DPWH DGCS Volume 2B Engineering Surveys

Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Volume 2B – Engineering Surveys
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... VI
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................................... VIII
1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ....................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION ......................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 GOVERNING LAWS, CODES AND DEPARTMENT ORDERS .............................................................................. 1-1
2 COMMON SURVEY AND MAPPING REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 2-1
2.1 REFERENCE DATUM ................................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Horizontal Datum........................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Vertical Datum ............................................................................................................................ 2-5
2.2 COORDINATE SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.2.1 PPCS-PRS92 ................................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.2.2 Conversion Equations .................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.3 METHODOLOGIES .................................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.3.1 Project Control Survey................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.3.2 Elevation Measurement ............................................................................................................ 2-13
2.4 PROJECT CONTROL SURVEY ACCURACIES ................................................................................................. 2-15
2.5 CALIBRATION OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................................. 2-15
2.5.1 GNSS Receivers and Electronic Total Stations.......................................................................... 2-16
2.5.2 Levelling Instruments ................................................................................................................ 2-16
2.6 QUALITY CONTROL IN SURVEYS .............................................................................................................. 2-16
2.6.1 Horizontal Control Network ..................................................................................................... 2-16
2.6.2 Vertical Control Network .......................................................................................................... 2-16
2.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control..................................................................................... 2-17
2.7 SURVEY MONUMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 2-17
2.7.1 Criteria for Location of Monuments ......................................................................................... 2-17
2.7.2 Fabrication and Marking of Monuments .................................................................................. 2-18
2.8 SURVEY RECORDS ................................................................................................................................. 2-19
2.9 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN SURVEYING ................................................................................................... 2-19
2.10 ALTERNATIVE STATE-OF-THE-ART SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES .......................................... 2-19
2.10.1 Digital Photogrammetry ........................................................................................................... 2-19
2.10.2 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) ...................................................................................... 2-20
2.10.3 Terrestrial Laser Scanner ......................................................................................................... 2-21
2.10.4 Bathymetric LiDAR. ................................................................................................................... 2-23
2.10.5 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) ................................................................. 2-23
2.10.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). .............................................................................................. 2-24
2.10.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) .................................................................................... 2-25
3 SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS ................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Pre-Feasibility Studies ................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Feasibility Studies ........................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.3 Detailed Engineering Design ....................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 FIELD INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2.1 Proposed Sites for Stream Crossings ........................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.2 Road Alignment ........................................................................................................................... 3-2
Horizontal Alignment .................................................................................................................................. 3-2
Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.3 Existing Utility Services ............................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.4 Soil Investigation ......................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.3 SURVEY PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................. 3-3
3.3.1 Reconnaissance............................................................................................................................ 3-3
3.3.2 Route Selection ............................................................................................................................ 3-3
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3.3.3 Preliminary Survey ...................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3.4 Office Planning ............................................................................................................................ 3-7
3.3.5 Final Location Survey ................................................................................................................ 3-10
3.4 SURVEY OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................. 3-17
3.4.1 Preliminary Survey Plans .......................................................................................................... 3-17
3.4.2 Final Survey Plans ..................................................................................................................... 3-18
3.4.3 Parcellary/Right-of-Way Plans ................................................................................................. 3-19
3.4.4 Survey Report ............................................................................................................................ 3-20
4 SURVEY FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS ....................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.1 Reconnaissance............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2.2 Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys .................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.3 Final Location of Bridge Site ....................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3 SURVEY OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.1 Topographic/ Hydrographic Survey (Bridge Site) Plan............................................................. 4-6
4.3.2 Profile and Cross-sections ........................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.3 Survey Report .............................................................................................................................. 4-7
5 SURVEYS FOR WATER ENGINEERING PROJECTS ............................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Scoping Survey............................................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.2 Types of Survey ............................................................................................................................ 5-2
5.1.3 Drainage Survey Requirements .................................................................................................. 5-2
5.2.1 Project Controls ........................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.2.2 Topographic Survey .................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.2.3 River/Hydrographic Survey ........................................................................................................ 5-6
5.2.4 Profiles and Cross-sections .......................................................................................................... 5-7
5.3 OTHER DATA .......................................................................................................................................... 5-7
5.3.1 Safety and Access ......................................................................................................................... 5-7
5.3.2 Land-use Mapping ....................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.3.3 Aerial Photos ............................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.4 SURVEY OUTPUTS.................................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.4.1 Maps and Plans ............................................................................................................................ 5-8
5.4.2 Survey Report .............................................................................................................................. 5-8
6 SURVEY FOR BUILDING PROJECTS.................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS. ......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 Establishment of Controls ........................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Topographic Survey .................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.3 Hydrographic Survey ................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.3 SURVEY OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.3.1 Maps and Plans ............................................................................................................................ 6-2
6.3.2 Topographic/Hydrographic Map ............................................................................................... 6-2
6.3.3 Survey Report .............................................................................................................................. 6-2
7 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................ 7-1
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Volumes
Volume 1 Introduction and Overview
Volume 2A GeoHazard Assessment
Volume 2B Engineering Surveys
Volume 2C Geological and Geotechnical Investigations
Volume 3 Water Engineering Projects
Volume 4 Highway Design
Volume 5 Bridge Design
Volume 6 Public Buildings and Other Related Structures
Annexes
Annex A Procedure for Establishing a Tidal Bench Mark
Annex B Overview for GPS Positioning
Annex C Procedure for Checking the Collimation Error of a Level
Annex D Project Quality Assurance Checklist
Annex E Project Quality Control Checklist Sample.
Annex F Engineering Survey Report QA Checklist
Annex G Standard Map Symbols for Engineering Surveys
Annex H Sample Topographic Survey Plan (Roads)
Annex I Sample Bridge Site Survey Plan
Annex J Sample Parcellary Survey Plan
Annex K Sample Road Right-of-Way Improvement Plan
Annex L Sample Bathymetric Survey Plan
iii
Tables and Figures

Table 2-1 PRS92 Datum compared with Luzon Datum 1911 .............................................................................2-4
Table 2-2 Original PRS92 Accuracy Standards (1992) ..........................................................................................2-4
Table 2-3 Upgraded PRS92 Accuracy Standards (2013).......................................................................................2-4
Table 2-4 Number of PRS92 Stations (1992 and 2015) ........................................................................................2-5
Table 2-5 Revised DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy Standards ...................................................................2-5
Table 2-6 DPWH Accuracy Standards - Traverse .....................................................................................................2-5
Table 2-7 DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards - Leveling .....................................................................2-5
Table 2-8 Characteristics of PPCS–PRS92....................................................................................................................2-6
Table 2-9 Advantages and Limitations of GNSS Technology ...............................................................................2-9
Table 2-10 Coordinate Transformation Parameters (WGS84-PRS92) ........................................................... 2-12
Table 2-11 Dimensions of Monuments ......................................................................................................................... 2-18
Table 2-12 Interval of Monuments ................................................................................................................................. 2-19
Table 3-1 Recommended Maximum Profile Points and Cross-Section Intervals for Different Design
Phases......................................................................................................................................................................3-1
Table 5-1 Types of Survey and Application to Flood Control and Drainage ................................................5-2
Table 5-2 Flood Control & Drainage Survey Requirements.................................................................................5-3
Figure 2-1 Location of PRS92 Datum Origin.................................................................................................................2-2

Figure 2-2 Marker at PRS92 datum origin: Balanacan in Mogpog, Marinduque ..........................................2-2
Figure 2-3 Relationship between the Ellipsoid and the Geoid .............................................................................2-3
Figure 2-4 Relationship between the Ellipsoid and the Geoid: where H is the elevation above the
geoid, h is the elevation above the ellipsoid, and N is the geoid-ellipsoid separation. .......2-3
Figure 2-5 PTM Zone Assignments of Provinces According to the DENR Memorandum Circular No.
2010-13: Manual on Land Survey Procedures.....................................................................................2-7
Figure 2-6 Multipath Error caused by Signal Interference ................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-7 GPS Elevation Mask Angle ≥ 15° from the Plane of the Horizon ................................................ 2-10
Figure 2-8 Resection Computation to Determine GPS receiver position from Four Satellites ........... 2-11
Figure 2-9 Geocentric Datum: The Origin of the Ellipsoid Coincides with the Centre of the Mass of the
Earth ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2-10 Geometry of 7-parameter three-dimensional transformation ................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-11 Comparison of Accuracies of a Digital Level and a Precise Level .............................................. 2-14
Figure 2-12 Conventional Levelling Elevations are referred to the Geoid; GPS heights are Referred to
the Ellipsoid ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-13 Inscriptions on Monuments ....................................................................................................................... 2-18
Figure 2-14 LiDAR Output - Digital Terrain Model (DTM) .................................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-15 Mobile LiDAR 3D Highway Image ............................................................................................................ 2-21
Figure 2-16 Photograph and Point Clouds of a Highway ........................................................................................ 2-22
Figure 2-17 Photograph and Scanned Point Clouds of a Roadside Slope........................................................ 2-22
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Figure 2-18 Dimensions Measured from Point Cloud Data. .................................................................................. 2-22
Figure 2-19 Bathymetric LiDAR Output – Seamless Coastal Zone DTM .......................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-20 IFSAR Output: High-Resolution IFSAR X-band Bare Earth DEM................................................ 2-24
Figure 2-21 UAV Output – Orthophoto Map Showing a Road across a Mine Site ........................................ 2-24
Figure 3-1 Comparison between Chord Definition and Arc Definition for Degree of Curve...................3-8
Figure 3-2 Illustrating How Length of Chord Used in Staking Affects Total Length of Curve When
Chord Definition is Used .................................................................................................................................3-8
Figure 3-3 Showing Method of Staking Arc Definition Curve By Diminished Chords................................3-9
Figure 3-4 Simple Curve Formulas and Nomenclature ...........................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-5 Parts of Spiraled Circular Curve ............................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 4-1 Limits of Profile and Cross Sections for a New Bridge ......................................................................4-4
Figure 4-2 Limits of Profile and Cross Sections for an Existing Bridge ............................................................4-5
Figure 5-1 Typical Cross Section Survey Scoping Plan Prepared for Survey Brief .....................................5-4
Figure 5-2 Typical Cross Section Details Surveyed ...................................................................................................5-4
Figure 5-3 Typical Longitudinal Profile Survey ..........................................................................................................5-5
Figure 5-4 Typical Details for Bridge Hydraulic Survey ..........................................................................................5-5
Figure 5-5 Example Survey Details Collected for Culvert .......................................................................................5-6
Figure 5-6 Natural River and Stream Patterns ............................................................................................................5-9
v
Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
3D Three-Dimensional
AO Administrative Order
ALS Airborne Laser Scanner
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BBM Barangay Boundary Monument
BIN Binary File Format Used for Storing Terrain or Elevation Data
BLLM Bureau of Lands Location Monument
BM Benchmark; Vertical Control Monument
CAD Computer-Aided Design
CADT Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title
CALT Certificates of Ancestral Land Title
CLOA Certificate of Land Ownership Awards
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DEO District Engineering Office
DGCS Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards
DND Department of National Defense
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
DWG Drawing File Format Native in Computer-Aided Design Software
EDM Electronic Distance Measurement
EO Executive Order
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
FCSEC Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Centre
GeoTIFF Geostationary Earth Orbit Tagged Image File Format
GEP Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines
GIS Geographic Information System
GLONASS Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema / Global Navigation Satellite System (Russian)
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (Generic)
GPS Global Positioning System ; Horizontal Control Monument established using Global Positioning System
IBM Intermediate Benchmark
IFSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
IHO International Hydrographic Office
IROW Infrastructure Right-of-Way
LAS Laser File Format for Storing Point Clouds
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
LMB Land Management Bureau
LMS Land Management Services
LRA Land Registration Authority
MSL Mean Sea Level
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
vi
Acronym Definition
NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRMDP Natural Resources Management and Development Project
OCT Original Certificate of Title
Pagenet Philippine Active Geodetic Network
PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PC Point of Curve (Beginning of Curve)
PD Presidential Decree
PI Point of Intersection
POT Points of Tangency, either PC or PT
PPCS Philippine Plane Coordinate System
PT Point of Tangent (End of Curve)
PTM Philippine Transverse Mercator
PTS Points file format for storing geospatial vector data
PRC Professional Regulation Commission
PRS92 Philippine Reference System of 1992
ppm parts per million
PTM Philippine Transverse Mercator
PTR Professional Tax Receipt
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
RO Regional Office
SHP Shape File Format for Storing Geospatial Vector Data
TCT Transfer Certificate of Title
TLS Terrestrial Laser Scanner
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
WGS84 World Geodetic System of 1984
vii
Glossary
Acronym Definition
Aerial Photogrammetry A method of surveying involving the measurement and interpretation of features directly from aerial
photographs.
Aerial Photograph Any photograph taken from an airborne vehicle (aircraft, drones, balloons, satellites, and so forth).
Aerial Survey A method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons
or other aerial methods.
As-Built Plan A scaled drawing that shows a project and infrastructure components after completion of
construction
Base Map Map on which information may be placed for purposes of comparison or geographical correlation.
Bathymetry The art or science of determining ocean depths
Benchmark Point whose elevation relative to a given datum is known; used as a point of reference in
determining other elevations.
Bore Hole A hole drilled in the ground to obtain samples for subsoil investigation.
Breakline A line in a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) that represents a distinct interruption in the slope of
a surface, such as a ridge, road, or stream. No triangle in a TIN may cross a breakline (in other
words, breaklines are enforced as triangle edges). Z-values along a breakline can be constant or
variable.
Cadastral Map A map diagram showing land subdivision, including individual land parcel-lots.
Catchment Area The area from which a lake, stream or waterway receives surface water which originates as
(alias Catchment Basin, precipitation.
Watershed, Drainage
Area, Drainage Basin,
River Basin)
Collimation Error The angle between the line of collimation (line of sight) of a telescope and its collimation axis.
Contour A line or surface at all points with equal elevation on the ground.
(alias Contour Line)
Control Diagram A diagram showing coordinate locations for all searched for, found, and survey monuments.
Control Network A set of reference-points of known geospatial coordinates for use in surveys.
Control Surveying The determination of the precise position of a number of stations which are distributed over a large
area.
Cross Section View generated by slicing an object at an angle perpendicular to its longer axis.
(alias Cross Section Plan)
Datum Agreed standard point of stated elevation denoted by a permanent bench mark on solid immovable
structure, from which elevations are measured or to which they are referred.
Digital Elevation Model The representation of continuous elevation values over a topographic surface by a regular array of
z-values, referenced to a common datum. Models are typically used to represent terrain relief.
Digital Photogrammetry The art of using computers to obtain the measurements of objects in a photograph. It typically
(alias Photogrammetry) involves analyzing one or more existing photographs or videos with photogrammetric software to
determine spatial relationships.
Digital Terrain Model A topographic model of the bare earth –terrain relief - that can be manipulated by computer
programs. The data files contain the spatial elevation data of the terrain in a digital format which
usually presented as a rectangular grid.
Dilution of Precision An indicator of satellite geometry for a constellation of satellites used to determine a position.
Echo Sounding A method of measuring the depth of water by determining the time required for sound waves to
travel from a point near the surface of the water to the bottom and back.
Ellipsoid A smooth mathematical surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It provides a
relatively simple representation of the earth’s shape convenient for locating horizontal coordinates
of point locations on the surface of the earth.
Field Book A book in which a surveyor or other technician or scientist writes down measurements and other
technical notes taken in the field.
First-order Station Station with an accuracy of less than 10 parts per million (1 cm per Km).
viii
Fourth-order Station Station with an accuracy of less than 100 parts per million (10 cm per Km)
Geocentric Datum A horizontal geodetic datum based on an ellipsoid that has its origin at the earth's center of mass.
Geodetic Datum A datum that is the basis for calculating positions on the earth's surface or heights above or below
the earth's surface.
Geographic Coordinates A measurement of a location on the earth's surface expressed in degrees of latitude and longitude.
Geographical Information An integrated collection of computer software and data used to view and manage information
System about geographic places, analyze spatial relationships, and model spatial processes.
Geoid An equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which closely approximates mean sea level and
is by definition perpendicular to the direction of the gravity vector at all points.
Global Positioning Determination of a position (Latitude, Longitude and Height) directly, without the need to measure
System Survey angles and distances between intermediate points.
Grid Coordinate Defined as a grid which locates a point by its distance from the intersection of two straight lines.
Ground Control A system of points with known positions, elevations, or both, used as fixed references in
georeferencing map features, aerial photographs, or remotely sensed images.
Horizontal Alignment The position or the layout of the highway on the ground which includes straight and curved paths.
Horizontal Control A series of baselines or base stations in which the position of the survey for locating map detail are
originated and closed.
Hydrographic Survey Surveying any body of water and their marginal areas.
Land-use Map Maps that reflect the land resources and types of land use in the national economy.
Light Detection and A remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and
Ranging (LiDAR) analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be an acronym of Light Detection And
Ranging, the term lidar was actually created as a portmanteau of "light" and "radar".
Longitudinal Section View generated by slicing an object at an angle parallel to its longer axis
Matchline A line on a design drawing that projects a location or distance from one portion of the drawing to
another portion of the drawing.
Mean Sea Level The average height of the sea for all stages of the tide. Mean sea level is obtained by averaging
observed hourly heights of the sea on the open coast or in adjacent waters having free access to
the sea, the average being taken over a considerable period of time.
Ordinary Water Level The height of water in the river under normal condition.
Orthophoto Map An image that has had all distortions due to camera obliquity, terrain, relief and features removed.
Parcel A quantity of land identified for taxation purposes.
Parcellary Survey A survey to determine and establish the legal boundary of real properties.
Parcellary Survey Plan A drawing that shows the area and dimensions of a property, and provides the observations that
the surveyor made or calculated to define the property boundaries in relation to surrounding
properties and the survey network of known marks.
Philippine Transverse Adaptation of the standard Mercator projection that delivers high accuracy in zones less than a few
Mercator (PTM) Zone degrees in east-west extent.
Preliminary Survey The collection of survey data on which to base studies for a proposed project.
Profile Series of elevation along a line.
PRS92 Coordinates A homogeneous national network of geodetic control points (GCPs), marked by concrete
monuments or mojons, that has been established using Global Positioning System (GPS)
technology.
Remote Sensing The science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft
or satellites.
Second-order Station Station with an accuracy of less than 20 parts per million (2 cm per Km)
Survey Baseline A line with known vertical and horizontal control.
Survey Monument Any material object or collection of objects which indicates the position on the ground of a survey
station or land corner.
Third-order Station with an accuracy of less than 50 parts per million (5 cm per Km)
ix
Topographic Plan A graphic representation of horizontal and vertical positions of an area which uses contour lines to
show mountains, valleys, and plains.
Topographic Survey Collection of data to represent horizontal and vertical positions of an area, including features such
(alias Ground Survey) as roads, bridges and bodies of water with contours, elevations and coordinates.
Total Station A modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite with an electronic distance
meter.
Traverse A method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.
Traverse Line Lines with known azimuth or angle and distances.
Traverse Survey A sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth, obtained by or from
field measurements, and used in determining positions of the points.
Triangular Irregular A representation of a surface as a set of contiguous, non-overlapping triangles. Within each
Network triangle the surface is represented by a plane, where the triangles are made from a set of points
called mass points.
Triangulation The tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles in order to determine the
distances and relative positions of points spread over a territory or region.
Trigonometric Leveling A branch of surveying where the vertical distance between two points is determined by taking the
vertical angular observations and the known distances.
Turning Point Points between the backsight and the foresight in levelling.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle An aircraft without a human pilot aboard.

(alias Drone)
Vertical Alignment The position or the layout of the highway on the ground which includes level and gradients.
Vertical Control A series of known elevations on which surveys for contouring is originated and closed.
Vertical Datum A base measurement point, or set of points, from which all elevations are determined.
Zenith Angle The angle between a point of interest and the zenith, which is the point directly overhead.
Zero-order Station Station with an accuracy of less than 10 parts per million with a nominal spacing of approximately
100 kilometers between GCPs of the network.
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1 General Provisions
1.1 Scope and Application
Surveying is the single engineering activity that links all the phases of a project
from planning to design, land acquisition and construction. Furthermore, the
reliability and cost effectiveness of these project phases greatly depend on
properly performed surveys that result to complete and accurate data. This
manual has been revised to provide uniform guidelines that will assure
appropriate execution of projects and quality of survey data in conformity with
the planning and design requirements of the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH). The guidelines conform to generally-accepted best practices
in the surveying profession and applicable national and department laws, policies
and procedures.
This manual contains technology-driven revisions of the Chapter on Topographic
Surveys of the Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards for Public Works and
Highways, Volume I, Part 1, published by the then Ministry of Public Works and
Highways in 1984. The practice of surveying worldwide has been revolutionized
by the advent of state-of-the-art surveying technologies including satellite-based
Global Positioning System (GPS), electronic total stations (digital theodolites
integrated with infrared/laser distancers and built-in computers) and digital
processing. Furthermore, survey data gathering in the last decade has vastly
improved in accuracy and speed through complementary cutting-edge
technologies such as digital aerial photogrammetry, light detection and ranging
(LiDAR), interferometric synthetic aperture radar and unmanned aerial systems.
1.2 Governing Laws, Codes and Department Orders

In order to guide users of topographic survey outputs that provide the base maps
necessary in planning and design of infrastructure projects, several laws,
Department orders and memorandum circulars have been formulated. These
include the following:
 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative
Order (AO) No. 2007-29, Revised Regulations for Land Surveys
 DENR AO No. 2005-13: Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of the
Philippine Reference System of 1992
 Executive Order No. 45, series of 1993, Adopting the Philippine Reference
System of 1992 as the Standard Reference for All Surveys in the Philippines
 DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2010-13: Manual on Land Survey
Procedures
 Ministry of Public Works and Highways (1984), Design Guidelines Criteria
and Standards for Public Works and Highways, Volume I, Part 1
 Presidential Decree No. 399 dated 28 February 1974
 Presidential Decree No. 748 dated 16 July 1975
 Batas Pambansa Bilang 8
 Republic Act 8560, Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act of 1998, as amended
by Republic Act 9200
1-1
2 Common Survey and Mapping Requirements

2.1 Reference Datum
2.1.1 Horizontal Datum

In accordance with Executive order No. 45, series of 1993, as amended by EO 321
and EO 280, series of 2000 and 2004, respectively, the Philippine Reference
System of 1992 (PRS92) shall be the standard reference system for all surveys
and mapping in the Philippines. The PRS92 was the geodetic datum established
during the implementation of the Australian Government-funded Natural
Resources and Management and Development Project (NRMDP) in 1989-1992
using global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based positioning technology,
specifically the Global Positioning System.
Through the years, the PRS92 network been has been continuously densified and
upgraded by NAMRIA to keep up with refinements made on the GPS datum and
ellipsoid – the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). The upgrading includes
(a) the establishment of the Philippine Active Geodetic Network (Pagenet) – a
network of seventeen (17) strategically-located permanently-installed
continuously-operating reference stations nationwide providing real-time, high-
precision geographic coordinates via the internet
(http://pagenet.namria.gov.ph); (b) re-observation of 65 strategically-located
first-order stations with 1:100,000 precision to zero-order (1:1,000,000)
precision; and (c) connection of the PRS92 to the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame to allow for the correction of the effects of tectonic plate motion
on the geodetic network. The densification of the fourth-order precision
(1:10,000) component of the PRS92 network, undertaken by the DENR Land
Management Services regional offices, aims to establish at least two (2) PRS92
stations in every barangay in the Philippines to make the network accessible to
private contractors.
PRS92 Technical Description: The PRS92 datum is a modified version of the old
Luzon Datum of 1911 used by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, and later by the
Philippine Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, in establishing the triangulation,
trilateration and traverse networks around the Philippines from the early 1900s
to about 1989 when the NRMDP was launched. The basic elements in a geodetic
datum are the same for both Luzon datum 1911 and PRS92 except for the geoid-
ellipsoid separation at the datum origin: Station Balanacan located at the peak of
locally-known Mataas na Bundok on the northwest tip of Mogpog, Marinduque
Island (Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2).
2-1
Table 2-1 PRS92 Datum compared with Luzon Datum 1911
Geodetic Datum Element Luzon Datum 1911 PRS92 Geodetic Datum

Datum Origin Balanacan, Marinduque Balanacan, Marinduque
Latitude, ø 13°33’ 41’ N 13°33’ 41’ N
Longitude, λ 121°52’ 03’ E 121°52’ 03’ E
Azimuth Mark Baltazar island, 9°12’ 37’ Baltazar island, 9°12’ 37’
Reference Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid 1866 Clarke’s Ellipsoid 1866
Geoid-Ellipsoid Separation 0 +0.34m
In Luzon Datum 1911, the deflection of the vertical and the geoid-ellipsoid
separation were assumed to be zero; in PRS92, the geoid-ellipsoid separation is
+0.34m as determined from extensive NRMDP gravity measurements that were
used to establish the deflection of the vertical at the datum origin. The geoid-
ellipsoid relationship and its implications on elevation measurements is
discussed further in Section 2.3.2 Heights from GNSS Survey-grade Receivers.
PRS92 Accuracies: The following tables show the accuracy standards of the
original PRS92 datum stipulated in Executive Order No.45, series of 1993 (Table
2-2); the upgraded PRS92 as of October 2013 (Table 2-3); the number of PRS92
Stations classified according to accuracy order (Table 2-4), the upgraded PRS92
accuracy standards as adopted by DPWH (Table 2-5), and the DPWH traverse and
leveling standards (Table 2-6 and Table 2-7).
Table 2-2 Original PRS92 Accuracy Standards (1992)
Accuracy order First Second Third

Parts per million 10 20 50
Precision
 Relative 1:100,000 1:50,000 1:20,000
 cm/km 1 2 5
Grid interval (km) between stations ~ 50 ~ 25 ~ 10-15
Source: NRMDP Publication, 1992
Table 2-3 Upgraded PRS92 Accuracy Standards (2013)
Accuracy order Zero First Second Third Fourth

Parts per million 1 10 20 50 100
Precision
 relative 1:1,000,000 1:100,000 1:50,000 1:20,000 1:10,000
 cm/km 0.1 1 2 5 10
Grid interval (km) ~ 100 ~ 50 ~ 25 ~ (10-15) ~ (3-5)
between stations
Source: NAMRIA website
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Table 2-4 Number of PRS92 Stations (1992 and 2015)
Accuracy order Zero First Second Third Fourth

1992 330 101 36 -
2015 60 318 2,360 5,266 29,591
Source: Jones (1991); NAMRIA (2015)
Table 2-5 Revised DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy Standards
PRS 92Standard / Revised DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy

Standards
Accuracy Order Relative Precision Precision (cm/km)

First-Order 1:100,000 ±1
Second-Order 1:50,000 ±2
Third-Order 1:20,000 ±5
Source: NAMRIA website
Table 2-6 DPWH Accuracy Standards - Traverse
DPWH Accuracy Standards – Traverse
Accuracy First-Order Second-Order Third-Order
Azimuth closure not to 1.7” √N 3.0”√N 4.5"√N

exceed…
where N is the number of segments
Source: Anderson and Mikhail (1998)
Table 2-7 DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards - Leveling
DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards

(Minimum Requirements)
Accuracy Second-Order Third-Order
Differential leveling check between fixed
elevations of loop closures not to exceed… 8.4 mm √K 12 mm √K
where K is distance between bench marks

in kilometres
Source: 1984 DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards, Volume I, Part 1
2.1.2 Vertical Datum

Project elevations shall be referred to the mean sea level as established by the
Coast and Geodetic Survey Department (formerly the Bureau of Coast and
Geodetic Survey) of the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
(NAMRIA). A nationwide network of bench marks, generally located at about 1km
intervals along national, provincial and municipal roads, serve as reference
stations for the mean sea level vertical datum.
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Exceptions are permitted, however, for small, remote and isolated surveys where
connection to the mean sea level (i.e., NAMRIA bench marks are not available)
cannot be economically established. In this case, the elevation may be referred to
the GPS ellipsoid (if a GPS receiver is used for positioning) or an assumed
elevation of a local permanent point or natural object may be used. If the
shoreline is accessible from the project area, the elevation may be referred to a
mean tide level based on a seven-day tidal observation. (Refer Annex A for tidal
observation procedure).
2.2 Coordinate System
2.2.1 PPCS-PRS92
The Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS) – PRS92 shall serve as the
standard coordinate system for all surveys in the Philippines. Also known as the
Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) grid coordinate system, the PPCS-PTM
was originally adopted as the national coordinate system pursuant to the Bureau
of Lands Circular No. 64 dated 30 June 1965. The characteristics of PPCS-PRS92
are provided in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8 Characteristics of PPCS–PRS92
Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid of 1866

Projection Transverse Mercator, in zones of two degrees net width
Point of origin Intersection of the equator and the central meridian of each
zone, with a northing of 0m and an easting of 500,000 m.
Scale factor at central meridian 0.99995
Extents of zones
Zone Central Meridian Limits
I 117° E 116° 00’ to 118° 30’
II 119° E 117° 30’ to 120° 30’
III 121° E 119° 30’ to 122° 30’
IV 123° E 121° 30’ to 124° 30’
V 125° E 123° 30’ to 127° 00’
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Figure 2-5 PTM Zone Assignments of Provinces According to the DENR Memorandum
Circular No. 2010-13: Manual on Land Survey Procedures
Notes: (1) Palawan uses PTM Zone I with central meridian at 118°30'E; (2) Isabela and Quezon
municipalities east of 122°E use PTM Zone IV; (3) Camotes Island of Cebu Province uses PTM Zone V
Sources: Map data from PhilGIS; PTM Zone assignments from DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2010-13
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2.2.2 Conversion Equations

The following equations, published in Technical Bulletin No. 26 of the Bureau of
Lands (1965), are used to convert the geographic coordinates of a point to grid
coordinates and vice-versa. Most survey practitioners use a survey software
(Geocalc) to facilitate conversion of coordinates.
Equation 2-1 Geographic to Grid Coordinates
N = I + IIp2 + IIIp4
E = IVp + Vp3 + VIp5 + 500,000
where:
N = Northings, in metres
E = Eastings, in metres
p = 0.0001 (Δλ’)
Δλ’ = difference in the longitudes between the central meridian and the
point under consideration
I, II, III, IV, V and VI are constants in Technical Bulletin No. 26.
Equation 2-2 From Grid to Geographic Coordinates
Ф = Ф’ – VII q2 + VIII q4
λ = IXq – Xq3 + λ CM
where:
Ф = latitude, in degrees
λ = longitude, in degrees
q = 0.000001(E-500,000) VII, VIII, IX and X are constants in Technical
Bulletin No. 26.
2.3 Methodologies
2.3.1 Project Control Survey

All project control surveys shall be conducted with the PRS92 as horizontal
datum using survey-grade GNSS3 receivers (with due consideration for satellite
multipath errors) or electronic total stations (using traverse or triangulation
methods), or a combination thereof, whichever is most appropriate; and the
mean sea level as vertical datum using precise automatic or digital levelling
instruments. These surveys shall be conducted by, or under the direct
supervision of, a qualified professional pursuant to Republic Act 8560, otherwise
known as the Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act of 1998, as amended.
3Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) - is the standard generic term for a constellation of satellites that provide signals from
space transmitting positioning and timing data, with global coverage, The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and Russia’s
Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) are examples of GNSS. In the subsequent discussions of GNSS
observation procedures, the terms GNSS and GPS are used interchangeably.
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Using GPS Real-Time Kinematic Techniques: Refer Annex C for details of the
procedure.
Using Electronic Total Stations: Project control stations may be established by
closed traverses using electronic total stations. Total stations are capable of
measuring angles and distances simultaneously and combine an electronic
theodolite with a distance measuring system (using a modulated near-infrared
light emitting diode which sends a beam from the instrument to a prism) and a
microprocessor. Levelling is carried out in the same way as for a theodolite by
centering a plate level or electronic bubble. The telescope can be transited and
used in the face left and face right positions. Horizontal rotation of the total
station about the vertical axis is controlled by a horizontal clamp and tangent
screw.
All total stations measure a slope distance which the on-board computer uses
together with the zenith angle to automatically calculate the horizontal distance.
Typical specifications include a measurement time of about 1–2 seconds and a
range of 1–3 km to a single prism. The linear accuracy of a total station is
expressed in the form ±(amm + b ppm). The value a is a factory constant
independent of the length being measured and is made up of internal sources
within the instrument that are normally beyond the control of the user. The value
b is a systematic error proportional to the distance being measured, where 1 ppm
(part per million) is equivalent to an additional error of 1 mm for every kilometre
measured. Typical quoted accuracies for a total station vary from ±( 2mm + 2
ppm) to ±(5 mm + 5 ppm).
The electronic notebook is the ‘brain’ of the total station. It can record, calculate
and even manipulate field data automatically saving valuable time and
manpower. It records the slope distance, horizontal and vertical angles from the
total station and can perform numerous calculations using operating software
which is loaded into the unit. The software applications available in the built-in
computer include the following: (a) traverse measurements and adjustments, (b)
slope corrections, (c) coordinate measurements, (d) resection, (e) missing line
measurements, (f) remote elevation measurement, (g) area computation and (h)
setting out.
2.3.2 Elevation Measurement

Precise Level and Digital Level: Digital technology has provided a faster and
more accurate measurement of elevation through digital levels. Digital levelling is
a system of determining height differences between two points using near fully
automatic instruments and methods. This is accomplished by the use of a pattern
recognition imaging system built into the level instrument and level rods
graduated with a special bar code. The user points the instrument at one of the
special rods, focuses as clearly as possible, and presses a button to take the
measurement. An image of the barcode rod is received at the instrument and is
correlated to an internal digital image of the rod. This allows the internal
software to determine, where the level line-of-sight is intercepting the rod.
The height above the footplate or zero point is then computed along with the
horizontal distance to the rod. These measurements are displayed and used to
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lengths of 100 m are maintained during the level run. There is no requirement for
balanced sight lengths. Trigonometric levelling using a modern total station is
preferable to traditional differential levelling for establishing vertical control,
especially in hilly terrain.
The advantages of trigonometric levelling include: (a) no restrictions on sight
length resulting from change in elevation; (b) no need to balance backsight and
foresight shot length and this makes the location choice for instrument and rod
more convenient; and (c) line-of-sight height above ground can be maintained at
maximum because the observation is always to the top of the rod; this minimizes
the effect of heat shimmer close to the ground (Kuzlowski, 1998).
The total station used for trigonometric levelling should have a least reading of
one-second (angle), precision of ± (2 mm + 2 ppm) or better and dual-axis
compensation. The distances should be limited to about 200 m to minimize the
impact of small pointing errors. Reciprocal observations (observations from each
end of a line) should be made on all observed lines in order to correct distances
and zenith angles for the effects of earth curvature and refraction. Observe each
zenith angle with at least two direct and reverse sets. The sum of the direct and
reversed zenith angles of a single set of angles should not deviate from 360° by
more than 10 seconds. Rejected sets should be re-observed until the two sets
agree within this tolerance.
Heights from GNSS Survey-grade Receivers: The elevations derived from GNSS
observations referred to WGS84 ellipsoid are called ellipsoidal heights. However,
elevations used in conventional ground surveys are referred to the geoid; these
are called geoidal or orthometric heights. The difference between ellipsoidal
heights and geoidal heights is the geoid-ellipsoid separation. (Refer Figure 2-3
and Figure 2-4). The computation of geoid heights from GNSS observations
therefore requires the availability of accurate geoid values (centimetre level). As
of date (2014), the existing Philippine geoid cannot provide the necessary
accuracy level to allow ground elevations to be determined from GNSS
observations. This geoid is currently being upgraded by NAMRIA through
satellite gravimetry and more dense gravity observations on the ground.
2.4 Project Control Survey Accuracies

Horizontal project controls, whether established by GNSS/GPS techniques or by
traverses using electronic total stations, shall conform to at least third-order
precision (1:20,000 or 5 cm/km) of PRS92 (Table 2-5). For closed traverses using
electronic total stations, the azimuth error of closure should not exceed 4.5"√N,
where N is the number of segments (Table 2-6).
The vertical controls shall conform to at least second-order accuracy, or 8.4
mm√K, where K is the distance between bench marks in kilometres (Table 2-7).
2.5 Calibration of Survey Instruments

All survey equipment, software and procedures should be tested before general
usage. This can be achieved by making measurements and processing data over
known baselines or a network of points. The process of calibration shall comply
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with the requirements of NAMRIA for GPS, Total Station, 3D Scanner and levels
(digital and precise) and the Land Management Bureau (LMB) of the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for electronic total stations.
Calibration certificates issued by these agencies should accompany the survey
requirements to be submitted to the DPWH.
2.5.1 GNSS Receivers and Electronic Total Stations

The calibration of GPS receivers by NAMRIA and electronic total stations by the
Land Management Bureau is achieved by making measurements and processing
data over known baselines or a network of at least three (3) first-order accuracy
PRS92 stations. In addition, pairs of GPS receivers and electronic total stations
can be tested over the various pillars of a 200 m EDM calibration baseline at the
University of the Philippines campus in Diliman, Quezon City. Measurements
would involve setting up one receiver on the start pillar and simultaneous
observation would be made to the other one on each pillar along the baseline.
Because these baselines are certified annually as subsidiary standards of length,
surveyors can then make a comparison of known lengths with EDM
measurements. Similarly GPS-derived distances can be compared to the standard
measurements.
2.5.2 Levelling Instruments

The collimation error of levelling instruments is checked by the two-peg method.
(The procedure for checking the collimation error of a level is detailed in Annex
C). Another procedure to check the accuracy of levelling instruments is to
conduct differential levelling between two first-order bench marks and compare
the published difference in elevation between the two bench marks of an
established baseline and the field-determined elevation difference.
2.6 Quality Control in Surveys

In order to establish the reliability and accuracy of the survey, the following
measures should be conducted.
2.6.1 Horizontal Control Network

The project control should be connected to at least three existing PRS92 stations.
To check the reliability of the project controls, the azimuth/bearing and distances
between the reference stations should be compared. The precision of the
computed distances between the reference stations should not be lower than the
original precision. This process will likewise serve to confirm recovery of the
original coordinates of the reference stations.
2.6.2 Vertical Control Network

At least two NAMRIA bench marks should be recovered to confirm the accuracy
of the elevation of the reference control station. The accuracy of NAMRIA bench
marks to be used in a survey project should be confirmed by conducting
differential levelling between two recovered bench marks and comparing the
published elevation difference with that of the elevation difference determined in
2-16
the field. If the field value exceeds the published value for elevation difference, a
third bench mark should be recovered and the process repeated to determine
which bench mark elevation should be used as reference. This process will serve
to check possible movement or disturbance of the bench marks particularly those
located along roads and bridges where widening has taken place or in areas
frequently subjected to tectonic plate motion.
2.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Quality assurance (QA) in surveying is a set of procedures designed to ensure
that the survey processes meet or exceed the technical requirements. It is pro-
active and aims to prevent defects in the processes used to generate the survey
outputs. The goal of QA is to improve processes so that defects do not arise when
the outputs are being generated. QA activities are determined before the survey
work and performed while the outputs are being generated. Examples are survey
methodology (such as GPS observations and traverses) and standards and
specifications.
Quality control (QC) in surveying is a set of procedures intended to ensure that a
generated output or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality. It is
reactive and aims to identify defects, if any, in the finished output. The goal of QC
is to identify defects in the outputs, if any, before these are released to the client.
QC activities are performed after the outputs are generated. Examples are
inspection and testing process (e.g., map test).
Field verification shall be conducted as part of QC work of survey outputs. This
shall include checking if the prescribed interval of survey monuments
(Horizontal and Vertical Controls, and Lot) were followed, that the coordinates
inscribed on the monuments are correct, and that details shown on the plans
match actual field conditions.
Check lists for QA and QC are shown in Annex D (QA for Project Survey), Annex E
(QC for Project Surveys) and Annex F (QC for Survey Report).
2.7 Survey Monuments

The positions of project control points shall be defined and marked on the
ground by monuments of permanent nature. Survey monuments are physical
markers that serve as reference points that ensure the integrity of engineering
design and construction works by making the perpetuation or re-establishment
of any survey point or line possible.
2.7.1 Criteria for Location of Monuments

The criteria to be considered in selecting the location of project control stations:
 Accessibility
 Ground stability; these should be far from possible construction areas or
areas prone to flooding, landslides.
 Security from possible acts of disturbance or destruction by vandals.
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Table 2-12 Interval of Monuments
Monument Interval
Primary GPS control
Every three (3) kilometers interval
(GPS)
Primary project control
Every five hundred (500) meters interval
(BM)
Intermediate control
Every two hundred fifty (250) meters interval in between BMs
(IBM)
2.8 Survey Records

Modern surveying instruments record data electronically. These include data
collectors (hand-held computers) and field electronic notebooks (laptops) and
tablet computers adapted to survey data collection. The electronic format of
survey data provides convenience in the subsequent office data processing with
drafting and design software.
2.9 Safety Requirements in Surveying

Survey personnel work in many different challenging environments. Rugged
terrain, high-speed traffic and construction equipment are some of the hazards
faced by survey teams. Field personnel should consult and follow the safety codes
and procedures as outlined in DGCS Volume 1. Each survey team member should
have ready access to this volume and practical working knowledge of its safety
provisions.
2.10 Alternative State-of-the-Art Surveying and Mapping Technologies

Studies for highway/bridge site location, flood control and building projects
require surface terrain information to economically site new or relocate existing
infrastructure facilities and use the data as reference/input in the design.
Currently, ground surveying is the most common method used for surface terrain
modelling. This method is time- and resource-intensive, since this requires
significant data collection and processing to provide the level of detail necessary
for the design. Considering the possible presence of constraints in the conduct of
field surveys (e.g., difficult terrain, security, informal settlers), the following
cutting-edge mapping technologies which have proved economical, accurate and
beneficial in many projects worldwide may be utilized as alternative methods.
2.10.1 Digital Photogrammetry

Traditional photogrammetry (using the conventional aerial frame camera and
stereo-plotting machine) has been, for several decades, the source of base maps
for various engineering projects from feasibility to design stages. However, with
the advent of satellite-based positioning, digital aerial cameras, computer work
stations and relevant data processing software, digital photogrammetry has
evolved as a primary technology for providing the necessary base maps
(hardcopy ortho-photomaps and digital terrain models/elevation models) for
engineering projects. Outputs include digital image data with absolute horizontal
accuracy of ~0.3 m (root mean square error).
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2.10.2 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

LiDAR has become an established method for collecting very dense and accurate
elevation data across landscapes, shallow-water areas and project sites. An active
remote sensing technique that uses laser light pulses, LiDAR is typically flown
from aircraft where it can rapidly collect points over large areas. LiDAR data can
also be collected from ground-based stationary and mobile platforms. These
techniques can generate extremely high accuracies and point densities which
allow designers to generate precise, three-dimensional images of facilities such
as highways, railroads, bridges, buildings, ports/harbors and coastal structures.
The advantages of LiDAR over ground survey and other mapping techniques
include higher resolution, centimetre accuracies and ground detection in forested
areas (NOAA, 2012).
Figure 2-14 LiDAR Output - Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Source: NOAA Coastal Services Center, 2012) Mobile LiDAR.
Mobile LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an emerging technology useful for
transportation studies. Mobile LiDAR, is capable of obtaining highly accurate 3-
dimensional information by driving a collection vehicle at highway speeds. It is
often called the digital highway or transportation information modeling (Fisher,
2013).
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Figure 2-16 Photograph and Point Clouds of a Highway
Source: Chow, K.L. 2007
Figure 2-17 Photograph and Scanned Point Clouds of a Roadside Slope
Source: Chow, K.L., 2007
Figure 2-18 Dimensions Measured from Point Cloud Data.
Source: Werner and Morris ,2010
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2.10.4 Bathymetric LiDAR4.

Bathymetric lidar is used to determine water depth by measuring the time delay
between the transmission of a laser light pulse and its return signal. Systems use
laser pulses received at two frequencies: a lower frequency infrared pulse is
reflected off the sea surface, while a higher frequency green laser penetrates
through the water column and reflects off the bottom. Analyses of these two
distinct pulses are used to establish water depths and shoreline elevations
(NOAA website).
Bathymetric LiDAR can accurately map shallow water depths (up to 20 m below
mean sea level) and coastal areas with high-resolution. It can attain a vertical
accuracy of nominal ±50 cm, thus, complying with the standards of the
International Hydrographic Office (IHO). It can further generate a resolution of
2.5 m gridded digital elevation model (DEM) spacing. This technology allows for
the production of a seamless DEM covering the coastal zone (Sinclair and
Quadros, 2010).
Figure 2-19 Bathymetric LiDAR Output – Seamless Coastal Zone DTM
Source: NOAA, 2012
2.10.5 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR)

This airborne technology, also known as “radar interferometry”, involves
coherently combining radar measurements made by two or more antennas
displaced by a relatively small distance. Interferometry is the study of
interference patterns created by combining two sets of radar signals. This
cutting-edge technology is used for topographic mapping (~1 m accuracy) with
various applications in surface drainage studies, highway alignment and other
engineering projects.
4 Bathymetry is the study of the "beds" or "floors" of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes. The term
"bathymetry" originally referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the
depths and shapes of underwater terrain. Bathymetric LiDAR uses laser technology to determine water depths and map the submarine
topography for shallow or coastal areas.
2-23
Figure 2-20 IFSAR Output: High-Resolution IFSAR X-band Bare Earth DEM
Image courtesy of InterMap Technologies
Source: Abdullah, 2007
2.10.6 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft
without a human pilot on board. The first wave of UAVs are small (often less than
2.2 kilograms), generally powered by electric motors, and equipped with non-
metric digital cameras in the 10-16 megapixel range. UAVs provide aerial
photography for engineering surveys covering small areas (100 to 2,000
hectares) and have the advantage of rapid, low cost and accurate mapping.
Accuracies of 10 cm in position and 15 cm in height are attainable when flying
about 300 m above ground level and processed with adequate ground control
points.
Figure 2-21 UAV Output – Orthophoto Map Showing a Road across a Mine Site
Source: Salmon, 2010. Image courtesy of Leica Geosystems
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2.10.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system designed to
capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical
data. A GIS brings together information such as topographic and hydrographic
survey data, drainage patterns, land use/land cover, existing transport network,
settlements and other landform features as superimposed layers for complex
analysis needed in the design of proposed infrastructure such as highways,
bridges, drainage structures and building site selection.
In developing a digital topographic data base for a GIS, topographical maps are
the main source while aerial photography and satellite images are additional
sources for collecting data and identifying attributes which can be mapped in
layers. GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees,
waterways, etc.). Traditionally, two broad methods are used to store data in a
GIS: raster images and vector. A new hybrid method of storing data is that of
scanned point clouds gathered by terrestrial laser scanners or scan stations.
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3 Survey for Highway Projects

3.1 Survey Requirements
The main factors that are taken into account in the location of any highway
project between two termini are the character and purpose of the road, the
nature and volume of present and anticipated traffic, and the amount of funds
available for the project. The Locating Engineer proceeds along five well defined
steps: (1) Reconnaissance, (2) Route Selection, (3) Preliminary Survey, (4) Office
Planning, and (5) Final Location Survey.
Different design phases and different terrain classifications will require different
levels of detail. The following distinctions are made, especially on the
recommended profile points and cross-section intervals, summarized in Table
3-1.
3.1.1 Pre-Feasibility Studies

Profile points and cross-sections shall be made at intervals not exceeding 500 m
for flat terrain, with shorter intervals for rolling and mountainous terrain.
3.1.2 Feasibility Studies

for flat terrain, with shorter intervals for rolling and mountainous terrain.
3.1.3 Detailed Engineering Design

and at ground points where there is abrupt change in slope.
Table 3-1 Recommended Maximum Profile Points and Cross-Section Intervals for Different
Design Phases
Maximum Cross-section/Profile Interval (meters)*

General
Terrain Type Master Plan / Detailed Engineering
Feasibility Study
Pre-Feasibility Study Design
Flat 500 200 20
Rolling 250 100 20

Mountainous 100 50 20
*In addition, cross-section and profile should be taken at points where abrupt changes in terrain
slope occur.
3.2 Field Investigation
3.2.1 Proposed Sites for Stream Crossings

The location of a highway when crossing a stream is important for several
reasons. For example;
 Hydrologic and hydraulic considerations are different when crossing near the
confluence of two streams as compared to a single stream.
3-1
 Higher backwaters may be better tolerated in rural areas than in urban

locations.
 Tidal areas present a list of entirely different hydraulic considerations.
 Whether the structure is a bridge or a culvert can make a difference in the
hydraulic study.
In addition to environmental considerations, such as land usage upstream and
downstream, the need for energy dissipation, debris control, the need for fish
passage are all aspects that impact on the extent of field investigations required
for a specific design.
3.2.2 Road Alignment

The alignment of a highway or street can produce a major impact on the
environment, the fabric of the community, and highway users. The alignment
consists of a variety of design elements that combine with the aim of creating a
facility that serves traffic safely and efficiently, consistent with the facility’s
intended function. Each element requires due consideration and they all must
complement each other to achieve a consistent, safe and efficient design.
Horizontal Alignment
Horizontal alignment is a combination of circular curves, transition curves, and
tangents. Horizontal alignment must provide safe and continuous operation at a
uniform design speed for substantial lengths of a highway. The major design
considerations in horizontal alignment are safety, functional classification, design
speed, topography, vertical alignment, construction cost, cultural development,
and aesthetics. These factors, when properly balanced, produce an alignment that
is safe, economical, and in harmony with the natural contour of the land.
Vertical Alignment
Vertical alignment consists of a series of gradients connected by vertical curves.
Applicable design controls include safety, topography, functional classification,
design speed, horizontal alignment, construction cost, cultural development,
drainage, vehicular characteristics, and aesthetics. The terms vertical alignment,
profile grade and grade line are interchangeable.
The topography of the land has an influence on alignment, with the three terrain
classifications commonly used internationally being:
 Level or flat
 Rolling
 Mountainous
3.2.3 Existing Utility Services

Records obtained from utility service providers should be verified in the field,
and not simply assumed to be correct. Where discrepancies are found, the
relevant service provider should be contacted and a procedure to resolve the
discrepancy should be agreed before taking any further action.
3-2
If existing services which had not previously been expected were found during
the course of investigations, the relevant service provider should be contacted
and requested to confirm the status of the service before any activity that may
affect that service proceeds.
3.2.4 Soil Investigation

Subsurface investigation includes investigation of the area below the subgrade
level. The required depth of exploration along the alignment of road shall be
based on the knowledge of subsurface conditions from geology, soil surveys and
previous explorations, and on the configuration of the highway at any given
point. Refer to Volume 2C Geological and Geotechnical Investigation.
Subgrade investigation involves detailed investigation of the soil surface on
which the pavement is constructed. On existing roads, auger borings and test pits
should be made along the centerline of the road at suitable intervals.
3.3 Survey Procedures
3.3.1 Reconnaissance
This is a rapid and critical general examination of the terrain through which the
road is to pass for the purpose of identifying all possible routes worthy for
further examination and eliminating all but the best option. This can be aided
effectively by the study of available maps, examination of the ground as viewed
from an airplane, stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs and ocular
inspection of the site on foot. The alternative methods of digital
photogrammetry, LiDAR, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) and
unmanned aerial systems may be utilized subject to ground validation of
collected data. This work will be carried out according to the survey intervals
stated in Sections 3.1.1 to 3.1.3, depending upon whether it is a new highway or
reconstruction.
3.3.2 Route Selection

Route selection will narrow down the choice to one or two best locations within
the general route. Each route shall be carefully studied from the standpoint of
right-of-way cost and land use, length, alignment and grade, waterway crossings,
construction cost and benefits to users. A benefit-cost ratio shall be established
for each route. The selection may be concluded not until field verification is
made. This field verification is called "Flagging".
Flagging is the process of selecting the location for a preliminary transit line by
marking the route by blazing trees and tying strips of cloth called “flags” to
branches or to poles set on the ground. If reconnaissance by means of maps or
aerial photographs is not feasible, such probable routes shall be investigated by
ground survey. In this case, ground surveys can be made by travelling and
examining the route with simple instruments such as handheld GPS receivers.
Flagging may be described as follows:
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1. Where the location is independent of the grade, travel along the route on foot.
Set markers or flags on the controlling points using reliable maps, aerial
photographs or satellite imagery in flat coastal areas, in plains and rolling
terrain without great difference in elevation and in areas where there are no
deep ravines and gorges. To avoid passing through populated areas, select a
diversion road rather than try to widen an existing street which may involve
great property damage.
 In coastal plains where a meandering river is encountered, cross at a
point where the channel is usually fixed and narrow such that a
considerable longer road is often justified to reach this point.
 In locating through rolling terrain, an alignment of sweeping curves
which skirts around the hills is preferred although slightly longer in
distance than an alignment of long tangents which seldom affords a good
grade line. Search for saddles and low ridges to take advantage of
crossing at lower elevations.
 In locating through flat terrain, long tangents are usually appropriate but
shall be used with discrimination. To reduce the right-of-way cost and to
avoid natural or permanent obstacles, break a long tangent. In following a
river, the stream gradient is a controlling factor of the grade to minimize
excessive cuts and fills without risk of flooding of the road.
2. Where the location is controlled by grade, ascend or descend continuously on
the maximum compensated grade. Introduce slack grades to avoid
impassable obstacle and bad terrain.
 For flagging through a saddle or a gap from a flat valley floor, run the flag
line from the saddle down to the valley with a grade of one per cent (1%)
less than the maximum permissible grade for the project to provide
enough slack for grade compensation and shortening of the line in the
final location.
 In flagging a ridge route, the lowest saddles or gaps are the controlling
points. In this case, determine the approximated difference in elevation
and distances between control points with available measuring
instruments or maps to establish the controlling grade. Flagging can be
done by passing the flag line diagonally across saddles from one side of
the ridge to the other side.
 In crossing deep river valleys or canyons, flag up to the canyon on both
sides after point of crossing has been determined. To make the descent or
ascent possible within the grade limitation, introduce extra distance into
the location by providing switch backs, provided they are of ample radius
and the grade is compensated for the curvature around them.
3.3.3 Preliminary Survey

This involves instrument survey undertaken on the most possible route chosen
and approved for the purpose of establishing the horizontal location of the
centerline of the proposed road between two known termini taking into account
the allowable gradient. Digital photogrammetry, LiDAR, interferometric synthetic
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aperture radar (IFSAR) and unmanned aerial systems may be utilized for this
step. An accurate and sufficiently detailed topographic map shall be prepared on
which the centerline of the proposed road is shown. The preliminary line shall
also be established for accurate horizontal and vertical controls required for
topographic survey of the selected route. Topographic survey and mapping may
either be done by the use of aerial photographs or by ground surveys.
Aerial Survey and Mapping
1. Photograph the route to a larger scale. This involves flying new photos at
lower altitude, if enlargement of the reconnaissance photos will not suffice.
Alternative state-of-the-art surveying and mapping technologies, discussed in
Section 2.10, can be used to supplement aerial photography.
2. Use a sufficient number of accurately determined points of known position
established by ground survey methods.
3. Construct photomosaic maps from aerial photos and ground control data.
Aerial survey may be done only when the ground surface is not obscured by
leaves of trees or heavily wooded, otherwise, ground survey shall be resorted
to. The advantage of location by aerial methods is most apparent in well-
developed terrain of moderate relief where there are already established
points of known position which can be used to control the mapping. The
topography can usually be obtained much faster and less expensive than by
ground survey methods and the strip map is usually wider, permitting more
thorough study of the route. Less manpower is also required. The preliminary
survey can be made without alarming the inhabitants or advertising the route
to speculators. Supplementary ground investigation shall be undertaken after
the tentative centerline has been established on the map to check the aerial
map accuracy and completeness. Any missing data, such as property and
utility owners, character of underground structures, type and condition of
houses, etc., shall also be added.
Ground Survey
Preliminary line shall follow a route which had already been flagged. It shall
consist of the traverse, topography, profile and cross sections.
1. Consider the following principles to control the establishment of the
preliminary line location:
 Establish a baseline as close as possible to the final anticipated centerline
location by running a range of angle traverses. Where roads are existing
and following the general route, the proposed centerline shall attempt to
improve the existing alignment without unnecessarily increasing the cost
of construction.
 Establish a location desirable from the standpoint of traffic, conformity
with the minimum standard of alignment, grade, sight distances and road
cross sections specified to the proposed road, and minimizing the
possibility of flooding by streams crossing the road or paralleling it.
 Establish a location reasonable in construction cost. This shall consider
avoidance of swampy areas, ledge rock, possible landslide areas and other
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foundation problems, reasonable limit of cut and fill, good site for stream
crossing, railroad grade crossing or separation and intersecting roads.
 Establish a location that shall have less harmful effect on land use. This
shall consider avoidance, as much as possible, of expensive existing
developments; residential, industrial, agricultural, etc.; avoidance of
unnecessary damage to valuable properties; encroachment of cemeteries,
playgrounds, parks and golf courses. In reconstruction of existing roads,
particular study shall be given to the possibility of limiting the widening
of the right-of-way for one side of the road only.
 Subject to the above controls, secure the most direct line. When the
location of the centerline appears in conflict with the above principles,
topography shall be extended enough to either side of the baseline not
necessarily covering a band of uniform width, as it covers the entire road
right-of-way when built. Allowance for possible shifting away from the
traverse when the final line is plotted, and when there is less certainty as
to the exact position of the eventual centerline shall also be considered.
2. Basic Requirements in Running the Preliminary Lines
 Establish the beginning and end points. If possible, select a cross road, a
bridge or any permanent work on the ground that can be pinpointed on
the map. Reference the line completely so that it can be found years later
if necessary. A minimum of two reference points shall be required.
 Establish vertical and horizontal controls at the beginning of the project.
Stationing shall be referred to a kilometer post available within a five-
kilometer radius. Assume 0 + 000 beginning if no kilometer post is
available. Benchmarks shall be established at intervals of about one-half
kilometer and at all probable bridge sites. GPS observations on
monumented control points shall be undertaken at intervals not
exceeding three (3) kilometers.
 Ground surface profile of the preliminary line shall be made. Take
elevations of the grounds at every 20meter station, at every point of
intersection (P.I.) and at intermediate breaks on the ground. Read ground
elevation to nearest centimeter. Cross sections shall be taken from
stations where elevations are taken and shall be extended far enough to
either side of the preliminary line, not necessarily covering a band of
uniform width but giving allowance for possible shifting of the centerline.
For purposes of convenience, cross sections shall be taken up to 100 m
distance to either side of the centerline.
 In addition to the topography, take and record measurements of the
following if these fall within the strip of the topography:
- Roads and trails.
- Private buildings (include names of owners or occupants).
- Churches, graves or cemeteries.
- Schools, markets and other public buildings.
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- Streams and rivers with direction of flow.

- Irrigation canals, dikes or dams.
- Orchards, fruit trees and cultivations.
- Special fine shade trees.
- Springs and wells especially if in use by the local inhabitants for water
supplies.
- Property lines with names of owners and/or claimants.
3.3.4 Office Planning

In the office, the best line is plotted on the topographic map fitted as close as
possible into the terrain within the desired standards. CAD and GIS software can
be used for this purpose. Several lines shall be tried so as to obtain the most
economical line without increasing the cost of survey. In this phase of work, it
becomes pertinent to introduce the standards for alignment, grades, sight
distance and compensation.
The principles to be considered in plotting the tentative line are:
1. Make the alignment and grade as good as possible as the terrain will permit
within the established standards. Use flatter curves and grades than the
minimum standard where this can be done without increasing the cost.
2. In rolling terrain, use a smoothly flowing alignment of flat curves rather than
long tangents. A long tangent cannot be made to fit the ground in any but the
flattest terrain and has no inherent value except in ease of surveying work.
3. In flat coastal areas, use long tangents if they fit the local conditions except to
avoid great property damage or right-of-way expense.
4. Avoid sudden changes in alignment. In an alignment of long tangents, make
the curve extremely flat, much flatter than the minimum called for by the
design speed. Generally, in flat terrain no curve shall have a radius less than
500 m. A radius of 1000 m is much better. Where a sharp curve is necessary,
try to introduce a series of successively sharper curves to prepare the driver
for the bad ones. Refer to Figures 3-1 to 3-5 for useful illustrations on metric
curves for highway design.
5. Where it can be done without sacrificing alignment, provide tangent
alignment and nearly right angle crossings for bridges as this greatly simplify
their design and construction. Bridges and culverts are control for alignment.
6. Avoid short reversed horizontal curves alignment. Where reversed curves are
necessary, distance between curves (PT to PC) shall be at least 50 m to permit
superelevation transitions.
7. Avoid shorts tangents between curves in the same direction. These are called
broken back curves and are considered poor alignment because of the
difficulty of preserving a balance super-elevation design. Make longer single
curves or compound curves if necessary.
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3.3.5.1 Centerline Stakeout
 Transfer the projected centerline from the topographic map to the ground.
Mark the intersection of the projected line tangent with the P-line or draw
right on the projected line. Scale the offsets or measure the intersection
angles. In the field, set hubs on these intersecting points or offsets as the case
maybe from the P-line thus obtaining two points on each location tangent, or
one point and angle between the P-line and location tangent. Produce the
location tangent backward or forward until it intersects the next tangent
ahead or the next tangent back. This locates the point of intersection (P.I.) of
the location line on the ground and P.I. angles (I’s) and the distances between
P.I.’s. Note that as the location survey progresses, a series of closed traverses
is created between it and the P-line survey. The closures of these traverses
shall fall within the limits prescribed for under standards of accuracy used in
the survey.
 Fit curves to the tangents. The radius of these curves will usually be the same
as those marked on the topographic map, although slight adjustment may
occasionally be made by the locator to fit ground conditions.
 Stakes shall be set at every 20 m or at least 10 m for rough terrain.
Measurements shall be continuous from beginning to the end of the project
eliminating all P-line equations.
 Reference the centerline at points of intersections and points on tangents so
that it can be recovered later during construction.
 At special points where needed by the designer, every detailed information
shall be taken such as bridges, important culvert sites, site of railroad
separations or traffic interchanges.
 Important traffic features taken from the original map shall be frequently
checked for accuracy of position by measuring their location from centerline
stations and checking the measurement on the map.
 For intersecting roads, the centerline and right-of-way lines, as well as the
travel path shall be shown. A station plus shall fix the intersection of the
centerline. The same shall apply on intersecting railroad lines. In addition, the
type, dimensions and conditions of any existing railway crossing shall be
shown and the nature of any protective devices.
 If any part of the building will apparently lie within the right-of-way, all
dimensions shall be to the nearest centimeter.
 Connections with existing and future roads shall be given particular attention
as to location, especially in reconstructing successive lengths of an existing
road. The centerline of the immediate units shall be verified if capable of
being extended efficiently if reconstruction of the route is continued. In such
case, the traverse shall be continued to secure important topography for
extension of the centerline at least 200 metres beyond one or both ends of an
immediate project, as the case maybe.
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 Previously unknown constraints identified during the detailed survey may

result in changes being required to the initially proposed alignment and
profile.
3.3.5.2 Profile and Cross-section
 Cross section shall be taken at right angles to the centerline, at each station, at
all traverse points (P.I. and P.O.T.) and at all traverse points where there is
significant break in grade in accordance with the following:
 Enough readings shall be taken at each cross section to establish the actual
configuration of the ground. It shall be extended far enough from both sides
of the centerline to cover probable width of construction and anticipated
right-of-way limits.
 For vertical control of the profile, use benchmarks established during the
preliminary survey. Ground surface readings shall be to the nearest
centimeter. Turning point readings shall be to the nearest millimeter.
 Elevations shall be determined whenever they will supply information
needed by the designer.
 The centreline profile for each intersecting road shall be obtained for a
sufficient distance to establish its existing grade line and to show the effect of
any change in the grade of intersection. Top of rail elevations shall be
similarly secured for all intersecting railroads. Comparable information shall
be secured for roads and railroads that parallel the centerline or approach it
closely. In such cases, the regular cross sections shall be extended frequently
to include the road or the railroad.
 Inlet and outlet elevations at all existing culverts carrying stream flows shall
be measured, as well as floodwater elevations and flow line elevations in the
bed of each stream for a reasonable distance upstream and downstream.
 All other existing structures shall have significant elevations noted.
3.3.5.3 Surface Drainage Survey

A highway is an artificial obstruction laid down by man across the natural
drainage pattern of the land. At every water course therefore, provisions must be
made for the passage of running water through or across the roadway.
The alternative methods of digital photogrammetry, LiDAR (mobile and
bathymetric), interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) and unmanned
aerial systems may be utilized subject to ground validation of collected data.
Details of survey requirements for drainage are provided in Table 5-2.
3.3.5.4 Right-of-Way Survey

Where the proposed project crosses private lands, the right-of-way shall show
the following:
 Names of owners and boundaries of all tracts of private properties, as well as,
names of tenants occupying the land.
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 Number and description of all crops, buildings and improvements including

standing timber.
 Assessed value of all lands and improvements
 Location of all monuments.
 Location and ownership of all public utilities, such as power and telephone
line and water pipelines.
 Width of existing right-of-way where the location follows an existing road or
trail.
 Existing land use. Items that may cause variations in right-of-way costs.
 Accurate information concerning the location of all property boundary lines,
ownership and property improvements.
Where boundaries that affect the highway are not available, these should be re-
established on the ground where the right-of-way is to be produced.
The right-of-way survey shall be done according to the DPWH Infrastructure
Right-of-Way (IROW) Procedural Manual, 2003.
3.3.5.5 Parcellary Survey

The parcellary survey shall be undertaken after the final design alignment has
been approved to ensure that no further alignment changes will be encountered,
segregate the designed road right-of-way from the lots affected, and register
these in favour of the government. The segregation of the road right-of-way
involves subdivision survey in case of decreed lots and amendment survey in the
case of untitled lots. The requirements for parcellary surveys are as follows:
1. Owners, tenants, adverse claimants and, in general, anyone possessing or
claiming interest on lands adjoining, or included in, the proposed road project
to be surveyed shall in every case possible be duly notified of the survey.
2. In the execution of the parcellary survey for road right-of-way, provisions
governing all classes of survey shall be followed.
3. All traverses shall start either from primary or secondary stations and close
on either primary or secondary stations.
4. Corners which are not occupied and used as stations in traverses shall be
located by side shots, consisting of azimuths and distances from the stations
which shall in every case be parts of the circuit of loop traverses.
5. Traverses shall be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary depending
on the location of the proposed project. Refer Section 2.3.1 for establishing
project controls.
6. Information on existing improvements on the land shall be gathered to help
facilitate in the final negotiation of the road right-of-way expropriation. Refer
Section 2.4, DPWH Infrastructure Right-of-Way Procedural Manual, 2003.
7. To locate property boundaries, use the best evidence that can be found on the
ground such as monuments of the Land Management Bureau/Land
Management Services, private survey monuments or stakes, fences, rows of
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trees, paddy dikes, streams or ridges. These shall be supplemented with

survey descriptions.
8. In describing improvements, use explicit language such as "two-storey
dwelling of four rooms framed by squared apitong timbers, flank floors,
sawali walls and nipa roofs" or "orchard contains two avocado trees, 10 years
old, 120-mm diameter, 3 mango trees, 8 years old, 160-mm diameter, all are
bearing fruits" or "rice land is terraced and under irrigation. Owners claim to
harvest two crops per year with total yield of 80 cavans per hectare". Refer
Section 2.4, DPWH Infrastructure Right-of-Way Procedural Manual, 2003.
9. If the project requires borrow, right-of-way information shall be gathered for
the borrow pit site as well as for the project site itself. If any available sources
of gravel, ledge rock, coral, etc., are on private property, right-of-way
information shall also be obtained covering the quarry site.
10. Where the project is on government property, check any claims of settlers for
improvements. If well-defined, tie these to the survey. Where gravel and
other materials exist on public lands, check at the provincial government
office to determine whether these deposits are covered by previously-
granted concession.
11. Before finalizing the field books, check the completeness and accuracy of the
gathered data prior to plotting each parcel of land showing owners, lot
boundaries and assessed values.
In the research work for cadastral maps and technical descriptions of affected
lots, the names of affected landowners, if any, within the road right-of-way must
be taken from the corresponding Municipal, City or Provincial Assessor’s Office.
The following data shall be gathered relative to the parcellary survey:
 From the Assessor’s Office
- Tax declaration of real property
- Tax map to determine the owner and address
- Land classification
 From the affected landowner

- Tax declaration of real property
- Copy of the Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT)/Original Certificate of Title

(OCT)
- Tax clearance
- Pictures of the property and improvements taken by the

Consultant/Geodetic Engineer
 From the Registry of Deeds
- Certified copy of the Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) )/Original
Certificate of Title (OCT)
 From the DENR Land Management Services (LMS)/Land Management Bureau
(LMB)
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- Cadastral map
- Lot data computation/technical description
- Lot Plan in standard LMB Form
 From the Land Registration Authority

- Lot plan
- Lot data computation/technical description
 From the Department of Agrarian Reform

- Areas subject to land reform, lots with Certificates of Land Ownership
Awards (CLOA) or vast estate landholdings with offers of voluntary sale
from the owners
 From the National Commission for Indigenous People
- Areas covered by Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) or
Certificates of Ancestral Land Title (CALT)
 From the Department of National Defense (DND)
- Maps showing areas of military reservations
 From the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

- Protected areas from the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)
All possible sources of lot data relevant to the affected parcels shall be explored.
Lands with no available data shall be clearly mentioned in the survey report for
further research during the acquisition stage.
3.3.5.6 As-Staked Survey

As-staked surveys are pre-construction surveys conducted to show the actual
condition of the project area as they exist for record purposes and for
comparison with data used during the design since ground changes and/or
significant improvements may have occurred between design and actual
construction.
The survey results reflect the following typical information:
 Project control stations including PRS92 grid coordinates (northings and
eastings in meters) and elevations, in meters, referred to mean sea level.
 For road surveys: inventory of drainage structures (size/skew angle), utilities
and significant improvements (natural and man-made features including
descriptions of its material, type, species, size and condition).
 For bridge site surveys: river banks, limits of water levels, direction of river
flow and significant improvements after the design.
 All survey data necessary to locate the features listed in items a, b and c.
Project controls used during the design are first checked if these are still
recoverable particularly when an extended period of time (e.g., several years) has
elapsed between the design stage and the construction phase. If necessary,
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supplementary control stations may need to be established for the construction

with a coordinate system and elevations tied to those used in the design.
From the project controls, the pre-construction survey will locate all roadway
features (existing roadway centerlines, edge of pavement/concrete, breakpoints,
etc.), existing drainage such as culverts (pipe size, skew angle, invert) and
outfalls, natural and man-made topographic features (trees, buildings, sidewalks,
etc.), above-ground and underground utility facilities, and stake out of right-of-
way.
The as-staked drawings shall reflect the pre-construction survey results
including:
 Profile and cross-sections at the same intervals used during the design
 Contours
 Locations of drainage structures
3.3.5.7 As-Built Survey

As-built surveys are post-construction surveys conducted to show the actual
condition of completed projects as they exist for record purposes and/or
payment. Since many field changes occur during construction, both authorized
and sometimes, unauthorized, surveys are regularly completed to check the
project against plans and specifications. Typical items checked include alignment,
profile or grade, location of drainage structures, correct dimensions of structures,
orientation of features and earthwork quantities.
The survey shall be performed on the ground and the drawing shall, depending
on the project, reflect the following:
 Project control stations including grid coordinates (northings and eastings in
meters and coordinate tick marks) in the Philippine Reference System 1992
and elevations, in meters, referred to mean sea level.
 For road surveys: project name, road edge limits, center islands (if any),
intersection points, stationing, drainage structures (pipe size/skew angle,
invert elevation, catch inlets), sidewalks, easements including title, utilities
(including manholes, if any), building lines, kilometer posts (if any), adjacent
or crossing roads, other significant improvements or planimetric features
(fences, walls, ramps) including descriptions of their material, type, species,
size, condition, etc., and contours with appropriate index and intermediate
labels;
 For bridge site surveys: project name, river banks, stationing, limits of flood
level, high water and ordinary water levels, direction of river flow, existing
bridge structure (head wall, wing wall, cap elevation, etc), other significant
structures, adjacent roads (if any) and appropriately-labeled contours;
 All survey data necessary to locate the features listed in items a, b and c.
 Appropriate ties to property lines and limits/areas of segregated lot parcels
when easements are necessary.
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The As-built Survey shall be undertaken as follows:

 For road survey projects, a traverse is usually run from PRS92 stations or
project controls and major features of the curve alignment are checked.
Profiles may be run particularly in areas where exact grades are critical.
Major features of road projects that require close attention are drainage
structures, where culvert design may be modified particularly where
directions of waterways are rapidly changing. Therefore, culvert and pipe
checks are critical. Items that should be checked for all major drainage
structures include size/shape, skew angle, type, flow line elevations, station
location of structure centerline and outfalls.
 Utilities such as pipes and electric poles that have been relocated should be
carefully checked for compliance with plans and specifications.
 Monuments used in project controls should be checked for accuracy since
these may have been done by project personnel who may not be familiar with
surveying and therefore their locations are not as accurate as desired.
The primary reference points (including coordinates and elevations) used during
the survey must be clearly indicated in the as-built drawing. These are generally
PRS92 horizontal controls points and first-order levelling benchmarks
established by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
(NAMRIA) from which the project control stations were derived either by closed
traverse using electronic total stations or by supplementary GPS observations
using survey-grade receivers.
The as-built drawings shall reflect the title block, vicinity map, legend, notes,
north arrow, graphic scale and Geodetic Engineers’ signature. To protect against
unauthorized alteration of the as-built drawings, the Geodetic Engineer shall
submit the hardcopy drawings with digital files in pdf format.
The as-built drawings shall likewise show a vicinity map at an appropriate scale
necessary to show the entire project. If multiple sheets are required, the vicinity
map shall also indicate the coverage by each sheet, the sheet number and total
number of sheets.
3.4 Survey Outputs

The following survey outputs shall be required:
 Field notes in hard copy signed by the Geodetic Engineer.
 DEM data x, y, z coordinates in file formats such as LAS or ASCII text file
format.
 Images, if any, in file formats such as GeoTIFF.
 Hardcopy and digital files of the following plans, drawings and reports.
3.4.1 Preliminary Survey Plans

The finished contour map shall be brought to the field to compare the contours,
outlines and features with the actual ground surface station by station. If any
error or discrepancy is found, correct the maps without taking additional cross
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sections. If errors are so gross that these cannot be corrected, a re-cross section
of the area shall made.
3.4.2 Final Survey Plans

The following data and information shall be incorporated in the final survey plan:
 Limits of right-of-way, existing property lines, owners and land use.
 References and description of beginning and end of project, P.l. stations, P.O.T.
stations and controlling points near bridge sites with azimuth and distances.
 Comprehensive descriptions of vertical and horizontal control of the survey
at beginning of project and succeeding benchmarks with corresponding
elevations and descriptions.
 Extent and type of improvements on the land.
 Location of existing public utilities.
 Existing and/or proposed road intersections and railroad crossings. Exact
elevations of railroad tracks, existing kilometer posts for existing roads and
numbers of the adjacent telegraph poles along railroad lines for railroad
crossings.
 Types, sizes and location of existing end proposed major and minor
structures. Conditions of existing pipe, box and/or culverts, together with
their dimensions, top and invert elevations at inlet and outlet ends.
 Existence of muck, peat or other unsuitable materials indicating extent and
depth and maximum high water elevation of inundated area.
 Ordinary water elevation, ordinary and extreme flood elevations at every
canal, creek, waterway, river crossings, as well as highest tide elevations if
applicable. Profile along river bed and every channel over which minor
structure is to be planned, extending at least 30 metres to each side of the
centerline of the road, at least 50 metres upstream and downstream if
channel is not straight. If crossing is at skew, give angle of skew.
 Profile of existing roads prolonged 100 m before the beginning and after the
end of proposed project required for the determination of connecting grades
and alignment.
 Existing drainage structures located along the proposed line if near an
existing road or railroad line. Sources and locations of borrow, aggregate,
sub-base, base course, concrete aggregates and asphalt aggregates.
 For existing base course, obtain kind condition, thickness, length and width of
surfacing at representative sections.
 Cross sections shall be plotted in heavy, solid line and exposed rock shall be
indicated and all occurrences or rock as determined shall be plotted in proper
location.
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3.4.3 Parcellary/Right-of-Way Plans

The following data and information shall be incorporated on the parcellary/right-
of-way plans:
 The boundaries of the affected properties in full black ink lines heavier than
those of adjoining properties. Permanent walls along boundaries shall be
shown by conventional method.
 The traverse and stations from which side shots were taken shall be plotted
as dotted lines.
 The relative positions of adjoining surveyed properties and the names of all
adjoining owners indicated in dotted lines, the boundaries between them and
all important improvements.
 The corners shall be indicated by small circles two millimetres in diameter
with their respective descriptions noted.
 The boundary lines with corresponding bearings and distances shall be
indicated in black ink or tabulated on the plan when these are too numerous
to be drawn or shown clearly along or near the boundary lines. Lot
descriptions shall be prepared.
 In general, the lot numbers, corner numbers and description, note, title, etc.
shall be drawn parallel to the horizontal axis of the plans.
 Tie line and lot data computations, in PRS92 and local coordinate systems,
shall be included in the data submission.
The following items shall be checked in the review of parcellary/right-of-way
plans:
 Cover Sheet
 Legend, General Notes, Location Map/Vicinity Map
 Name of Geodetic Engineer, PRC License Number, Date of Issue, PRC ID
Expiration Date, Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) Number
 Date of Issue on the Title Blocks
 Index Map
 North Arrow Direction
 Description/Location of Reference Monuments/Stations (BLLM, BBM, etc.)
 Grid Coordinates based on PPCS
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Tabulation:
Parcellary Plans Right-of-Way Plans
Name of Claimants Names of Owners/Claimants
Affected lots and survey number Lot Number (classification of lot) and Survey
Number (PSD/PCS)
Land Area (total land area, affected area and Area of Structure
remaining area)
Original Certificate of Title/Transfer Certificate of Structure Number
Title Numbers
Tax Declaration Structure Type (house, tree, fence, etc.)
Names of Barangays, Municipalities, Province, Names of Barangays, Municipalities, Province,

Island, etc. Island, etc.
Remarks Remarks
3.4.4 Survey Report

The survey report shall summarize all important items of information that have
been developed including proposals of the locating engineer for dealing with
difficulties of the project. Refer to Annex F (Survey Report Quality Control Check
List) to ensure completeness and accuracy of the report.
3.4.4.1 Identification and History of the Survey

1. Name, number, termini, or other identification of the road
2. Description and stationing of beginning and ending points showing or

indicating equalities and reasons therefore, length of project, ties with any
existing coordinate system and with established datum and errors of closure.
3. Dates of commencement and completion of various surveys, interruptions
and delays in work, etc.
4. Record of conferences with local officials relative to the project.
3.4.4.2 Traffic
Summary of Traffic, Survey Findings and Resulting Geometric Requirements as
Supplied to the Locating Engineer, including:
1. Design speeds.
2. Type and width of pavement, number of lanes, width or widths of center

division, if any.
3. Width and character of shoulders.
4. Maximum degree of curvature.
5. Maximum allowable grade.
6. Vertical and horizontal sight-line requirements, required frequency of

passing sight distances.
7. Treatment of intersections, grade separations, interchanges, etc.
8. Extent of any control of access.
9. Any other imposed requirements.
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3.4.4.3 Topography, Existing Land Use, and Utilities

1. General description of the topography of the area with particular reference to
swamps, rock and other natural obstacles.
2. General description of property along proposed right-of-way and present use
with special note of cemeteries, public parks, golf courses, etc.
3. Locations, size, type, profile and ownership of water, gas, sewer,
communications and power lines and any other utilities.
3.4.4.4 Proposed Alignment and Grades

Relationship to any existing road or roads:
1. Alignment control points and their influence and locations.
2. Alternate locations considered, with advantages and disadvantages of each

and reasons for selection of line adopted.
3. Critical points (list) controlling the establishment of the final grade, with
upper and lower possible limits, reasons for the grade line recommended,
possibilities of adjusting grade, etc.
4. Discussion of any weak points in the proposed line and grade and reasons
why these were not improved.
3.4.4.5 Drainage
1. Summary of weather conditions just prior to, and during, soils and drainage
surveys.
2. Description of suggested general drainage scheme for the project, including
treatment of all special conditions such as marshes arid continuous streams.
3. A list of existing culverts and bridges showing locations, sizes, lengths,
conditions and a statement as to their adequacy. This shall include
installations on existing road being reconstructed, as well as on parallel
roads, railroads, etc., within a reasonable distance, both upstream and
downstream from the centerline of improvements.
4. A list (by stations) of proposed culverts and bridges, giving recommended
type, size, length, skew, and walls, etc.
5. Description of existing sewer systems, ditches, gutters and other drain.
6. Recommendations for sewers, underdrains, paved gutters, intercepting

ditches, leak-offs, etc.
7. Notation of any locations requiring high-grade line to prevent flooding.
8. Survey information required is identified in Chapter 5, Table 5-2.
3.4.4.6 Construction Materials

1. Complete statement on location, quality, available quantity and haul of local
materials.
2. Recommendations for securing borrow within highway limits
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3. Recommendations for securing borrow outside highway limits.
3.4.4.7 Right-of-Way
1. Description of right-of-way to be acquired, giving general condition of houses,
barns and other buildings along the route, with approximate valuation where
valuation affects location.
2. Statement of anticipated damages to be incurred because of the necessity for
moving buildings, replacing trees or shrubs, etc.
3. Right-of-way difficulties involved in setting grade.
4. Any other pertinent data.
3.4.4.8 Special Considerations

1. Amount and character of clearing and grubbing required, indicating sizes of
all large trees.
2. Statement of type, width of present surface of roads and driveways,
approaches that must be constructed.
3. Recommended treatment of all intersections with railroads.
4. Recommended treatment of all intersections with existing highways.
5. Retaining walls.
6. Private wells, springs, water supply pipes, drains etc., with recommended
treatment for each case.
7. Topsoil locations, with depth to which stripping is possible.
8. Amount and condition of existing guard rail, single posts, etc.
9. Type and condition of existing property line fences.
10. Station location traverse joints at ends of project if connection is to be made

to existing concrete pavement.
11. Complete list of survey data-maps, profiles, field books, cross section sheets,
etc. accompanying the report.
12. Names and positions of engineers making the report and of all survey
personnel.
13. Date of report.
3.4.4.9 Computations and Supporting Documents

1. Certification from DENR, NAMRIA of the horizontal/vertical control points
used as reference.
2. Certification of calibration of survey instruments from the manufacturer,
supplier or authorized dealer.
3. Survey returns/computations for the control surveys signed by a licensed
Geodetic Engineer.
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4 Survey for Bridge Projects

Surveys for bridge projects typically require both topographic and hydrographic
surveys:
 The hydrographic survey collects information on the channels and drainage
infrastructure in order to understand the hydraulic behaviour, as well as
provide details within the immediate vicinity of the proposed works;
 The topographic survey focuses on the “land” based information, or areas
surrounding the drainage infrastructure or river channels.
In many cases, both sets of survey will be collected by the same survey team.
4.2.1 Reconnaissance
The selection of favorable stream crossing sites should be considered in the
preliminary route determination and feasibility studies to minimize construction,
maintenance and replacement costs.
The bridge location shall consider the assessed river morphology and be selected
to minimize the risk that stream channel movements will result in the stream
abutments becoming under attack or the stream outflanking the bridge. The
active zone across which the river has moved in the historical period, for example
the meander belt width in the case of meandering streams, should be considered
for bridging. This may be a better approach than attempting to maintain the
stream using river training or bank control.
For unstable streams, such as braided streams, where the limits of the active zone
are very wide, the requirement for river training works and other construction to
control the channel location, reduce erosion problems and prevent possible loss
of the structure should be considered.
On wide flood plains, the lowering of approach fills to provide overflow sections
designed to pass unusual floods over the highway, is a means of minimizing scour
and possible damage of structures. This is not viable on major traffic routes
where the road must be maintained open and relief bridges or culverts shall be
provided. Where relief bridges are provided to maintain the natural flow
distribution and reduce backwater, caution must be exercised in proportioning
the size and in locating such structures to avoid undue scour or changes in the
course of the main river channel.
For smaller bridges, the location of the bridge will be dictated by the proposed
alignment of the associated road. Nevertheless the location of the bridge shall be
reviewed to determine if an alternative alignment would provide a better
solution for the bridge. As much as possible, bridges should be made
perpendicular to the stream.
4-1
For bridges that are to be replaced, the location and design features shall be
reviewed to determine if a better bridge location is available or if an increased
waterway area should be provided.
The determination of adequate waterway openings for stream crossings is
essential to the design of safe and economical bridges. Hydrologic and hydraulic
studies of bridge sites are necessary as part of the preliminary design of a bridge.
The design life of bridges designed in accordance with the DPWH Design Guide is
taken as 50-years. Bridges located in severe environments, for example an
exposed marine environment, may require additional consideration of corrosion
protection to achieve the design life.
4.2.2 Topographic and Hydrographic Surveys

Topographic and hydrographic surveys shall be undertaken of the bridge site and
vicinity taking into consideration the following important features and controls:
 Establish the horizontal and vertical controls of the project. Refer to Section
2.3.1 for the establishment of project controls.
 Set at least two permanent transit points on each bank of the river properly
referenced by at least three reference points. Establish permanent and
properly referenced benchmarks on each side of the river bank. Benchmarks
shall be placed where these will not be disturbed during construction works.
 Topographic surveys shall always start from a base line to be established by
points on the banks of the river. Profiles and cross sections shall be referred
to this base line. The profile along the centerline of the bridge shall be
extended at least 100 m beyond the likely end of the bridge.
 For any proposed bridge site, the topographic and river surveys shall be
extended a distance five times the width of the stream channel or at least 100
to 200 metres upstream and downstream from the centerline of the bridge so
as to obtain more information for necessary river control or training works.
 Stream cross sections over the length of stream channel listed above at
equally spaced intervals with the spacing selected to provide a minimum of
eleven cross sections. Cross section shall be at right angles to the centreline of
the river.
 Available floodwater marks shall be included in the survey with
corresponding dates of occurrences noted.
 Information on debris and channel stability shall also be collected.
 If the proposed bridge is for the separation of highway grades, the area to be
mapped must be large enough to include such interchange ramps as may be
required. The profile and cross sections of the intersecting roads shall be
taken for a sufficient distance to include any revision that may be made.
 When an existing structure is on or close to the proposed centerline of the
proposed bridge, the following information shall be taken and recorded:
- Bridge location.
4-2
- Number of spans and length of each span.
- Width, type and condition of existing roadway and number of structures.
- Size, location, type, condition, and invert elevations of inlet and outlet ends
of the structures and all available evidences of their inadequacy or
adequacy.
- Type and foundation condition of the bridge.
 For grade separation structures at railroad crossings, a profile of the tract for
300 m on either side of the highway centerline shall be secured. Determine
the location of points of intersection and angle between centerlines. If the
railroad is on a curve, pertinent curve data shall be obtained. Cross sections
of the railroad shall be taken at 20 m interval and extended at least 100 m
from both sides of the centerline.
 For new bridges, cross sections over the length of stream channel mentioned
above should be equally spaced at 20 m intervals to provide a minimum of
eleven cross sections (5 upstream, 5 downstream and 1 at the centerline) and
the cross section should extend 20 m from the upper bank. Refer Figure 4-1.
Additional cross sections should be taken at every river bends and abrupt
changes in cross sections. These cross sections shall be at right angles to the
centerline of the river.
 For existing bridges, cross sections over the length of stream channel
mentioned above should be equally spaced at 20 m intervals to provide a
minimum of twelve cross sections (1 at each face of the bridge, 5 upstream
and 5 downstream measured from the faces of the bridge) and cross sections
20 m from the upper bank. Refer Figure 4-2.
 Location and elevation of boreholes in coordination with the geotechnical
investigating team.
4-3
 Hardcopy and digital files of plans, drawings and reports as listed in the
following sub-sections.
 Digital data may be provided in different file formats:
- DWG – Drawing file format native in Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
software. It is the native format for several CAD packages including
DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD, Caddie and Open Design Alliance
compliant applications.
- SHP – Shapefile format for storing geospatial vector data developed by
Environmental Systems Research Institute. It is commonly used in GIS
software.
- PTS – Points file format for storing points clouds, used in laser scanners
and GIS/CAD software. Each point is stored as a couple of values in one
line of the pts file. One line contains at least three values, representing the
x-, y-, and z-position of the point in a three-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate system. If one line has six or more values, it is assumed that the
last three values represent color information as 8-bit values in an rgb color
space. Additional information may be stored behind the first set of values.
This additional data can either be a remission value or both quality
information for the set color and a flag indicating if the color was properly
set.
- BIN – Binary file format used for storing terrain or elevation data. Like the
ASCII file, it follows the same structure of a one line header followed by the
data in row-major format.
4.3.1 Topographic/ Hydrographic Survey (Bridge Site) Plan

Topographic plans shall be plotted on standard A1 size paper and prepared to an
appropriate scale depending on the width of the river, showing the following:
 Grid Coordinates
 Contours drawn in multiples of five shall be slightly heavier and properly
labeled at such intervals.
 Bridge alignment with permanent reference marks (at least two intervisible
GPS control points and two benchmarks) a on each bank of the river, properly
described and referenced. Show also horizontal curves and elements, if any.
 River course with direction of flow.
 Location of cross sections taken properly referred and labeled.
 All existing structures within the vicinity of the bridge site.
 Location of borings, if any.
 Standard Title Block with details such as: Title of Project, Key Plan, General
Notes, Technical Descriptions of Reference Points, Legends, Symbols.
Abbreviations.
 North Arrow and Scale Bar.
4-6
 All other information that may affect the bridge structure, be it geological or
physical.
 A sample bridge site survey plan is shown in Annex H.
4.3.2 Profile and Cross-sections

The profile and cross sections shall be plotted on standard A1 size paper, in
appropriate scales, depending on the width of the river. An overview of the
requirements for profiles and cross sections are provided in Table 5-2. Typical
details for cross sections and profiles are shown in Figure 5-1, Figure 5-2, Figure
5-3 and Figure 5-4.
4.3.3 Survey Report

A descriptive report shall be prepared and submitted together with the survey
plans, profiles and cross sections. The report shall contain among others, the
following:
4.3.3.1 Topographic and River Conditions

The topographic and river conditions shall be described with full reference to the
attached survey plans. River conditions shall be described whether upgrading,
degrading, meandering or of erodible banks. Refer to Section 5.4.2.1.
4.3.3.2 Right-of-Way
Whether acquisition of additional right-of-way is necessary, and if there are
restraints in acquiring, it shall all be discussed in the report. If road right-of-way
acquisition is to be made, a parcellary survey of the affected area shall be
undertaken.
Refer to Annex F (Survey Report Quality Control Check List) to ensure
completeness and accuracy of the report.
4.3.3.3 Computations and Supporting Documents

used as reference.
2. Certification of calibration of survey instruments from the manufacturer,
supplier, or authorized dealer.
Geodetic Engineer.
4-7
5 Surveys for Water Engineering Projects

Surveys for flood control and drainage projects typically require both
topographic and hydrographic surveys:
 The hydrographic survey collects information on the channels and drainage
infrastructure in order to understand the hydraulic behaviour, as well as
provided details within the immediate vicinity of the proposed works.
 The topographical survey focuses on the “land” based information, or areas
surrounding the drainage infrastructure or river channels.
5.1.1 Scoping Survey

In defining the scope of the survey that is required, it is important to understand
the requirements of the design that is being undertaken and define the area,
detail and accuracy of the survey appropriately.
Key considerations in scoping of survey for drainage design and flood control
projects include (where applicable):
 Survey data collected should be sufficient to undertake the hydraulic analysis,
while also being sufficient to design any specific infrastructure (such as
levees, revetments etc.).
 Survey data should be collected a sufficient distance upstream and
downstream so that the hydraulic behaviour of the study area can be
adequately understood.
 It may be appropriate to have a higher level of resolution in the survey within
the immediate vicinity of the proposed works, while a lower resolution
upstream and downstream of this area.
 Consideration for specifying provision of the survey in an electronic format,
without the need for drafted plans. This data should be provided as a three
dimension CAD file, which will allow direct interpretation by the designer.
This may result in savings in time and cost of preparation of the survey data.
Alternative formats, such as GIS, should also be considered where this is
appropriate.
 It is essential that a clear scope of works is prepared for the surveyors, to
ensure that the survey conducted meets with the requirements for the
project. This scope of works should be prepared by the engineering team
who is to undertake the design/ hydraulic analysis etc. This scope of works
should include:
- Locality of the project site, including key place names, road names and
coordinates, where available.
- Plans or sketches showing the location of the cross sections to be
collected, along with locations of topographic information required.
5-1
- A project briefing document, identifying key requirements (e.g. accuracy,

details required etc.).
- It may be appropriate to use photographs and other tools to assist in
identifying location of survey details required, where it may not be clear.
- The road network alignment and profile along the distribution system
and transmission mains (i.e. from water source to distribution system)
- Location of houses, public building, utility facilities, treatment plant,
water tanks
- Tidal level measurements
5.1.2 Types of Survey

There are a number of ways in which survey data can be collected. Table 5-1
outlines different survey methods and their applicability in flood control and
drainage projects.
Table 5-1 Types of Survey and Application to Flood Control and Drainage
Maximum
Survey Type Applications Vertical Limitations
Accuracy*
Detailed Ground Survey All applications +/- 0.01 m Can be expensive and time consuming to collect data across a
large area
Differential GPS Survey All applications +/- 0.05 m, Accuracy may be limited in areas of dense canopy
potentially Requires good line of sight to satellites
better Easier and more economical than traditional survey to collect
data over a larger area
LiDAR or ALS Survey Survey of large areas, +/- 0.15 m on Can be costly for smaller areas, unless the survey has already
such as floodplains hard surfaces been collected and is available
to one Economical for larger areas when compared with traditional or
standard GPS survey
deviation Accuracy of survey is lower in thick and dense vegetation, and
in some cases no data points will be returned. This may be a
limitation particularly in vegetation adjacent to natural
channels.
LiDAR is generally not able to penetrate water, and therefore
is not useful for bathymetric or hydrographic survey.
It is generally not refined enough to identify enough details for
concrete lined channels and other urban drainage features.
Also generally not recommended for riverine channels.
Accuracy is not as high as for ground survey
Photogrammetry Survey of large areas, +/- 0.15 m on Similar limitations to LiDAR or ALS
such as floodplains hard surfaces Note that data set can include breaklines of features like
and catchments to one roads, railway embankments etc., which are not typically
standard provided with LiDAR.
deviation
*Based on current technology. Indicative only.
5.1.3 Drainage Survey Requirements

An overview of the requirements for survey for drainage projects is provided in
Table 5-2.
5-2
Table 5-2 Flood Control & Drainage Survey Requirements
Concept Development Phase

Implementation Plan/ Detailed Design
Master Plan Feasibility Study
Topographic Survey
Map Scale N/A. Primarily based on best 1:500 or 1:10 000 or better 1:100 to 1:500 or better. Scale depends on
available information, such as the size of the river.
topographic maps or LiDAR, Note that electronic files can be provided as
if available in the area. an alternative to hard copy plans. In this
case, scales are not essential.
Coverage All areas identified for potential All areas for the design works should be
works. covered, plus a buffer of 20 m
Width The width of the survey should extend at least 50 m beyond the proposed works.
Location and elevation of existing drainage conduits, manholes, inlets, catch
basins and underground manholes of public and private utilities;
Location of rivers and tributaries, hydraulic conduits and control structures;
Location of buildings, roads, highways, railroads, bridges etc...
Topographic features and spot elevations of low lying areas, overland flowpaths
and other hydraulically significant areas.
Delineation of approximate boundary of areas inundated during maximum flood
stages, where this is known. If historical observations are available, then this
should be included.
Scale Horizontal 1:500 to 1:2000 Horizontal 1:100 to 1:500
Vertical 1:10 to 1:100 Vertical 1:10 to 1:100
Scale depends on size of the study area.
Vertical scale is dependent on topographic
conditions.
Note that electronic files can be provided as
an alternative to hard copy plans. In this
case, scales are not essential.
Hydrographic Survey
Cross Section Highly dependent on the 20m to 50m Within 50 m of the proposed works, a
Spacing for scale of the assessment minimum spacing of 20 m for straight
Channels/ being undertaken. sections, 10 m at minor channel bends, 5 to
Rivers 10 m at sharp bends.
Cross sections should be located so as to
identify key hydraulic controls. These might
include constrictions in the channel, key
storage areas etc.
Point Sufficient information to Generally every 2 to 5 m. Key information such as top of bank, bottom of bank,
Measurement define the flow behaviour low flow channels etc. to be identified.
Interval for
Channels
Width of Cross The width of the survey should extend to the limit of the easement as a
Sections minimum.
Drainage A cross section immediately upstream and downstream of drainage structures,
Structures within a minimum distance of 500 m upstream or downstream of the proposed
(such as works along a channel. Cross section to extend to the width of the structure.
Bridges, Details to be collected include:
culverts, weirs Opening area of any structure
etc.) Width of piers
Details of abutments
Elevation of obvert of the structure
Elevation of the crest level of the structure (e.g. road level for a bridge crossing)
A cross section of any road overpass for a bridge, where it is expected that
overtopping of the road will occur
Longitudinal Profile of river developed profile developed from cross sections (centreline profile). Should indicate
Profile from cross sections and location of cross sections and key structures (e.g. bridges) along the profile.
topographic map Should include profile along deepest riverbed. The left and right banks shall be
noted.
Sub-Surface Information may be available Ground survey and invert levels at manholes and inlets. This should include
Infrastructure from existing sources. curb and gutter information.
Additional survey may be Sizes of inlets, including details on openings and any grates;
required depending on the Sizes of conduits and storm drains (such as diameters, height and width etc.).
scope Extent of survey to include full area of hydraulic analysis required, but not less
than 50 m from the proposed works.
5-3
5.2.4 Profiles and Cross-sections

The scope of the survey for profiles and cross-sections shall comprise:
 Profile shall be taken along the centerline and along the left and right banks of
the stream all throughout the required length of the stream as specified. For
multi-channel streams or rivers, profile along the centerline of each channel
shall be taken.
 Profiles of sea bed extending at least 100 m from the shoreline taken along
lines perpendicular to the shore and spaced at least 100 m apart and/or at
intermediate points along the prolongation of the river mouth.
 Cross sections of existing waterways shall be taken in order to get the actual
longitudinal and traverse configuration of the river channel.
 Cross sections shall be taken at appropriate intervals, depending on the level
of study (refer to Table 5-2).
 All cross sections shall be taken facing downstream and shall be properly
indicated and noted in the plans. Cross sections shall be extended to the land
side from both banks as shown in Figure 5-2.
 Cross sections shall be obtained as accurately as possible to get the abrupt
changes in elevation of the banks. Field notes shall contain the time and date
of soundings.
5.3 Other Data
5.3.1 Safety and Access

While it is necessary to collect good quality information, safety and access
concerns need to be considered when scoping survey requirements. It is
recommended that health and safety plans be prepared prior to work being
undertaken on site.
Key considerations include, but are not limited to:
 Safe access is required for stormwater infrastructure such as channels.
Consider alignment of cross section information with access points, ladders
etc.
 For underground survey (such as manholes and pipe drainage), special
consideration is required for working in confined spaces. It is important to
ensure that the surveyors have adequate health and safety training.
 Water quality in channels and drains can be low, and can have a resulting
health impacts on surveyors. Adequate health and safety plans need to be
prepared.
 Working near water can represent a safety risk.
 Urban drainage data typically may require work within heavily trafficked
areas, and as such will require suitable traffic management.
5-7
5.3.2 Land-use Mapping

Land-use mapping data can be used to:
 Define catchment characteristics, both for existing land-uses and potential
future land-uses.
 Define roughness characteristics for hydraulic analysis.
5.3.3 Aerial Photos

Aerial photos provide useful information on catchment and floodplain
characteristics. They may not be available in all study areas. They can be
available in a range of scales and resolutions.
If aerial surveys such as LiDAR or photogrammetry are being collected, then it is
usually possible to acquire aerial photos at the same time.
Some aerial photos are geo-referenced, which means that they can be uploaded
into a GIS or CAD-based software in the correct coordinated location.
It is important to understand the date that the aerial photography was taken, as
changes may have occurred in the catchment since that time.
5.4 Survey Outputs.

format.
 Hardcopy and digital files of the plans, drawings and reports.
5.4.1 Maps and Plans

Refer to Table 5-2 and refer to Annex I for sample river plan and profile
drawings.
5.4.2 Survey Report

A descriptive report shall be prepared and submitted together with the survey
plans, profiles and cross sections. The report shall contain, among others, the
following:
5.4.2.1 Topographic and River Conditions

The topographic and river conditions shall be described with full reference to the
attached survey plans. River conditions shall be described whether upgrading,
degrading, meandering or of erodable banks. The stream type shall be identified
as being one of the following:
1. A straight channel is sinuous to the extent that the thalweg usually oscillates
transversely within the low flow channel, and the current is deflected from
one side to the other. The current oscillation usually results in the formation
5-8
6 Survey for Building Projects

6.1 Survey Requirements.
Survey requirements for building projects are limited to preparation of lot plans
and topographic survey plans of the proposed site. Although not stated in
Section 302, Application for Permits of the National Building Code of the
Philippines, such requirements are in the checklist for building permit
application forms of Municipal/City Government Unit covering the proposed
building site.
6.2.1 Establishment of Controls

Refer to Section 2.3.1 for the establishment of project controls.
6.2.2 Topographic Survey

A topographic survey of the proposed building site shall be conducted to
accommodate all estimated space requirements. Existing improvements, utilities,
connecting roads, rivers, streams, canals, and waterways in the general area shall
be taken. Types, sizes, classifications and conditions of these improvements and
utilities shall be noted. Cross sections and profiles of connecting roads shall be
taken for possible extension or widening.
Proper easements along existing waterways shall likewise be considered. In
accordance with the Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067 Art 51), Forestry
Code (PD 705 Sec 16) and Revised Land Survey Regulations (DENR AO 2007-29
Sec. 54-56), easements from the edge of normal high water line shall be provided
as follows 3 m in urban areas, 20 m in agricultural areas and near
seashores/lakeshores and 40 m in forestland.
6.2.3 Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographic survey shall be conducted to cover rivers, streams, canals, or
waterways, if any. Refer to Section 5 - Surveys for Water Engineering Projects.
Traverse for detailed hydrographic survey shall start and close at previously
established horizontal and vertical control stations.
The use of bathymetric LiDAR for the topographic and hydrographic mapping
may be used as an alternative procedure to generate a seamless digital elevation
model of the coastal zone and the adjoining land area.
6.3 Survey Outputs

format.
6-1

 Hardcopy and digital files of the following plans, drawings and reports.
6.3.1 Maps and Plans

A lot plan and topographic survey plan shall be plotted at appropriate scales as
may be required according to the checklist of requirements for securing a
building permit.
6.3.1.1 Vicinity Map/Lot Plan

This map shall show the location of the lot including existing landmarks and
major improvements within a 5 km radius.
6.3.2 Topographic/Hydrographic Map

This map shall show the following:
 Contour lines at one meter interval (maximum).
 North Arrow and Scale Bar.
 Surface soil condition (whether swampy, grassland, rocky, etc.).
 A comprehensive description of horizontal and vertical controls. Base lines
shall be tied to existing controls with azimuth and distance. Benchmarks shall
be shown on the map with detailed description and elevations.
 Existing improvements and other features as taken in the topographic and
hydrographic survey.
 River cross sections and road cross sections spaced at appropriate intervals.
 Profiles of connecting roads, profile of river bed along centerline of channel.
 Ordinary water levels, minimum and maximum flood elevations.
 Standard title blocks.
6.3.3 Survey Report

The technical report shall consist of descriptions, observations, results and
summaries for all surveys, together with comments and recommendations.
Computations and other supporting documents shall also be included:
used as reference.
2. Certification of Calibration of survey instruments from authorized
government agency.
Geodetic Engineer.
Refer to Annex F (Survey Report QC Check List) to ensure completeness and
accuracy of the report.
6-2
7 References
Abdullah, Q.A. (2007), Mapping Matters, Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, October 2007, American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing.
American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (2013), Manual of
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Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Volum e 2B – Engineering Surveys

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Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Volume 2B – Engineering Surveys

3.3.3 Preliminary Survey ...................................................................................................................... 3-4

Tables and Figures

Figure 2-1 Location of PRS92 Datum Origin.................................................................................................................2-2

NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

Bathymetry The art or science of determining ocean depths

Parcel A quantity of land identified for taxation purposes.

Profile Series of elevation along a line.

Survey Baseline A line with known vertical and horizontal control.

Traverse Line Lines with known azimuth or angle and distances.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle An aircraft without a human pilot aboard.

1.2 Governing Laws, Codes and Department Orders

2 Common Survey and Mapping Requirements

2.1.1 Horizontal Datum

Table 2-1 PRS92 Datum compared with Luzon Datum 1911

Geodetic Datum Element Luzon Datum 1911 PRS92 Geodetic Datum

Table 2-2 Original PRS92 Accuracy Standards (1992)

Accuracy order First Second Third

 Relative 1:100,000 1:50,000 1:20,000

Source: NRMDP Publication, 1992

Table 2-3 Upgraded PRS92 Accuracy Standards (2013)

Accuracy order Zero First Second Third Fourth

Source: NAMRIA website

Table 2-4 Number of PRS92 Stations (1992 and 2015)

Accuracy order Zero First Second Third Fourth

Source: Jones (1991); NAMRIA (2015)

Table 2-5 Revised DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy Standards

PRS 92Standard / Revised DPWH Horizontal Survey Accuracy

Accuracy Order Relative Precision Precision (cm/km)

Table 2-6 DPWH Accuracy Standards - Traverse

DPWH Accuracy Standards – Traverse

Accuracy First-Order Second-Order Third-Order

Azimuth closure not to 1.7” √N 3.0”√N 4.5"√N

Source: Anderson and Mikhail (1998)

Table 2-7 DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards - Leveling

DPWH Vertical Survey Accuracy Standards

where K is distance between bench marks

2.1.2 Vertical Datum

2.2 Coordinate System

Table 2-8 Characteristics of PPCS–PRS92

Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid of 1866

2.2.2 Conversion Equations

Equation 2-1 Geographic to Grid Coordinates

Equation 2-2 From Grid to Geographic Coordinates

2.3.1 Project Control Survey

2.3.2 Elevation Measurement

2.4 Project Control Survey Accuracies

2.5 Calibration of Survey Instruments

2.5.1 GNSS Receivers and Electronic Total Stations

2.5.2 Levelling Instruments

2.6 Quality Control in Surveys

2.6.1 Horizontal Control Network

2.6.2 Vertical Control Network

2.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

2.7 Survey Monuments

2.7.1 Criteria for Location of Monuments

Table 2-12 Interval of Monuments

2.8 Survey Records

2.9 Safety Requirements in Surveying

2.10 Alternative State-of-the-Art Surveying and Mapping Technologies

2.10.1 Digital Photogrammetry

2.10.2 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

Figure 2-14 LiDAR Output - Digital Terrain Model (DTM)