PRELIM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LAB

Table of contents: By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature)

Glass Funnels are for funneling
I. Chapter 1 liquids from one container to
a. Parts of the microscope another or for filtering when
b. Lab equipment equipped with filter paper.
II. Chapter 2 Graduated Cylinders are for
a. What is biology measurement of an amount of
b. Branches of biology liquid. The volume of liquid can
c. Organization of life be estimated to the nearest 0.1
III. Chapter 3 mL with practice
a. Carbohydrates Erlenmeyer Flasks are useful to
b. Lipid contain reactions or to hold
c. Protein and Amino acids liquid samples. They are also
d. Nucleic acids useful to catch filtrates.
e. Water Ring stand with Rings are for
IV. Chapter 4 holding pieces of glassware in
a. Parts of the cell place.
b. Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
c. Animal vs Plant cell
d.
Test Tubes are for holding small
samples or for containing
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

Test tube holders are for holding

Drawing Uses
Beakers are useful as a reaction
container or to hold liquid or
solid samples. They are also
used to catch liquids from
titrations and filtrates from
filtering operations.
Bunsen Burners are sources of
heat.
Burets are for addition of a
precise volume of liquid. The
volume of liquid added can be
determined to the nearest 0.01
mL with practice
Clay Triangles are placed on a
ring attached to a ring stand as a
support for a funnel, crucible, or
evaporating dish.
Droppers are for addition of
liquids drop by drop
test tubes when tubes should
not be touched
Tongs are similar in function to
forceps but are useful for
larger items.
Watch glasses are for holding
small samples or for
covering beakers or evaporating
dishes.
Wire Gauze on a ring supports
beakers to be heated by
Bunsen burners
Balances are used to determine
the mass of a reagent or object.
Meow!!!! ^_^

PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

 PARTS OF THE CELLS

Quick summary of the parts of the cell

Parts of the cell Description (organelles)

Nucleus  the control center of the cell contains large

quantities of DNA, which comprise the
genes
 Occupy the central region of the cell
 The largest structure of the cell (3 to 10um
in diameter)
 It is present to all the cells except RBC
and Lens
 It is a vital structure - its removal it an
lead to cell death
Mitochondria  “powerhouse” of the cell
 Extracts energy from the nutrients the
body ingests
 Has shelves or tubules called cristae
which provide a large surface area for
Parts Function chemical reactions to occur Oxidation
Base Holds up microscope occurs to synthesize adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) which is needed in
Light directs ambient light up through the hole in performing cellular functions
source the stage and illuminates specimen Rough ER  characterized by the presence of
microscop flat platform that supports the stage ribosomes and functions for protein
e stage synthesis specifically in the translation of
microscop structural element connects the head to the mRNA
e arm base Smooth ER  characterized by the absence of ribosomes
and functions for synthesis of fats and
fine fine tunes the focus of the things you are lipids and detoxification of substances
adjustmen studying Golgi  Post translational modification of proteins
t knob Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the Apparatus  Packages proteins for delivery
image  Substances formed by the endoplasmic
coarse moves the stage up and down for focusing reticulum–Golgi apparatus system are
adjustmen released from the Golgi apparatus into the
cytoplasm in the form of storage vesicles
t knob called secretory granules
eyepiece lens that you look through at the top of Lysosomes  Contain digestive enzymes
microscopes  Provide a degradative function that allows
microscop connects eyepieces to objective lenses the cell to digest
e body 1. damaged cellular structures
2. food particles that have been
tube
ingested by the cell
Revolving the part where the objective lenses are 3. unwanted matter such as
nose piece attached bacteria.
stage clip used to hold slide in place Peroxisomes  Contains oxidative enzymes
 Oxidize fatty acids
 Detoxify compounds (e.g. liver conversion
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION of ethanol to acetaldehyde
Cell membrane Functions
o Transport of substances
o Cell recognition & communication
o Tissue organization
o Enzymatic activity
o Cell morphology
 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL VS PLANT CELL

PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Plant cell is large and has
Animal cell is small and
a fixed rectangular shape irregular or round in
shape
Cell wall Cell wall absent
The nucleus lies on one The nucleus lies in the
side of the cell center
Mitochondria are present Mitochondria are present
in fewer numbers in large numbers
Centrosomes are absent Centrosomes are present
One large central vacuole Many small vacuoles are
is present. present

Animal cell

Easy way to remember everything is better and present in

eukaryotic cell but the only thing is better for the prokaryotic
is the cell wall.

Meme time:
 TYPES OF TRANSPORT PROCESS WATER

WATER ( H20 )
 WATER IS AN UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
 WATER HAS HIGH HEAT CAPACITY
o To be resistant to an immediate increase in
temperature
 WATER HAS HIGH HEAT VAPORATION
o Even during hot summer days, your body
does not lose big amount of water because
water needs large amount of heat before the
bonds of hydrogen and oxygen separate
 WATER HAS HIGH HEAT OF FUSSION
o Water, before it can solidify or turn to ice,
require large amount of heat to be remove
from it. this protects living organism to freeze
under low temperature.

HYPERTONIC VS ISOTONIC VS HYPOTONIC SOLUTION Functions of Water

 Predominant chemical
component of a living
organism
 Essential part of body cells
and fluids
 Matrix of many living
reactions
 Medium for movement in
intra and extracellular
processes
 Transports compounds in
the blood
 Regulates temperature
 Acts as a cushion
 CARBOHYDRATE  are condensation products of two monosaccharide
units;
Functions of Carbohydrates in the Human Body
 Carbohydrate oxidation - provides energy
 Carbohydrate storage, in the form of glycogen,
provides a short-term energy reserve
 Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the synthesis
of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids)
 Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework
of DNA and RNA molecules
 Carbohydrates linked to lipids are structural
components of cell membranes
 Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in a variety
of cell–cell and cell–molecule recognition processes

monosaccharide
 Contain single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
 They can’t be broken down into simpler substances by
hydrolysis (reaction with water) reactions
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Contains many monosaccharide units covalently
bonded
• Polymers: May contain a few 100s to > million
monosaccharide units

How to test monosaccharide

Benedict test is used to test for simple carbohydrates.
Procedure:
 Take 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent.
 Add 8 drops of carbohydrate solution.
 Boil over a flame or in a boiling water bath for 2
minutes.
 Let the solution cool down
Results:

DISACCHARIDE
 PROTEIN

 Proteins are large molecules consisting of amino acids

which our body need to function properly

NUCLEIC ACIDS
The 20 AMINO ACIDS
 Are molecules that store information for cellular growth
and reproduction
 Nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar and phosphate
Biuret test –
 used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds. In
the presence of peptides
Procedure:
 Take 3 clean and dry test tubes.
 Add 1-2 ml of the test solution, egg albumin and
deionized water in the respective test tubes.
 Add 1-2 ml of Biuret reagent to all the test tubes.
 Shake well and allow the mixtures to stand for 5 minutes.
 Observe for any color change.
o No change = no peptide
o Violet = there is a peptide
Function of lipid:
1. Storage form of energy (triglycerides)
2. Structural components of biomembranes (phospholipids
and cholesterol)
3. Metabolic regulators (steroid hormones and
prostaglandins)
4. Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents
(amphipathic lipids)
5. Act as electric insulators in neurons
6. Provide insulation against changes in external temperature
(subcutaneous fat)
7. Give shape and contour to the body
8. Protect internal organs by providing a cushioning effect
(pads of fat)
9. Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
10. Improve taste and palatability of food.

Saturated fatty acids: Unsaturated fatty acids

 Bad cholesterol;  Good cholesterol
(low density ( high density
lipoprotein) lipoprotein)
 Solid at room  Liquid at room
temperature temperature

LIPID

Lipids: a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic

compounds classified together on the basis of common
solubility properties
TEST FOR LIPIDS
Properties of lipids
– insoluble in water,
– soluble in aprotic organic solvents including
diethyl ether, chloroform, methylene chloride,
and acetone
– Amphipathic in nature

“ Wag mo akong artehan, kaya mo !!! “

- Camila (killer bride )