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Rocks and Minerals Guide

Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with repeating crystalline patterns. They form deep within the Earth through heat and pressure or near the surface when elements like oxygen, calcium, and carbon combine. Minerals have properties like hardness, luster, and streak that can be used to identify them. Many common items are made from minerals, such as quartz in glass, diamonds in jewelry, and hematite in art. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and do not have a crystalline structure. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers of sediment, and metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks under heat and pressure.

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113 views14 pages

Rocks and Minerals Guide

Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with repeating crystalline patterns. They form deep within the Earth through heat and pressure or near the surface when elements like oxygen, calcium, and carbon combine. Minerals have properties like hardness, luster, and streak that can be used to identify them. Many common items are made from minerals, such as quartz in glass, diamonds in jewelry, and hematite in art. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and do not have a crystalline structure. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers of sediment, and metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks under heat and pressure.

Uploaded by

Ethaniel Geverola
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ROCKS & MINERALS

 Minerals are always solid with particles in repeating patterns-


crystals

 They are only found in Nature.

 They are formed in the Earth’s mantle (from heat and


pressure) – near the surface when oxygen, calcium and
carbon combine in the ocean, and when hot, mineral-rich
water moves slowly through the cracks in the Earth’s crust.
EXAMPLES OF MINERALS:
Quartz Iron Calcite

Hematite Calcite Diamond


PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:
Streak: color of the powder left
behind when you rub a mineral
against a white tile called a streak
plate.

Luster: the way the surface of a


mineral reflects light, either metallic
(shiny) or nonmetallic (dull)

Hardness: a mineral’s ability to


resist being scratched as measured by
Mohs’s hardness scale
USES OF MINERALS:
Quartz makes glass. Diamonds make
jewelry.

Hematite can be
used to make art.

Many things that we


see and use every day
are made from iron.
What are three testers that
can be used to determine a
mineral’s hardness?

fingernail, penny, nail


ROCKS:
 Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.

 They are not crystals

 Some rocks form near the surface while others deep in the
crust.

 There are THREE major categories of Rocks:


1. IGNEOUS
2. SEDIMENTARY
3. METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS:
Form when melted rocks harden

Fine-grained rocks (smooth) are from lava

Coarse-grained rocks (rough) are from magma.

Obsidian Basalt Pumice Granite


SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
 Formed from layers of sediment, created by
weathering, and erosion, that are dropped from Fossil
moving water, and are squeezed and stuck
conglomerate rock
together.

 Fossils are usually found in sedimentary


rocks.

 Conglomerate rocks have large pieces and


rom in shallow water

 Siltstone is made up of smaller pieces


 Limestone is made up of fine grained rock Limestone
 Sandstone is made up of grains the size of
sand.
Sandstone
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Existing rocks are changed through high heat and pressure to


form different rocks

morph = change

Slate
Schist Marble

Gneiss
ROCK CYCLE
Like most cycles, the materials are used over and over.

Process include
weathering, erosion, deposition, melting, compaction, and
cementation.

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