UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF PARANAQUE

Dr. A Santos Avenue, Sucat Paranaque City

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

Urinary tract infections

 Table of Content
I. Introduction

II. Health History

III. Gordon’s Functional Pattern

IV. Laboratory and Diagnostic Exam

V. Anatomy and Physiology

VI. Pathophysiology

VII. Drug Study

VIII. Nursing Care Plan

IX. Course in the Ward

X. Reference
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

This study focuses on the case of a 7 years old client. For confidentiality
purposes, the researcher opted to replace the name of the patient and just call it as “tetsuya ”.
Tetsuya had been admitted at the pediatric ward at Hospital of Paranaque on march 19,2019,
with the final diagnosis of (UTI) Urinary tract Infection.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be divided into upper tract infections, which involve the
kidneys (pyelonephritis), and lower tract infections, which involve the bladder (cystitis), urethra
(urethritis), and prostate (prostatitis). However, in practice, and particularly in children,
differentiating between the sites may be difficult or impossible. Moreover, infection often
spreads from one area to the other. Although urethritis and prostatitis are infections that involve
the urinary tract, the term UTI usually refers to pyelonephritis and cystitis.

Most cystitis and pyelonephritis are caused by bacteria. The most common nonbacterial
pathogens are fungi (usually candida species), and, less commonly, mycobacteria, viruses, and
parasites. Nonbacterial pathogens usually affect patients who are immunocompromised; have
diabetes, obstruction, or structural urinary tract abnormalities; or have had recent urinary tract
instrumentation.

Urinary Tract Infection (276,442). The same top four diseases were recorded last year,

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are responsible for nearly 10 million doctor visits each year. n One
in five women will have at least one UTI in her lifetime. Nearly 20 percent of women who have a
UTI will have another, and 30 percent of those will have yet another. Of this last group, 80 percent
will have recurrences. n About 80 to 90 percent of UTIs are caused by a single type of bacteria.
 II. HEALTH HISTORY
A. General History

Patient Name: Tetsuya

Sex: F

Age: 7-year-old

Weight: 35kgs

Birth Date: November 7,2011

Address: barangay, villa Tambo city of Paranaque

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Child

Religion: Catholic

Date of Admission: March 19,2019

Time of Admission: 9:57pm

B. Chief Complaint
 epigastric pain / vomiting for 2 weeks
C. History of Present Illness
 3 days’ epigastric pain w/ vomiting sought consult to ER, Lab showed UTI was given
Medication.
 1-day pre- still w/ vomiting and loss of appetite, hence admission
D. Past History
 Admitted due bacterial infection
E. Family History
 Born to a G2P2 mother, no noted complicated, complete immunization, previously
admitted past 2018 to unrecalled bacterial infection
III. Physical Assessment
General Survey Date: 03-26-2019
Temperature 36.5

Vital Signs Respiratory Rate 24Cpm

Pulse Rate 125Bpm

Level of Consciousness Alertness

General Appearance Hep-lock on the left hand

Conscious and Active
 IV. Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Pattern
A. Health Perception and Health Management Pattern
Questions
Nakakapagpacheck-up ka ba
sa doktor? Saan, gaano ito
kalayo mula sa inyo at gaano
naman kadalas?
Nagkasakit ka na ba dati
maliban sa nararamdaman mo
ngayon?
Meron ba sa lahi ng magulang
mo ang maysakit? Kaninong
parte? At ano-anong mga sakit
ito?
May allergy ka ba?
B. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern
Questions
Ano-ano ba ang madalas mong
kinakain sa araw-araw?
Iniinom?
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization Infection Risk
 “yes, dito sa opstar,
una sa sto. Nino De
rosales medical clinic,
isang beses lang po kasi
mahal po bayad as
verbalized by the
mother
During Hospitalization
 “wala po, okay na po
ako ngayon” as
verbalized by the
patient
During Hospitalization
 “yung tatay niya may
uti din siya, madalas
din siya umiinom ng
alak, san megel, hindi
ko alam ilan beses siya
umiion eh” as
verbalized by the
mother
During Hospitalization
 “Wala po” as
verbalized by the
patient
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization Eating less
 ‘’favorite kop o ang from body
needs
chicken” as verbalized
by the patient
2.Gaano ka kadalas umiinom
ng tubig? (kung
nagsosoftdrinks o juice,
pakitanong na rin)
C. Elimination Pattern
Questions
Gaano ka kadalas dumumi?
Ilang beses sa isang araw?
Gaano ka kadalas umihi? Ilang
beses sa isang araw?
Wala ka bang nararamdamang During Hospitalization
kakaiba sa tuwing iihi o dudumi  “wala na po” as
ka?
D. Activity and Exercise Pattern
Questions
Meron ba kayong lakas
gumawa ng mga gusto niyo?
Ano madalas ginagawa mo
ngayon?
During Hospitalization
 “9 pong baso isang
araw po, favorite ko po
ang coke, coke mismo,
tatlong beses po ako
umiinom isang araw”
as verbalized by the
patient
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization Liquid -
 “2-3 times juicy and volume
imbalance
light yellow stool” as
verbalized by the
patient
During Hospitalization
 “9 times na po umaga
hanggang ngayon” as
verbalized by the
patient and a mother
verbalized by the
patient
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization: Lack of individual care due to
 “medyo naman po” feeling tired.
verbalized by the
patient
During Hospitalization:
 “madalas po ako nag
lalaro ng modile legend

Ang exercise ka ba?
E. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern
Questions
Ano ang pangalan mo?ano
taon mo na?may kapatid ka ba,  Opo, Emily, 7 years old
pang ilan ka sa mag kakapatid?
Alam mo anong araw ngayon? During Hospitalization
At ano oras na?
Alam mob a bakit ka nasa
ospital?
F. Sleep and Rest Pattern
Questions
Sa tuwing anong oras ka ba
madalas nakakatulog? Ilang
oras ba kadalasan? At anong
oras ka nagigising?
sa phone ni papa”
verbalized by the
patient verbalized by
the patient
During Hospitalization:
 “opo, tuwing umaga po
ako nag exercise sa
loob ng room lang po”
verbalized by the
patient
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization: Lack of information
nap o, meron po si
kuya,nasa bahay po
siya, bunso po ako”
verbalized by the
patient
 “march 26 na po, 11am
na yata” verbalized by
the patient
During Hospitalization:
 Opo, dahil may sakit po
ako, sakit sa tiyan po at
pag iihi kop o”
Response Problem Identified
During Hospitalization Sleepnessles
 “5 hours siya na
gigising, minsan po
gumigising siya ng gabi

May mga ritwal ka ba bago
makatulog? Ano-ano ang mga
ito
Nakakatulog ka rin ba sa
tanghali? Gaano ito kadalas?
Nahihirapan ba kayo matulog?
Maaga ba kayo nagigisng
G. Self Perception Pattern
Questions
Pakilarawan ang inyong
sarili ayon sa inyong
palagay.
Pakilarawan ang inyong
sarili ayon sa palagay ng
ibang tao sa inyo.
dahil panay ihi ng ihi”
as verbalized by the
mother
During Hospitalization
 “minsan po
nakakatulog na lang
ako bigla, tuwing
naglalaro po ako ng
games” as verbalized
by the patient
During Hospitalization
 “hindi po” as verbalized
by the patient
During Hospitalization
 “hindi naman po, mga
6am po dahil po sa
gamut” as verbalized
by the patient and a
mother
Responses Problem Identified
During Hospitalization
 “simple lang po,
masiyahin po ako,good
girl po ako sa parents
ko” as verbalized by the
patient
During Hospitalization
 “sabi po nila mabait po
ako, makikipag kaibigan,
minsan daw mahiyain
ako” as verbalized by the
patient
Ano-ano ang inyong palagay During Hospitalization
sa mga tao na nasa paligid  “Okay naman po” as
mo? verbalized by the patient

H. Role-Relationship Pattern

Questions Responses Problem Identified

Ano naman ang During Hospitalization:
pakahulugan sa iyo ng  “mahal kop o sila, palagi
pamilya? so sila nandiyan sa
akin,minsan po kahit
busy po sila mama at
papa” as verbalized by
the patient

Kasama niyo ba ngayon ang During Hospitalization:

pamilya niyo?  “si mama lang po,si papa
ulamis si kuya, nasa
bahay lang po.” “minsan
nag salit salitan kabi nag
babantay dahil sa rules
policy ng hospital eh” as
verbalized by the patient
and the mother

Nag kakasundo naman During Hospitalization:

kayo magkakapatid?
 “opo madalas kop o siya
kalaro, minsan po nag
aaway po kami dahil
inaaway ako, kaso po
nag kakasundo naman
po kami ni kuya” as
verbalized by the patient
V. Diagnostic / Laboratory
Date: 03-16-19 Time: 6:50 PM

Complete Blood Normal Values Results Interpretations

Count
Hemoglobin (HGB) 12-15 gms% 15.8 Normal Finding –
increase in water loss

Hematocrit (HCT) 37-47vol% 46.0 Normal Finding -

normal carriage of
oxygen in blood
White Blood Cell 5,000-10,000 12,800 Increase of WBC – due
(WBC) to infection

Differential Normal Values Results Interpretations

Stabs 3-5% 2% Decrease in stab cell
due to infection

Increase the
Segmenters
55-65% 79% Segmenter infection
most likely bacterial
They can occur after a
Lyphocytes cold or another
25-35% 19%
infection,

Components Normal Values Results Interpretations

It is common to have inc.
in platelet count when
Platelet count 150,000-400,00/cu 459,000
you have upper urinary
mm
infection
Date: 03-20-19 Time: 5:20AM

Complete Blood Normal Values Results Interpretations

Count
Hemoglobin (HGB) 12-15 gms% 14.6 Normal Findings

Hematocrit (HCT) 37-47vol% 44.0 Normal Findings

White Blood Cell 5,000-10,000 11,500 Increase Due to

(WBC) infection

Differential Normal Values Results Interpretations

Stabs 3-5% 3% Normal Findings

66% Increase due bacterial

Segmenters infection
55-65%

31% Normal Findings

Lyphocytes
25-35%

Components Normal Values Results Interpretations

Platelet count 150,000-400,00/cu mm 496,000 Increase due bacterial
infection
Urinalysis
Date: 03-16-19 Time: 6:50PM
Components Normal Values Results Interpretations
Color Straw/Yellow Yellow Normal Finding
Transparency Clear
Reaction 4.6-7.6 6.0 Normal Finding
Dehydration due to
Sp.Gravity 1.018-1.025 1.030 poor fluid intake,
vomiting or diarrhea
Normal since 0not
Sugar Negative Negative normally present in
the urine.
Elevated protein
Protein Negative trace levels are known as
proteinuria – infection
or problems in kidney

MICROSCOPIC
Blood present due to
Red Cell 0-1HPF 1-3 trauma in the urinary
system
Increase of excursion
Pus Cell 0-2HPF 12-15 on of WBC in urine –
due to infection
Bacteria FEW/PRESENT Few Few bacteria
Epithelial cell Moderate Normal Finding
Muscous Moderate Normal Finding
Date: 03-20-19 Time: 4:53PM
Components Normal Values Results Interpretations
Color Straw/Yellow Light Yellow Normal Finding
Transparency Clear urine may result from
infection the presence
Slightly turbid of blood cells, bacteria
Reaction 4.6-7.6 7.0 Normal Finding

Dehydration due to
Sp.Gravity 1.018-1.025 poor fluid intake,
1.010 vomiting or diarrhea
Normal since 0not
Sugar Negative normally present in
Negative the urine.
Elevated protein
Protein Negative levels are known as
Plus 1 proteinuria – infection
or problems in kidney

MICROSCOPIC
1-3 Blood present due to
Red Cell 0-1HPF trauma in the urinary
system
25-30 Increase of excursion
Pus Cell 0-2HPF on of WBC in urine –
due to infection
Bacteria FEW/PRESENT Few Few bacteria

Epithelial cell Occasional Normal Finding

Muscous Normal Finding

Date: 03-24-19 Time: 5:45PM
Components Normal Values Results Interpretations
Color Straw/Yellow Light Yellow Normal Finding
Transparency Clear urine may result from
infection the presence
Slightly turbid of blood cells, bacteria
Reaction 4.6-7.6 6.5 Normal PH

1.005 Dehydration due to

Sp.Gravity 1.018-1.025 poor fluid intake,
vomiting or diarrhea
Negative Normal since 0not
Sugar Negative normally present in
the urine.
Elevated protein
Protein Negative levels are known as
Trace proteinuria – infection
or problems in kidney

MICROSCOPIC
1-3 Blood present due to
Red Cell 0-1HPF trauma in the urinary
system
25-30 Increase of excursion
Pus Cell 0-2HPF on of WBC in urine –
due to infection
Bacteria FEW/PRESENT Few Few bacteria

Epithelial cell Occasional Normal Finding

Muscous Normal Finding

 VI. Anatomy
Kidney

It is a Reddish brown, bean-shaped organs that Lies in the retroperitoneum against the posterior
abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column region and extend from the T12 to L3
vertebrae.

The typical function of the kidney is the Excretion of the waste products of metabolism, the Control
of Water and Electrolyte balance within the body, maintaining the Acid-base balance in the body
and lastly, the production of (erythropoietin, renin, 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Approximately 20%
of cardiac output goes to the kidneys. Blood is filtered in the kidneys, removing wastes—in
particular urea and nitrogen-containing compounds—and regulating extracellular electrolytes and
intravascular volume. Because renal blood flow is from the cortex to the medulla, and because the
medulla has a relatively low rate of blood flow for a high rate of metabolic activity, the normal
oxygen tension in the medulla is lower than in other parts of the kidney.

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron consists of a tuft
of capillaries termed the glomerulus, the site at which blood is filtered, and a renal tubule from
which water and salts in the filtrate are reclaimed. Each human kidney has approximately 1 million
nephrons.

The kidney has 4 coverings which are fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat.

1. Fibrous capsule: This surrounds the kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface that
prevents kidney infection.
2. Perirenal fat: This covers the fibrous capsule that cushions the kidney.
 3. Renal fascia (aka Gerota’s fascia): This is a condensation of connective tissue that lies outside
the perirenal fat and encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands; it is continuous laterally with
the fascia transversalis.
4. Pararenal fat: This lies external to the renal fascia and is often in large quantity. It forms part of
the retroperitoneal fat
Artery of the Kidney: Veins of the Kidney: Nerve Supply

Renal artery Renal Vein renal sympathetic plexus.( T10-T12)

Gross features of the Coronal Section of the Kidney

a. Cortex— outer section of the kidney, extends into the medulla between adjacent pyramids as the
renal columns
b. Medulla – inner section of the kidney, composed of about a dozen renal pyramids, each having its
base oriented toward the cortex and its apex projecting medially
c. Renal pyramids – discontinuous aggregations of triangular—shaped tissue
d. Medullary rays – striations extending from the bases of the renal pyramids into the cortex
e. Renal columns – extensions of the renal cortex which project into the inner aspect of the kidney;
divides the medulla into renal pyramids
f.Renal papilla – the apex of the renal pyramid; surrounded by minor calyx
g. Renal sinus— space within the hilum; where the apex of each renal pyramid directs toward
h. Minor calyx – receive urine and represent the proximal parts of the tube which would eventually
form the ureter
i. Major calyx – formed by the union of several minor calices
j. Renal pelvis— funnel—shaped superior end of the ureters; formed by the union of two or three
major calices

Ureter
It is a muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder which
the main function is to Transport of urine. Ureter is measures about 10 in (25 cm) long and resembles
esophagus in having 3 constrictions:
 where renal pelvis joins the ureter (ureteropelvic junction)
 where it is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim (crosses the common iliac vessels at this point)
 where it pierces the bladder wall
 Blood Supply Lymph Drainage Nerve Supply
Upper end: Receives blood supply from The lymph drains to the *Visceral efferent fibers come from
the renal arteries lateral aortic nodes and both sympathetic and
The middle part: Receives branches the iliac nodes. parasympathetic sources, while
from the abdominal aorta, the testicular visceral afferent fibers return to
or ovarian arteries, and the common T11 to L2 spinal cord levels.
iliac arteries
The pelvic cavity: The ureters are
supplied by one or more arteries from
branches of the internal iliac arteries
and inferior vesical arteries

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is situated immediately behind the pubic bones within the pelvis. the main function
is stores urine and in the adult has a maximum capacity of about 500 mL. It has a strong muscular wall.
Its shape and relations vary according to the amount of urine that it contains/
The empty bladder in the adult lies entirely within the pelvis; as the bladder fills, its superior wall rises
up into the hypogastric region. In the young child, the empty bladder projects above the pelvic inlet;
later, when the pelvic cavity enlarges, the bladder sinks into the pelvis to take up the adult position

Nerve supply
Inferior hypogastric plexuses
Venous drainage
Vesical venous plexus which drains into
the internal iliac vein.
Lymphatic drainage
Internal and external iliac nodes.
Blood supply
Superior vesical arteries (male &
female)
Inferior vesical arteries (male)
o Both are branches of the internal iliac
arteries.
Vaginal arteries (female)

Urethra
The urethra begins at the base of the bladder and ends with an external opening in the perineum. The
urethra differs significantly in women and men. In woman, The urethra is short, being about 4 cm long.
• It travels a slightly curved course as it passes inferiorly through the pelvic floor into the perineum,
where it passes through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane before opening in the
vestibule that lies between the labia minora.
 VII. Pathophysiology
Risks factors:
Woman – since it is has a shorter urethra
Bacteria – such as E coli

Book Base Bacteria enters into the urethra

and bladder

Bacteria colonize in the bladder

and urethra

Inflammatory response

Neutrophil invasion

Pyrogenic cytokines Bactria multiply and bind to the Mucosal irritation

mucosa in the bladder or urethra
IL-1,TNF, IFN
Ureter contracts
Production of PGE2 Bacteria ascends to kidney
Rise in camp
increased Damage
Builds up waste products
production of smooth
Elevated Set point lactic acid muscles
Activation of vasomotor center
neuron ( vasoconstriction and
heat production ) digestive upset (nausea, Stimulate
Blood in
vomiting, cramping, and sympathetic
Urine
diarrhea) action for
Fever
spinal nerve
T11-L2
Pain in the groin area or labia
area

Dysuria
Client Base
Modifiable fators Non modifiable factors
Lifestyle Genetis

Bacteria enters into the

urethra and bladder

Bacteria colonize in the

bladder and urethra

Inflammatory response

Neutrophil invasion

Bactria multiply and bind to the

mucosa in the bladder or
urethra
Bacteria ascends to kidney Mucosal irritation

Builds up waste products Ureter contracts Damage smooth

muscles

increased production of Blood in Urine

lactic acid
digestive upset (nausea,
vomiting, cramping, and
diarrhea

Stimulate sympathetic
action for spinal nerve
T11-L2
Pain in the groain area
or labia area

Dysuria
 VIII. Drug Study
Drug Action Indication Consideration Side effect Nursing
Name consideration
Generic Works by used to treat Hypersensitive  Pain Assess patient’s
Name: inhibiting the conditions To previoussensitivit
Ceftriaxo mucopeptide such as lower cephalosporins yreactionto
ne synthesis in the respiratory , penicillins and  Induration penicillin
bacterial cellwall. tractinfections, related orothercephalos
Brand The beta-lactam skin and skin antibiotics phorins.
Name: Moietyof structure infection  Phlebitis
Forgram Ceftriaxone s,
binds to urinary Assess patient
Classifica carboxypeptidase tract infections,  Rash forsigns
tion: s, pelvic andsymptoms
antibiotic endopeptidases, inflammatory of infection
and disease, bacterial  Diarrhea beforeandduring
Route: transpeptidases septicemia, bone thetreatment
in the bacterial and joint
Dosage: cytoplasmicmem infections,  Thrombocyt Monitorhematol
450mg brane. These andmeningitis. osis ogic,electrolytes,
enzymes are renaland
Frequenc involved in cell-  Leucopenia hepaticfunction.
y: wall synthesisand
TIV Q12 cell division.By  Glossitis
binding tothese Assess for
enzymes, possiblesupper
Ceftriaxone infection:itching
results in fever
theformation of
defective
cellwalls
and cell death
 Drug Action Indication Consideration Side Nursing
Name effect considerati
on
Generic Cause analgesic and Use cautiously  Fever For children
Name: analgesia antipyretic inpatients with who may
Paracetam by properties. It is longterm alcohol use  Nausea or refuse
ol inhibiting suitable for the becausetherapeuticd Vomiting medicine off
CNS treatment of pains oses cause a spoon try
Brand prostaglan of all kinds hepatotoxicityin  allergic using a
Name: din (headaches, thesepatients skin medicine
Tylenol synthesis dentalpain, postope reaction syringe to
rative pain, pain in Hematologic: squirt liquid
Classificati connection with hemolyticanemia,ne  Gastric slowly into
on: colds, post- utropenia, /Mouth the side of
Antipyretic traumatic leucopenia,pancytop Ulcer the child’s
musclepain). enia. mouth or use
Route: IV soluble
Hepatic: Jaundice paracetamol
Dosage: mixed with a
350mg Metabolic:Hypoglyce drink.
mia
Frequency - Some
: Skin: rash, urticaria children may
Q4 be happy to
take one
paracetamol
product but
dislike the
taste of
another

Paracetamol
can be taken
on an empty
stomach.

- Do not drink
excessive
quantities of
alcohol while
taking
paracetamol.
 IX. Nursing Care Plan
Date: 03-26-19 Time: 8Am

Assessment Diagnosis Inference Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective: Acute urinary tract After Independent: Provides After 8
“Masakit pain infection (UTI) nursing · Assess pain, information hours
ang related may occur in intervention noting location, to of nursing
pagihi ko” to the bladder, s, the intensity (scale aid in intervention
as urinary where it is patient pain of determining s, the
verbalized tract called cystitis, will be 0 – 10), duration. patient pain
by the infection. or in the relieved or choice or will be
patient. urethra, where controlled. · Encourage effectiveness relieved or
it is called increased fluid of controlled.
Objective: urethritis. intake. interventions.
Facial Upper · Increased
grimace. tract infection · Investigate hydration
· results in report flushes
Restlessness pyelonephritis. of bladder bacteria
Most UTIs fullness. and toxins.
V/S taken result from
as ascending · Observe for .
follows: infections by changes in ·
bacteria that mental status,
RR-24 have entered behavior or level
through the of consciousness.
urinary meatus
but some may relaxation
be caused by technique and
hematogenous deep breathing
spread. UTIs exercises.
are much
common in Keep accurate
females record of
because the intake and
shorter female output.
urethra makes Record
them more characteristics of
ulnerable to urine.
entry of
organisms from Good hand
surrounding washing is
structures the single most
(vagina, important
periurethral measure in
glands, and decreasing
rectum). infection.
Assessment Diagnosis Inference Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjetive: Anxiety After 10-30 Assess the To After 2 hours of

“natatakot po ako minutes of patient level identify nursing
baka hindi po ako nusing of anxiety physical intervention the
makauwi dahil po sa intervention response patient was relax
sakit ko” tge client Monitor V/S
will be able Help the
Objective: to know Instruct to client to
Voice some do deep relax
Restlessness teachiques breathing
Sweating on how to Help the
lesson the Acknowledge client to
anxiety awareness of identify
such as patient what is
deep anxiety reality
breathing based
exercise

x. Course in the Ward

Date and Time
March 26,2019 Endorsement, taken the vital sighs of the patient and record as
6:00am following T= 36, RR =24Cpm, CR=92 Bpm, O2= 95%, the patient is
hooked to Hep-lock in the left arm, the patient is awake, active, the
patient is supine position.

March 26,2019 taken the Vital sign and the input and output of the patient and
11:00am record as following T= 26, RR= 29 Cpm, CR= 95Bpm, O2= 99%, input
100ml of water, output 9 urine, 2 stool
 X. Discharge Planning
Medicines:
 Antibiotics help fight a bacterial infection.
 Medicines may be given to decrease pain and burning when you urinate.
 Take your medicine as directed. Contact your healthcare provider if you think your medicine is
not helping or if you have side effects..
Exercise and Environment:
 Dodge a more-common-than-you-think skin infection, tinea versicolor
 Don't compromise your immune system's strength
Treatment:
Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics. It is very important to use all
medication that your doctor prescribes, even if symptoms go away before finishing the
medication. Your doctor may recommend testing your urine after the treatment is
finished to be sure the infection has completely cleared up.
Health Teaching:
 Have your child empty his or her bladder often. Make sure your child urinates and empties his or
her bladder as soon as needed. Teach your child not to hold urine for long periods of time.
 Encourage your child to drink more liquids.
 Teach your child to wipe from front to back. Your child should wipe from front to back after
urinating or having a bowel movement. This will help prevent germs from getting into the
urinary tract through the urethra.
Out Patient:
 you have frequent recurrences or a chronic kidney infection, you may be referred to a doctor
who specializes in urinary disorders (urologist) or kidney disorders (nephrologist) for an
evaluation
Diet:
 Drink plenty of water. Water helps to dilute your urine and flush out bacteria.
 Avoid drinks that may irritate your bladder. Avoid coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks containing
citrus juices or caffeine until your infection has cleared. They can irritate your bladder and tend
to aggravate your frequent or urgent need to urinate.
 Use a heating pad. Apply a warm, but not hot, heating pad to your abdomen to minimize
bladder pressure or discomfort.

Spirituality:

 Encouraged the child to continue to seek God’s guidance and to continue to have a positive
outlook in life
 Emphasized the importance of prayers in healing
 Encouraged the mother to pray for her fast recovery and gave words of encouragement
Reference
https://www.google.com/search?ei=VJmpXKSmFYzahwPxn7LwDQ&q=ceftriaxone+indication&oq=Cef
triaxone+in&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0l10.14992.18061..19195...0.0..1.141.575.0j5......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i67.oQw1_ePeNI4

https://www.scribd.com/doc/125842910/Drug-Study-
Ceftriaxonehttps://www.nursingtimes.net/paracetamol/204106.article

https://www.scribd.com/document/81820801/Paracetamol-Drug-Study

https://www.drugs.com/cg/urinary-tract-infection-in-women-discharge-care.html

https://www.drugs.com/cg/urinary-tract-infection-in-children-discharge-care.html

https://www.scribd.com/doc/61898024/Anxiety-NCP