B.

Compare and contrast weather and climate by using a Venn diagram

Climate Weather

 In short, climate is the  Weather indicates the

description of the long- current condition of the
term pattern of weather in
atmosphere. For
a particular area.
- Both of them instance, it tells you
 Some scientists define
climate as the average
are related to whether the
atmospheric atmosphere is hot or
weather for a particular
conditions. cold, dry or humid,
region and time period,
usually taken over 30- - Both of them cloudy or sunny.
years. It's really an indicate the  However, weather
average pattern of weather atmospheric changes rapidly and its
for a particular region. condition of a unpredictable nature
 When scientists talk about specific area. makes it difficult to
climate, they're looking at forecast weather for
averages of precipitation, - Both of them
indicate the more than 2 weeks
temperature, humidity,
atmospheric accurately.
sunshine, wind velocity,
phenomena such as fog, condition of a  Weather is mainly
frost, and hail storms, and specific area. influenced by heat,
other measures of the moisture, air pressure,
weather that occur over a and winds.
long period in a particular
place.
E. Answer the following.

1. What is the eye of the storm?

- The eye of the storm is a region of calmer weather found at the center of
strong tropical cyclones.
2. What causes seasonal changes?
- Earth’s tilted axis causes the seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of
Earth receive the Sun’s most direct rays. So, when the North Pole tilts
toward the Sun, it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere. And when the
South Pole tilts toward the Sun, its winter in the Northern Hemisphere .
3. Why is daytime longer than nighttime during summer?
- The further you live from the equator the more you will experience an
increased amount of daylight time in the summer. This season happens
because the whole Earth is always tilted over on its spring axis, at a 23.5
degrees angle. So during the summer months you are tilted towards the sun.
4. How do Earth’s rotation and revolution affect climate?
- When that axis is tilted towards the sun, the Northern Hemisphere receives
more radiation than the Southern and vice versa when the axis is tilted away
from the sun. The axis tilt doesn't actually change, but its orientation relative
to the Sun changes as Earth moves in orbital revolution around the Sun.
5. Differentiate solstice from equinox.
- A solstice is an event that also happens twice a year. The word "solstice"
comes from the Latin word "sol" meaning sun, and "sistere" meaning to
make stand. The way we understand it literally is that it describes the
moment that the sun reaches its northern or southernmost point. In essence,
the sun is standing. More specifically, it occurs when the Sun's path is
farthest from the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere the summer solstice
happens in June, and in southern hemisphere, the solstice happens in
December — hence why the seasons are reversed in each hemisphere. So
the winter solstice (Dec. 21) is the shortest day of the year while the summer
solstice (Jun. 21) is the longest day of the year.
- An equinox is an event that happens twice a year. The word "equinox"
actually comes from a Latin term meaning "equal night." That's because
during an equinox, it's believed that all areas of the Earth's surface
experience an equal amount of daylight and darkness — 12 hours each.
That's easy to remember, right? In autumn, the equinox (Sept. 21) is in the
northern hemisphere, and in spring, the equinox (Mar. 20 or Mar. 21 — it
varies from year to year) is in the southern hemisphere. So, the equinoxes
are the times of the year where the part of the Earth closest to the sun is the
exact equator. So when everything is aligned, everywhere from the North
 Pole to the South Pole will get the same amount of sunlight — but only on
those two, equinoxes, in September and March — the exact dates of which,
might change up to three days, depending on year.
6. How do spring and near tides occur?
-
7. How can we help in lessening the effect of greenhouse gases?

1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste. By
recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon
dioxide annually.
2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning
Adding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking
around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25
percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your
home. Turn down the heat while you’re sleeping at night or away during the
day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Install a programmable
thermostat because setting it just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in
summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year.
3. Replace Your Light Bulbs
Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light
(CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL
will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than
incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less
heat. If every Canadian family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it
would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking
7.5 million cars off the road.
4. Drive Less and Drive Smart
Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and
biking are great forms of exercise. Explore the York Region Transit system
and check out options for carpooling to work or school.
When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example,
keeping your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more
than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it
also keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products
Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and
compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light
while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.
6. Use Less Hot Water
Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an
insulating blanket if it is more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to
save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your
 clothes in warm or cold water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy
required to produce it. That change alone can save at least 500 pounds of
carbon dioxide annually in most households.
7. Use the "Off" Switch
Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you
leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to
turn off your television, stereo and computer when you're not using them. It’s
also a good idea to turn off the water when you’re not using it. While brushing
your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until
you actually need it for rinsing.
8. Plant a Tree
If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. Trees absorb carbon
dioxide and give off oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of
carbon dioxide during its lifetime.
9. Get a Report Card from Your Utility Company
Many utility companies provide free home energy audits to help consumers
identify areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition,
many utility companies offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of
energy-efficient upgrades.
10. Encourage Others to Conserve
Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends,
neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public
officials to establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.
8. Describe the components of the ocean.
- SALINITY
The salinity of seawater is usually 35 parts per thousand (also written as
o/oo) in most marine areas. This salinity measurement is a total of all the
salts that are dissolved in the water. Although 35 parts per thousand is not
very concentrated (the same as 3.5 parts per hundred, o/o, or percent) the
water in the oceans tastes very salty. The interesting thing about this
dissolved salt is that it is always made up of the same types of salts and they
are always in the same proportion to each other (even if the salinity is
different than average). The majority of the salt is the same as table salt
(sodium chloride) but there are other salts as well. The table below shows
these proportions:
- DENSITY
Temperature, salinity and pressure affect the density of seawater.
Large water masses of different densities are important in the layering of the
ocean water (more dense water sinks). As temperature increases water
becomes less dense. As salinity increases water becomes more dense. As
pressure increases water becomes more dense. A cold, highly saline, deep
mass of water is very dense whereas a warm, less saline, surface water
mass is less dense. When large water masses with different densities meet
 the denser water mass slips under the less dense mass. These responses to
density are the reason for some of the deep ocean circulation models.

- DISSOLVED GASES
The concentration of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide are
very important for marine life forms. Although both oxygen and
carbon dioxide are a gas when outside the water, they dissolve to a
certain extent in liquid seawater. Dissolved oxygen is what animals
with gills use for respiration (their gills extract the dissolved oxygen
from the water flowing over the gill filaments). Dissolved carbon
dioxide is what marine plants use for photosynthesis.

The amount of dissolved gases varies according to the types of

life forms in the water. Most living species need oxygen to keep their
cells alive (both plants and animals) and are constantly using it up.
Replenishment of dissolved oxygen comes from the photosynthetic
activity of plants (during daylight hours only) and from surface
diffusion (to a lesser extent). If there are a large number of plants in
a marine water mass then the oxygen levels can be quite high
during the day. If there are few plants but a large number of animals
in a marine water mass then the oxygen levels can be quite low.
Oxygen is measured in parts per million (also called ppm) and levels
can range from zero to over 20 ppm in temperate waters. It only
reaches 20 when there are a lot of plants in the water, it is very
sunny with lots of nutrients, and the wind is whipping up the surface
into a froth. In any water mass there is a maximum amount of
dissolved gas that can be found (after which the gas no longer
dissolves but bubbles to the surface). This maximum amount
increases with a decrease in temperature (thus cold water masses
can hold more dissolved gases ... but they can also have none if it
has been used up). So, just because a water mass is cold it does
not mean it has a lot of dissolved gases. This concept is a little tricky
but just remember that the amount of dissolved gases in seawater
depends more on the types of life forms (plants and animals) that
are present and their relative proportions.
- DISSOLVED NUTRIENT
Fertilizers, like nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K), are
important for plant growth and are called 'nutrients.' The level of dissolved
nutrients increases from animal feces and decomposition (bacteria, fungi).
Surface water often may be lacking in nutrients because feces and dead
matter tend to settle to the bottom of the ocean. Most decomposition is thus
at the bottom of the ocean. In the oceans most surface water is separated
from bottom water by a thermocline (seasonal in temperature and marginal
polar regions, constant in tropics) which means that once surface nutrients
get used up (by the plants there) they become a limiting factor for the growth
of new plants. Plants must be at the surface for the light. Nutrients are
returned to surface waters by a special type of current called 'upwelling' and
it is in these areas of upwelling that we find the highest productivity of marine
life.

Silica and iron may also be considered important marine nutrients as

their lack can limit the amount of productivity in an area. Silica is needed by
diatoms (one of the main phytoplanktonic organisms that forms the base of
many marine food chains. Iron is just recently being discovered to be a
limiting factor for phytoplankton.

- pH
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance and is
one of the stable measurements in seawater. Ocean water has an
excellent buffering system with the interaction of carbon dioxide and
water so that it is generally always at a pH of 7.5 to 8.5. Neutral
water is a pH of 7 while acidic substances are less than 7 (down to
1, which is highly acidic) and alkaline substances are more than 7
(up to 14, which is highly alkaline). Anything either highly acid or
alkaline would kill marine life but the oceans are very stable with
regard to pH. If seawater was out of normal range (7.5-8.5) then
something would be horribly wrong.
v
Countries that experiences the 4 season china

canada

Australia

korea
france

france
Romania japan

Switzerland

Greece
A. Identify the term described in each item. Write your answer on the blank
before each number.

Petrology _____1. The study of rocks.

Streak________2. The color of the powder of a mineral.
Luster________3. The appearance of the mineral surface in the reflected light.
Specific Gravity 4. The weight of a mineral compared to the weight of an equal
of water.
Hardness_____5. The resistance of the mineral from being scratched.
Cleavage _____6. The tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak
bonding.
Diamond_____7. The only mineral that can scratch a diamond.
Minerals_____8. The building blocks of rocks.
Igneous______ 9. These are the rocks that have undergone solidification from
a molten condition.
Minerology___10. The study of minerals.

B. Classify the following rocks in the first box as to igneous, sedimentary,

and metamorphic.

Granite Marble Basalt Gypsum

Conglomerate Calcite Slate Schist

Pumice Sandstone Diorite Quartzite

Halite Andesite Limestone

 IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METARMOPHIC
 Diorite  Halite  Marble
 Granite  Calcite  Slate
 Andesite  Limestone  Schist
 Basalt  Sandstone  Quartzite
 Pumice  Gypsum
 Conglomerate

C. Draw and discuss the rock cycle.

Heat and pressure METAMORPHIC ROCK MELTING

G

SEDIMENTARY ROCK MAGMA

WEATHERING AND Heat and pressure


EROSION


COMPACTING WEATHERING AND
AND CEMENTING EROSION
 MELTING
G
COOLING


SEDIMENTARY WEATHERING AND
EROSION   IGNEOUS ROCK

 
IRON

GOLD

COPPER
SILVER

PLATINUM

NICKEL