SUPERCONDUCTOR

Superconductors are material that have zero electrical resistance. They repel any
magnetic fields applied to them, It doesn’t penetrate it’s bulk (inside). They conduct electricity
more effectively then other conductors due to their zero resistance.

What are Superconductors?

Superconductors can be classified by their critical temperature or by the material used.
Considering their critical temperature, There is a high temperature superconductors that
reaches its superconducting at temperature less then (-196.15) Celsius. This temperature can
be reached by cooling using liquid nitrogen. There is low superconductors that reaches their
superconducting state at lower temperatures so, they need aggressive cooling techniques to
be cooled to these lowers temperatures.

Classification of Superconductors

 Superconductor can be made from chemical element.

 Others from the alloy Niobium-Titanium

 And others from organic material like Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes

Properties of Superconductors

 They have zero electrical resistance which can be proved by measuring the voltage it
and using the rule R=V/I

 Every Superconductor has a critical temperature below which it reaches its

superconducting state.
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 Every superconductor has a critical magnetic field temperature after which the superconductor
can't exist in the superconducting state.

Meissner Effect
Superconductors exhibit unique features other than their ability to perfectly conduct
current. For example, many expel magnetic fields during the transition to the
superconducting state. This is due to the Meissner effect by which superconducting
materials set up electric currents near their surface at Tc, therefore canceling the
fields within the material itself. A stationary magnet on a superconductor
demonstrates this effect: as the superconductor cools through its critical
temperature, the expulsion of magnetic flux from the conductor causes the magnet
to levitate above the material.

The Meissner effect: a superconductor's magnetic flux above (left) and below
critical temperature.

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 REFERENCES

1. Cyberphysics—Superconductivity
2. The University of Alaska Fairbanks—Superconductivity
3. Image credit:
Cyberphysics | Bristol University | Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors (CCAS)