October 19, 2021, Tuesday

REVIEW of Past Lesson:

 How are the four subsystems of earth related to
each other?
 What are the effects of their interaction with
one another?
Unit II: Earth Materials and
Processes
Introduction:
 The geosphere is considered that portion of
the Earth system that includes the Earth's
interior, rocks and minerals, landforms and
the processes that shape the Earth's
surface.
 The Earth is not a perfect sphere.
A mineral is a naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and a crystalline structure
formed by geological processes.
Minerals are the building blocks of
rocks

A rock is an aggregate of one or more
minerals .
Rock may also include organic remains and
mineraloids such as fossils and glass.
Some rocks are predominantly composed of
just one mineral.
Rocks are the natural building blocks of
earth’s lithosphere.
 Differences between rocks and minerals

Minerals Rocks
1. They are homogenous substances 1. They are aggregates with variable
composition and are usually a mix of
With a very specific chemical multiple minerals.
composition.

2. They are inorganic. 2. They can contain organic matter,

even fossils.
3. They usually have a specific 3. They do not have a definite shape.
shape.
4. Minerals help in blood 4. They do not have any nutritional
coagulation, in bone formation, and value.
muscle contraction, some have
nutritive value for the human body.

5.They are classified according to 5. Can be classifies according to the

their chemical and physical way they are formed.
properties, but not on the way they
are formed.
6. They are the building blocks of 6. They are the building blocks of
rocks. the earth’s lithosphere.
 Differences between rocks and minerals:
Rocks
Made up of 2 or more minerals.
b.All rocks are made of minerals
Example:
granite is a mixture of the
minerals quartz, feldspar,
and biotite.
Some rocks made of
only  one mineral like
Limestone is made of
calcite .
c. Rocks have minerals which in large
concentration are called ores .
These are mined for metals.
d. Natural building blocks of earth’s
lithosphere
Rocks
Minerals
a. You need minerals to make rocks.
b.It is composed of the same substance
c. Minerals are made of
chemicals either a single
chemical element or a
combination of chemical
elements.
There are more than 3000 minerals in
the world.
d. Building blocks of rocks
 Ore A mineral occurring in sufficient
quantity and containing enough metal to
permit its recovery and extraction at a
profit. Or, a mineral or an aggregate of
minerals from which a valuable
constituent, especially a metal, can be
profitably mined or extracted is an ore.
 Metal- An alloy of two or more metallic
elements
 REFERENCE:
 http://www.geologyin.com/2016/03/what-is-difference-between-rock-
mineral.html#oO5S8cy0lIZMS7ct.99 Follow us: @GeologyTime on Twitter
  
Characteristics of minerals:
 a.naturally occurring-formed by geologic processes,no
human intervention has taken place.
 b.inorganic-formed by inorganic processes (contain
carbon like carbon monoxide,etc
 c.Solid- exhibit stability at room temperature
 d. crystalline structure- look like crystals
 e.can be represented by a chemical formula that is
either fixed or variable. fixed- quartz(SiO2
 variable- olivine-can be represented by Mg2,
SiO4, Fe2SiO4
Properties of minerals
 A. Optical Properties:
 1. luster- quality of light reflected by the surface of a
mineral.
 a. metallic luster- looks like metals and are shiny
 b. submetallic luster- dull coating, not shiny
 c. non metallic luster- glassy, earthy, pearly
 2. Ability to transmit light - tells whether it is
opaque, transparent or transluscent
 3. Color- unreliable cause slight impurities can change
the color.
 4. Streak- color of the mineral in its powdered form.
B. Crystal shape-describes the crystal structure of the mineral

 like perfect geometric shape, equidimensional,(spread in multiple

directions) bladed, fibrous, tabular, prismatic, platy, (flat sheets
resembling a strata) blocky or botryoidal ( like bunch of grapes)

C, Mineral strength- determines how easy the minerals break or deform

when exposed to stress. ( tenacity, hardness, cleavage and fracture)
tenacity- minerals’ resistance to breaking or deforming ( malleable ( ability
to be hammered or pressed without breaking,( copper, silver,
gold, lead)), sectile (ability of being severed by a knife -smooth
cut) or elastic) (Gypsum)
hardness- resistance to abrasion or scratching
-uses hardness scale made by Friedrich Mohs.
Mohs ‘s scale of hardness:
Mineral name Scale number Common object
diamond 10
Corundum 9 Masonry drill bit (8.5)
Topaz 8
Quartz 7 Steel nail(6.5)
Orthoclase 6
Apatite 5 Knife /Glass Plate (5.5)
Fluorite 4 Copper Penny ( 3.5)
Calcite 3 Fingernail ( 2.5)

Gypsum 2

Talc 1
 It is used as a precious gem, corundum
finds some use as an abrasive, owing to the
extreme hardness of the material (9 on the
Mohs hardness scale). It is used for grinding
optical glass and for polishing metals and
has also been made into sandpapers and
grinding wheels.
Gypsum uses include: manufacture of
wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris,
soil conditioning, a hardening retarder
in portland cement. Varieties of
gypsum known as "satin spar" and
"alabaster" are used for a variety of
ornamental purposes; however, their
low hardness limits their durability.
cleavage-exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat
surface are formed from the breakage.
Fracture- when the mineral has no cleavage plane.
Specific gravity-describes the density of the mineral (ratio of the mass of
the mineral to the mass of equal volume of water.
ROCKS
Main idea: The rock cycle is a process involving the transformation and generation of igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks.
EQ:


How are rocks classified as
igneous, sedimentary , and
metamorphic?
 Objectives:
 Atthe end of the session, you should
be able to:
 1. Identify the three types of rocks
 2. describe each type of rocks
 3. classify rocks into three types
 4.give the importance or uses of
rocks.
Types of rocks:

1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks
Igneous rocks

1. How are they formed?
 Through the cooling of magma and lava.
 It may be solidified in three ways:
 a. below the surface: from a slow cooling magma; rocks
formed have good crystallization (coarse grained) and
may become plutonic or intrusive igneous .
 Examples:
 a. granite
 b. diorite
 c.cyanite
 b. on the surface: fast cooling lava; no visible crystals(fine
grained) may become volcanic rocks or extrusive igneous
rocks .
 Examples:
 a. basalt
 b. andesite
 c. on the surface : from the consolidation of particles
erupted by explosive volcanic activity may become
pyroclastic rocks like:
 a. ignimbrite
 b. scoria
 c. pumice


The igneous rocks have interlocking crystal pattern.

Example: Granite .
 The sedimentary rocks usually have cement which
binds the weathered particles together. Example:
Sandstone.
 The metamorphic rocks are the tricky one. Preferred
alignment of platy minerals (foliation) is observed in
regionally metamorphosed rocks. Example: Slate.
 While the granoblastic rocks (common in contact
metamorphism 
How are metamorphic rocks formed?

a.from the exposure of sedimentary
or igneous rocks to high pressure, high
temperature. or both, deep within
earth’s surface.
Sedimentary rocks:
How are they formed?

Sedimentary rocks are formed from

particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and
other fragments of material. Together,
all these particles are called
sediments.
How are rocks classified?
 a. based on texture and composition
 texture - size , shape, arrangement of mineral
 grains
 b.grain size;
 1. aphanitic- too small grains
 2. phaneritic-big grains
 igneous -has 1/16mm (lesser- aphanitic,
 (bigger-phaneritic
 Metamorphic rocks- less quantifiable

ACTIVITIES:
 A. Classify rocks into three
 B. Answer the following questions:
 1. How are igneous rocks formed?
 2. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
 3. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
 C. How do you classify minerals
 D. What are the characteristics of minerals?