OpenSees in Practice:
Soil Structure Interaction
Arash Khosravifar
Fugro Consultants, Inc.
August 16, 2012
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Examples
1.Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach (UC Davis with Professor Ross Boulanger)
2.Piles in Liquefied Soils – 3D Approach (UC Davis)
3.Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge (Fugro)
4.Seismic Retrofit of an Immersed Tunnel (Fugro)
5.OpenSees Components and Calibration Process
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Example 1.
Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach
• Large diameter extended pile shafts (2 to 3 m) can be an effective
choice in areas of potential lateral spreading.
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach
FE model
• OpenSees FE framework CG
• Soil elements +10 m
9-4 Quad UP
PDMY02 and PIMY g
• Pile elements 2m diam
Disp-based beam column Ground surface
Fiber section 0m
• Interface elements Clay crust
PYSimple and PYLiq1 Su = 40 KPa
-5 m
Loose sand
(N1)60 = 5
-8 m
αg
every
g 0.5 m
py
Dense sand
(N1)60 = 35
tz
-20 m
qz
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach
Animation
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 2D Approach
10 10 10
(a) Base ground motions (b) Ground surface - nonliquefied (c) Ground surface - liquefied
(Su=40kPa) (Su=40kPa)
1 1 1
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10
Period (s) Period (s) Period (s)
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Example 2.
Piles in Liquefied Soils – 3D Approach
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 3D Approach
• Fully coupled (3D continuum)
• Modeled in OpenSeesPL
• No interface element
• Pile occupies a space
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Piles in Liquefied Soils – 3D Approach
Animation
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Example 3.
Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Arash Khosravifar, Thaleia Travasarou, Jose Ugalde and Weiyu Chen, Fugro
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Foundation
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Site Investigation
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Produce Kinematic Motions
• Site Response Analysis
• Soil-Pile-Interaction
Modeled in OpenSeesPL
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Site Response Analyses Results (no pile)
• Comparison with FLAC3D and Deepsoil
0.6
20 ft below surface
OpenSees
0.5
Deepsoil
FLAC
0.4
PSA (g)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Period (s)
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Soil-Pile-Interaction (single pile pushover)
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Soil-Pile-Interaction for a Suspension Bridge
Soil-Pile-Interaction (single pile pushover)
Without using interface springs With using interface springs
90000
90000
Clay Clay
80000 80000
70000 70000
60000 60000
P (lb/ft)
P (lb/ft)
50000 50000
40000 40000
30000 30000 API Clay at 45 ft
FLAC at 40 ft
20000 20000
API Clay at 45 ft FLAC at 50 ft
10000
OpenSees at 46 ft 10000 OpenSees at 46 ft
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Disp (ft) Disp (ft)
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Example 4.
Seismic Retrofit of an Immersed Tunnel
Lanka Ilankatharan and Thaleia Travasarou, Fugro
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Seismic Retrofit of An Immersed Tunnel
Lanka Ilankatharan and Thaleia Travasarou, Fugro
Representative X-Section Potentially liquefiable
Stiff Clay
Stiff Clay
Franciscan
OpenSees FE mesh PressureDependMultiYield (PDMY01)
4-node quadUP
PressureIndependMultiYield (PIMY)
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Seismic Retrofit of An Immersed Tunnel
Lanka Ilankatharan and Thaleia Travasarou, Fugro
Total displacement contours
units: feet
Horizontal disp. contours & Total disp. vectors
units: feet
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Seismic Retrofit of An Immersed Tunnel
Lanka Ilankatharan and Thaleia Travasarou, Fugro
Horizontal displacement contours (OpenSees)
11-16 ft ~3 ft
Horizontal displacement contours (FLAC-2D)
10-14 ft ~3 ft
X-displac ement c ontours
-4.00E+00
-2.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.00E+00
4.00E+00
6.00E+00
8.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.20E+01
1.40E+01
Contour interval= 2.00E+00
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Example 5.
OpenSees Components and Calibration
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OpenSees Components and Calibration
• Soil models
9-4 Quad UP, Quad UP, Brick UP elements
PDMY02 and PIMY
• Pile elements
Disp-based beam column, Flexibility-based beam column
Fiber section
• Interface elements
PYSimple1, TZSimple1, QZSimple1
PYLiq1, TZLiq1 (for liquefaction)
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Undrained Monotonic Direct-Simple-Shear Test (DSS)
400 400
(N1)60 = 5 (N1)60 = 5
Shear stress τ12 (KPa)
Shear stress τ12 (KPa)
300 300
σ′vc = 800 KPa φ'DSS = 30º σ′vc = 800 KPa
200 200
100 σ′vc = 100 KPa 100
σ′vc = 100 KPa
0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Shear strain γ12 Vertical effective stress (KPa)
60 60
Drained
Monotonic DSS (N1)60 = 5
τ12 vs. σ′v
τ12 and τoct (KPa)
τ12 and τoct (KPa)
40 40 τoct vs. p′
φ'DSS = 30º
20 (N1)60 = 5 20
τ12 vs. γ12
φ'oct = 25.4º
τoct vs. γoct
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 40 80 120
γ12 and γoct σ′v and p′ (KPa)
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Drained Cyclic DSS 0.8
(N1)60 = 5 1 σ′vo = 100 KPa
Shear stress ratio (τ/σ′vc)
σ′vc = 100 KPa σ′vo = 800 KPa
0.4 0.8
Gsec/Gmax
0.6
0
EPRI (1993)
0.4 for depth 0-6 m
and 36-76 m
-0.4
0.2
-0.8 0
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Shear strain, γ12 Shear strain, γ12
0.8 60
(N1)60 = 5
Shear stress ratio (τ/σ′vc)
σ′vo = 100 KPa
Equiv. damping ratio (%)
σ′vc = 800 KPa
0.4 σ′vo = 800 KPa
40
0
EPRI (1993)
20
for depth 0-6 m
and 36-76 m
-0.4
-0.8
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Shear strain, γ12 Shear strain, γ12
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0.6
Undrained cyclic behavior (N1)60 = 25
0.4
• Calibrated for Cyclic
Resistance Ratio (CRR) (N1)60 = 15
0.2
(N1)60 = 5
0
1 10 100
Number of uniform cycles
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Structural Elements
• Fiber sections
• Displacement-based nonlinear beam column elements
60000
(b) (c) (d)
(a) 2m
Moment (KN-m)
40000
Steel rebars
63 #11
(a) First rebar yield
20000 Unconfined concrete
(b) Unconfined concrete (cover) crush
(c) Confined concrete (core) crush Confined concrete
(d) Rebar snap
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
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Soil Springs
• Update properties based on PWP
• Allow gap formation
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THANK YOU
akhosravifar@fugro.com
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