures

2. Route Selection
 Narrow down the choice of route to one or two best locations
within the general route
 A cost-benefit ratio shall be established for each route
 The selection may be concluded until field verification is made.
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Procedures
3. Preliminary Survey
a. Aerial Surveying and Mapping
b. Ground Survey
4. Office Planning
5. Final Location Survey
a. Centerline Stakeout
b. Profile and Cross-section
c. Surface Drainage Survey
d. Right-of-Way Survey
e. Parcellary Survey
f. As-Staked Survey
g. As-built Survey
 SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Requirements

Maximum cross-section / Profile Interval (meters)*

General
Terrain Detailed
Master Plan / Pre-
Type Feasibility Study Engineering
Feasibility Study
Design
Flat 500 200 20
Rolling 200 100 20
Mountainous 100 50 20
*In addition, cross-section and profile should be taken at points where
abrupt changes in terrain slope occur
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output

1. Field Notes in a hardcopy signed by Geodetic Engineer.

2. DEM data x, y, z coordinates in file formats such as LAS or
ASCII text file format
3. Images, if any, in file formats such as GeoTIFF
4. Hardcopy and digital files of the survey plans, drawings and
reports
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output - PLANS

1. Preliminary Survey Plans

2. Final Survey Plans
3. Parcellary/Right-of-Way Plans
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Survey Output - REPORT

1. Identification and History of Survey

2. Traffic
3. Topography, Existing Land Use and Utilities
4. Proposed Alignments and Grades
5. Drainage
6. Construction Materials
7. Right-of-Way
8. Special Considerations
9. Computations and Supporting Documents
SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Topographic and Survey Plan Checklist
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Requirements

Topographic Survey Hydrographic Survey

SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
1. Reconnaissance

BRIDGE SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

a. Narrowest neck of the waterway
b. Well-defined, highly resistant banks
c. Stable and permanent channel
d. Foundation and geological considerations
e. Destructive effects of scour erosion or drift
f. Sharp curve at the approaches
g. Skewed crossing
h. Ascending grade
i. Connection to the preliminary centerline of road
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
2. Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys

a. Establish the horizontal and vertical controls

b. Set at least two transit points on each bank of the river.
c. Profile along the centerline of the bridge shall be extended at
least 100 meters beyond the likely end of the bridge.
d. Topographic and river surveys shall be extended a distance 5
times the width of the stream channel or at least 100 to 200
meters upstream and downstream from the centerline of the
bridge.
e. Floodwater marks shall be included in the survey
f. Information of debris and channel stability shall be collected
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
3. Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys
a. If the proposed bridge is for the separation of highway grades, the
area to be mapped must be large enough to include such
interchange ramps as maybe required. The profile and cross-section
shall be taken to a sufficient distance to include any revision than
maybe made.
b. For existing bridge structure, the following information shall be
recorded:
• Number of spans and length of each span
• Width, type and condition of existing roadway and number of
structures
• Size, location, type, condition, and invert elevation of inlet and
outlet ends of the structure
• Type and foundation conditions
SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Procedures
SURVEY FOR WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Hydrographic survey collects information on the channels and drainage
infrastructure in order to understand the hydraulic behavior of the
proposed structure while topographic survey focuses on land based
information or areas surrounding the drainage structure.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Hydrographic / Bridge Survey Plan and Report Checklist
 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING AND PROJECTS
Concept Development Phase
Implementation Plan / Detailed Design
Master Plan Feasibility Study
Topographic Survey
Map Scale N/A. Primarily based on 1:500 or 1:10 00 or 1:100 to 1:500 or better. Scale depend on the
best available information, better size of the river. Note that electronic files can be
such as topographic maps provided as an alternative to hard copy plans.
or LiDAR, if available in In this case, scales are not essential.
the area.
Coverage All areas identified All areas for the design works should be
for potential works covered, plus a buffer of 20m
Width The width of the survey should extend at least 50m beyond the
proposed works
Scale Horizontal 1:500 to Horizontal 1:100 to 1:500; Vertical 1:10 to
1:2000 1:100; Scale depends on size of the study area.
Vertical 1:10 to Vertical scale is dependent on topographic
1:100 conditions.Note that electronic files can be
provided as an alternative to hard copy plans.
In this case, scales are not essential.
 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING AND PROJECTS
Concept Development Phase Implementation Plan / Detailed
Master Plan Feasibility Study Design
Hydrographic Survey
Cross Section Highly dependent on 20m to 50m Within 50m of the proposed works, a
Spacing for Channels the scale of the minimum spacing of 20m for straight
/ Rivers assessment being sections, 10m at minor channel bends 5
undertaken to 10m at sharp bends.
Cross sections should be located so as to
identify key hydraulic controls. These
might include constrictions in the
channel, key storage areas, etc.
Interval for Channels Sufficient information Generally every 2 to 5m. Key information such as top of bank,
to define the flow bottom if bank, low flow channels, etc. to be identified.
behavior
Width of Cross The width of the survey should extend to the limit of the
Sections easement as a minimum.
 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING AND PROJECTS
Concept Development Phase Implementation Plan / Detailed
Master Plan Feasibility Study Design
Hydrographic Survey
Drainage Structure A cross section immediately upstream and downstream of
(such as Bridges, drainage structures, within a minimum distance of 500m
culverts, weirs, etc.) upstream or downstream of the proposed works along a channel.
Cross section to extend to the width of the structure.
Details to be collected include: Opening area of any structure,
Width of piers, Details of abutments, Elevation of obvert of the
structure , Elevation of the crest level of the structure (e.g. road
level for a bridge crossing), and a cross section of any road
overpass for a bridge, where it is expected that overtopping of
the road will occur
Longitudinal Profile Profile if river Profile developed from cross sections (centerline profile). Should
developed from cross indicate location of cross sections and key structure (e.g. bridges)
sections and along the profile Should include profile along deepest riverbed.
topographic map The left and right banks shall be noted
 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGE AND
WATER ENGINEERING AND PROJECTS
Concept Development Phase Implementation Plan / Detailed
Master Plan Feasibility Study Design
Hydrographic Survey
Sub-Surface Information may be Ground survey and invert levels at manholes and inlets. This
Infrastructure available from should include curb and gutter information.
existing sources. Size of inlets, including details on openings and any grates;
Additional survey may Sizes of conduits and storm drains (such as diameter, height and
be required deeding width, etc.).
on the scope. Extent of survey to include full area of hydraulic analysis required,
but not less than 50m from the proposed works.
Additional It is important to ensure that adequate survey is collected to
Information Required define expected areas of inundation. Note that following hydraulic
at Cross Sections analysis may be required to collect additional survey if not all
areas are identified.
SURVEY FOR BUILDING PROJECTS
Survey requirements for buildings are
limited to preparation of lot plans and
topographic survey plans. Lot plans are
used to establish the estimated space
requirements topographic surveys are
used to determine the volume of
excavation and structures affected. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

LOT PLANS
THANK YOU