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Heat Transfer Equipments
Heat Transfer Equipments
Objectives
Recognize what is heat exchanger
Heat Exchanger
What is a Heat Exchanger?
Technically speaking ……
Transfer process
Classification by Transfer Processes
Classification by Transfer Processes
1. Indirect contact type
The fluid streams remain separate and the
heat transfers continuously through a dividing
wall into and out of the wall in a transient
manner.
Classification by Transfer Processes
1. Indirect contact type
a) Direct transfer type heat exchanger
b) Storage type heat exchanger
c) Fluidized bed heat exchanger
Classification by Transfer Processes
a) Direct Transfer Type Heat Exchanger
In this, type heat transfers continuously from the hot fluid to
the cold fluid through a dividing wall.
There is no direct mixing of the fluids because each fluid
flows in separate fluid passages.
It is also known as recuperator. Examples, tubular
exchangers, plate and frame heat exchangers and extended
surface exchangers.
Number of fluids
Classification by Number of Fluid
Most processes of heating, cooling, heat recovery, and heat
rejection involve transfer of heat between two fluids.
Hence, two-fluid heat exchangers are the most common.
Three fluid heat exchangers are widely used in cryogenics
and some chemical processes (e.g., air separation systems,
a helium–air separation unit, purification and liquefaction
of hydrogen, ammonia gas synthesis).
Heat exchangers with as many as 12 fluid streams have
been used in some chemical process applications.
Heat Exchanger Classification
Heat exchangers are classified according to
Degree of surface
compactness
Classification by Surface Compactness β
Flow arrangements
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Classification by Flow Arrangement
The choice of a particular flow arrangement is
dependent on the required exchanger
effectiveness,
available pressure drops,
minimum and maximum velocities allowed,
fluid flow paths,
packaging envelope,
allowable thermal stresses,
temperature levels,
piping and plumbing considerations,
and other design criteria.
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Single Pass flow arrangement
A fluid is considered to have made one pass
if it flows through a section of the heat
exchanger through its full length.
a) Counterflow exchanger
• In a counterflow or countercurrent exchanger, the two fluids flow
parallel to each other but in opposite directions within the core.
• The counterflow arrangement is thermodynamically superior to any
other flow arrangement.
• It is the most efficient flow arrangement, producing the highest
temperature change in each fluid compared to any other two-fluid
flow arrangements for a given overall thermal conductance (UA),
fluid flow rates and fluid inlet temperatures.
• The maximum temperature difference across the exchanger produces
minimum thermal stresses in the wall for an equivalent performance
compared to any other flow arrangements.
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Single Pass flow arrangement
b) Parallelflow exchanger
• In a parallelflow (also referred to as cocurrent or
cocurrent parallel stream) exchanger, the fluid
streams enter together at one end, flow parallel
to each other in the same direction, and leave
together at the other end.
• This arrangement has the lowest exchanger
effectiveness among single-pass exchangers for
given overall thermal conductance and fluid
flow rates and fluid inlet temperatures.
• In a parallelflow exchanger, a large temperature
difference between inlet temperatures of hot
and cold fluids exists at the inlet side, which
may induce high thermal stresses in the
exchanger wall at the inlet.
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Single Pass flow arrangement
c) Crossflow Exchanger
• In this type of exchanger, the two fluids flow in
directions normal to each other.
• Thermodynamically, the effectiveness for the
crossflow exchanger falls in between that for the
counterflow and parallel flow arrangements.
• The largest structural temperature difference
exists at the ‘‘corner’’ of the entering hot and
cold fluids.
• This is one of the most common flow
arrangements used for extended surface heat
exchangers, because it greatly simplifies the
header design at the entrance and exit of each
fluid.
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Single Pass flow arrangement
c) Splitflow Exchanger
• In this exchanger, the shell fluid stream enters at the center of the
exchanger and divides into two streams.
• These streams flow in longitudinal directions along the exchanger length
over a longitudinal baffle, make a 180° turn at each end, flow
longitudinally to the center of the exchanger under the longitudinal baffle,
unite at the center, and leave from the central nozzle.
• The other fluid stream flows straight in the tubes.
Classification by Flow Arrangement
Multipass flow arrangement
After flowing through one full length, if the flow
direction is reversed and fluid flows through an
equal- or different-sized section, it is considered to
have made a second pass (or multipass) of equal or
different size.
Take Home Assignment
Construction
Classification by construction
Tubular Extended
Double pipe surface
Shell and tube Plate-fin
Spiral tube Tube-fin
Pipe coils Regenerative
Plate type Rotary
Plate coil
Printed circuit
Shell and Tube HE
Double Pipe HE
Plate and Frame HE
Plate-Fin HE
Could you guess which type of
heat exchanger is this?
Types of Heat Exchangers
Pressure drop
Pressure drop is an important parameter in heat
exchanger design. The heat exchanger should be design
in such a way that unproductive pressure drop should be
avoided to maximum extent in area like inlet and outlet
bends ,nozzles and manifolds
6. Fouling Tendencies
Fouling is defined as formation on heat exchanger surface of
undesirable deposit that decrease the heat transfer and
increase the resistance to fluid flow, resulting in high
pressure drop. The growth of those deposit decrease the
performance of exchanger with time.
7. Type and Phases of fluid
The phase of fluid within the unit is an important
consideration in selection of heat exchanger type.
Various combination of fluid dealt in exchanger are
Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-Gas and Gas-Gas
8. Maintenance, inspection, cleaning,
extension and repair possibilities
The suitability of various heat exchanger depend
upon it maintenance cleaning and repairing
maintenance
Repairing and maintenance of shell and tube
exchanger is relatively easy but repairing of
expansion joint is somehow difficult.
Repairing and maintenance of compact heat
exchanger of tube/plate fin type heat exchanger is
very difficult except by plugging of tube.
9. Overall Economy
There are two major cost to consider in designing of
heat exchanger,
the manufacturing cost and
operating cost, including maintenance cost
In general the less heat transfer area the less is the
complexity of design, the lower in manufacturing cost.
The operating cost is pumping cost due to pumping
device such as pumps, fans and blowers.
The maintenance cost include cost of spares that
require frequent renewal due to fouling and corrosion
10. Fabrication technique
Fabrication technique is also determining factor
for heat exchanger design.
For example shell and tube exchanger mostly
fabricated by welding, plate fin heat exchanger
and automobile aluminum radiator by brazing.
Most of circular tube fin exchanger fabricate by
mechanical assembling.
Study Reference Materials
Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Ramesh K.
Shah and Dušan P. Sekulic, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heat Exchanger Design Handbook. Kuppan
Thulukkanam, CRC Press.