Skip to main content


LOG IN

 SIGN UP

DOCX

project on Cyclotron

13 Pages

project on Cyclotron

 UPLOADED BY

Nikitha Rrn

Download with Google Download with Facebook

or download with email

project on Cyclotron
DOWNLOAD

1.According to the Einstein’s special theory of relativity, the mass of a

particle increases with the increase in its velocit
y as
m
=
m
01−
v
2/
c
2√
Where
mo
is the rest mass of the particle. At high velocities,the cyclotron
frequency (
fc
=
qB
/2
πm
)will decrease due to increase in mass. This will throw the particles out
of resonance with the oscillating field. That is,as theions reach the gap
between the dees, the polarity of the dees is not reversed at that instant.
Consequently the ions are notaccelerated further.The above drawback is
overcome either by increasing magnetic field as in a synchrotron or by
decreasing the frequency ofthe alternating electric field as in a synchro-
cyclotron.2. Electrons cannot be accelerated in a cyclotron.A large
increase in their energy increases their velocity to a very
largeextent.This throws the electrons out of step with the oscillating
field.3.Neutron,being electrically neutral,cannot be accelerated in a
cyclotron.USES OF CYCLOTRON:1.The high energy particles
produced in a cylinder are used to bombard nuclei and study the
resulting nuclear reactions andhence investigate nuclear structure.2.The
high energy particles are used to produce other high energy
particles,such as Neutrons by collisions.These fastneutrons used in
atomic reactions.3.It is used to implant ions into solids and modify their
properties or even synthesis new materials.4.It is used to produce
radioactive isotopes which are used in hospitals for diagnosis and
treatment.
Particle energy
Since the particles are accelerated by the voltage many times, the final
energy of the particles is not dependent on theaccelerating voltage but on
the strength of the magnetic field and the diameter of the accelerating
chamber, the dees.Cyclotrons can only accelerate particles to speeds
much slower than the speed of light, nonrelativistic speeds.
Fornonrelativistic particles, the centripetal force required to keep them i
n their curved path is

where is the particle's mass, its velocity, and is the radius of the path. Th
is force is provided by the Lorentzforce of the magnetic
fieldwhere is the particle's charge. The particles reach their maximum en
ergy at the periphery of the dees, where the radiusof their path is the radi
us of the dees. Equating these two forcesSo the output energy of the
particles
isTherefore, the limit to the cyclotron's output energy for a given type of
particle is the strength of the magnetic field ,which is limited to about 2
T
for ferromagnetic electromagnets, and the radius of the dees , which is d
etermined by thediameter of the magnet's pole pieces. So very large
magnets were constructed for cyclotrons, culminating in Lawrence's
1946synchrocyclotron, which had pole pieces 4.67 m (184 in) (15.3 feet)
in diameter.
Synchrocyclotron
Main article: Synchrocyclotron
A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in which the frequency of the driving
RF electric field is varied to compensate forrelativistic effects as the
particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of light. This is in
contrast to the classical cyclotron,where the frequency was held
constant, thus leading to the synchrocyclotron operation frequency being
,
where is the classical cyclotron frequency and again is the relative veloci
ty of the particle beam. The rest mass ofan electron is 511 keV/c
2
, so the frequency correction is 1% for a magnetic vacuum tube with
a 5.11 kV direct current

accelerating voltage. The proton mass is nearly two thousand times the
electron mass, so the 1% correction energy is about9 MeV, which is
sufficient to induce nuclear reactions.
Isochronous cyclotron
An alternative to the synchrocyclotron is the
isochronous cyclotron
, which has a magnetic field that increases with radius,rather than with
time. Isochronous cyclotrons are capable of producing much greater
beam current than synchrocyclotrons, but require azimuthal variations in
the field strength to provide a strong focusing effect and keep the
particles captured intheir spiral trajectory. For this reason, an
isochronous cyclotron is also called an "AVF (azimuthal varying
field)cyclotron".
[24]
This solution for focusing the particle beam was proposed by L. H.
Thomas in 1938.
[24]
Recalling
therelativistic gyroradius and the relativistic cyclotron frequency , one ca
n choose to be proportional to theLorentz factor, . This results in the rela
tion which again only depends on the velocity , like in the non-
relativistic case. Also, the cyclotron frequency is constant in this
case.The transverse de-focusing effect of this radial field gradient is
compensated by ridges on the magnet faces which vary thefield
azimuthally as well. This allows particles to be accelerated continuously,
on every period of the radio frequency (RF),rather than in bursts as in
most other accelerator types. This principle that alternating field
gradients have a net focusingeffect is called strong focusing. It was
obscurely known theoretically long before it was put into practice.
[25]
Examples ofisochronous cyclotrons abound; in fact almost all modern
cyclotrons use azimuthally-varying fields.
The TRIUMF cyclotronmentioned below is the largest with an outer
orbit radius of 7.9 metres, extracting protons at up to 510 MeV, which is
3/4 ofthe speed of light. The PSI cyclotron reaches higher energy but is
smaller because of using a higher magnetic field.
READ PAPER

 About
 Blog
 People
 Papers
 Job Board
 Advertise
 We're Hiring!
 Help Center

 Find new research papers in:

 Physics
  Chemistry
 Biology
 Health Sciences
 Ecology
 Earth Sciences
 Cognitive Science
 Mathematics
 Computer Science

Terms

 Privacy
 Copyright
 Academia ©2019