Pathophysiology of tuberculosis

Can be transmitted via The bacteria mycobacterium

airborne like sneezing tuberculosis enters the respiratory
and coughing system (especially in alveoli)

Macrophages release
cytokines such as IL1,IL6 in The bacteria enter
the blood stream macrophages by
endocytosis

the cytokines enters to the

hypothalamic endothelium Macrophages
engulfed the bacteria

Which produce PGE2 which The bacterial cell wall glycolipid

inc the cAMP lipoarabinomannan blocks the fusion
of the phagosome and lysosome.

Increase set point of the

body by vasoconstriction The bacteria continues to live
and involuntary muscles and to multiply in the alveoli
contraction

3 weeks after exposure. Processed

Fever mycobacterial antigens reach the draining
lymph nodes and are presented to CD4 T
cells by dendritic cells and macrophages.

IFN-γ released by the CD4+ T cells of the TH1

to activate more macrophages

Secrete IL-12 which amplifies activation of T

cells

Fatigue Inc in
Secrete PDGF that breathing
Produce TNF which in rate and
stimulate fibroblastic turn, recruits
proliferation heart rate
monocytes Shortness of breath

Monocytes eventually
differentiate into
epithelioid histiocytes Dec in oxygen intake of lung

Granuloma formation
Dec in gas exchange
occurs

Caseous necrosis occur Dec in alveoli in the

Blood in the cough lungs

Affected area undergo

fibrosis

Chest pain Decrease elasticity of

the lungs