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IRC 78 2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice For Road Bridges Section VII Foundations and Substructure Revised Edition PDF
IRC 78 2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice For Road Bridges Section VII Foundations and Substructure Revised Edition PDF
IRC 78 2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice For Road Bridges Section VII Foundations and Substructure Revised Edition PDF
STANDARDSPECIFIGATIONS
AND
GODEOF PRACTICE
FORROADBRIDGES
SECTION: Vtl
FOUNDATIONS
AND SUBSTRUCTURE
(RevisedEdition)
(lncorporating and Erratapublishedupto December,
allAmendments 2013)
I N D I A NROADSCONGRESS
2014
tRC:78-2014
CONTENTS
Clause PageNo.
No.
Personnel
of BridgesSpecifications
andStandards
Committee
Background 1
700 Scope 3
701 rermrnotogy 3
701.1 Abutrnent 3
70'1.2 Afflux 3
701.3 Balancer 4
701.4 Bearing Capacity 4
701.5 BearingStress 4
741.6 Cofferdam 5
701.7 Foundation 5
701.8 Pier 5
701.9 Piles 5
701.10 Retaining Wall 6
70111 Substructure 7
701.12 WellFoundation 7
702 Notations 7
703 DischargeandDepthof Scourfor Foundation
Design I
703-1 DesignDischarge ot Foundation 9
743.2 MeanDepthof Scow '10
703.3 MaximumDepthof Scourfor Designof Foundations 11
704 Sub-surfaceExploration 12
704.1 Objectives 12
704.2 Zoneof lnfluence 13
704.3 Methods of Exploration 13
705 Depthof Foundation
705.1 General '13
705.2 OpenFoundations 14
705.3 WellFoundations 14
705.4 PileFoundations 15
706 Loads.Forces.Stability
andStresses 15
706.1 Loads,ForcesandtheirCombinations 15
IRC:78-2014
706.2 Horizontal
Forcesat Bearingt evel 16
706.3 BasePressure 17
707 OpenFoundations 19
707.1 General 19
707.2 Design 19
707.3 openFoundations
atSloped
BedProfile 21
707.4 Construction 22
WellFoundations 23
708.1 General 23
708.2 WellSteining 23
708.3 DesignConsiderations 25
708.4 Stabilityof Well Foundations 26
708.5 Tiltsand Shifts 27
708.6 CuttingEdge 28
708.7 WellCurb 28
708.8 BottomPlug 29
708.9 FillingtheWell 29
708.10 PlugoverFilling 29
708.11 WellCap 29
708.12 Floatingddissohs 30
708.13 Sinkingot Wells 30
;
708.14 Pngumatic
Sinkingof Wells 30
708.15 Sinkingof Wellsby Resodingto Btasting 31
PileFoundation 31
709.1 Generat 31
709.2 Requiremeniarli s.rallsior Des.blra.!d hj.atbjsr 34
709.3 GeotedlnicaCa:a-.i:: PiE 36
709.4 Struciuel DesQn :f ?ie 40
739,5 Desgn G:Ptb Ca 40
l:9,6 l1ltc,r€xiCgnstbais-, :.wiolp]:].gcrs;:r
D;=-a:T,.!=:f 3ie
41
n
IRC:78-2014
710 Substructure 44
710]l General l 44
710.2 Piers .45
710.3 WallPiers 46
710.4 Abutments 46
710.5 Abutment Pier 47
7'10.6 DirtWalls,WingWallsandReturnWalls 48
710-7 Retaining
Walls 49
710.8 PierandAbutmentCaps 49
. 710.9 Cantilever
CapofAbutment andPier 5'1
710.10. PedestalsbelowBearing 51
Appendixes
1. Guidelinesfor CalculatingSilt Factorfor Bed MaterialConsistingof Ctay 53
2. Guidelinesfor Sub-surfaceExploration 54
3. Procedurefor StabilityCalculation 67
4. Precaqtions
to be takenduringSir kingof Wells 71
5. Capacityof Pile Basedon PileSoil Interaction 76
6. FillingBehindAbutments.'Wing
and ReturnWalls 82
7. Part-1-PileLoad Capacityby DynamicTest UsingWave Equation 84
, Part-2-standardTestMethodfor Low Strain Pile IntegrityTesting 93
tRC:78-2014
PERSONNEL
OF THE BRIDGESSPECIFICATIONS
ANDSTANDARDs
coMMtiTEE
(Ason 6.1.2014)
. . M a m b e 6-
4. Agrawal,K.l!.. DG{W),
CPWD(Retd.}Ghaziabad
5. Aliinchandani,
C.R. Chairman& ManagingDirector,STUP (p)Ltd.,
Consultants
Mumbai
6. Arora,H.C. ChiefEngineer{Retd.)
MORTH,NewDelnr
7. Bagish,Dr B.P C-2/2013,
VasantKunj,Opp.
D.pS.New
Dethi
8. Bandyopadhyay,
Dr N. Director,StupConsultants{p) Ltd.NewDelhi
9. Bandyopadhyay,
D. T.K. ioint DirectorGeneral(Retd.)INSDAG,
Kolkata
10. Banerjee,
A.K. ChiefEngineer
(Retd.)
MORTH,
NewDelhi
11. lJanerlee, LB. ChielEngineer
(Retd.)
MORTH,
NewDelhi
12. Basa,Ashok. DirectortTactr.
) B. Engineers
& Buildersttd., Bhubaneswar
Bhasin,PC. AOG(B),(Retil.),MOSI NewDethj
14. Bhowmick,
Alok ManagihgDirector,Bridge& Structural€ngg.Consultants
(P)ltd.,
Noidd
15. Bongirwar,
PL. Advisor,L&I Mumbai
16. Dhodapkar,
A.N. ChiefEhgineer(Retd.)MORTH,NewDelhi
17. Gfioshal,A. Directorand Vicepresident,
STUPConsultants{p) Ltd. kolkaia
18. loglekar,S.G. VicePrgsident,
STUPConsultants
(p) Ltd., Mumbai
19. Kand,,CV ChiefEngineer Me pWDBhopal
{Rerd.),
20. Koshi,Ninari DG(RD) (Retd)MOSI NewDelhi
& Addl-Secy.,
21- KumatAshok ChiefEnginee
{Retd.),MORTH,NewDethi
22. Kumar,Prafulla DG(RD)& A5,MORT&H (Retd.)
NewDethi
23. Kumar,Vijay (Retd.)UP,pWD,
E-in-Chief
IRC:78-2O14
' '
24. Manjure,PY. Director,freissinet Prestressedcontiate Co. Mumbai
25. M.K.
Mukherjee, ChieJEngine€r {.Retd.)MoST, New Delhi
26. A.K.
Nagpal, Prof.llT,New Delhi
27-. Nqrain,
A.D. DG (RD)& AS,MORT&H,{Retd.).Ne}vDelhi
-chief Engineer(Retd.)'MORTHNew Delhi
24. Ninan,R.5.
R.K.
29_ Pandey, (Planning),
Ehgineer
Ch-ief NewDelhi
MORTH,
30. Dr.
Pararneswaran, (BAS),
ChiefScientist NewDelhi
CRRI,
Lakshmy
31. Pratap5.
Raizada, (Corporate
VicePresident Affairs)-GammonIndiaLtd.Mumbai
32. Rao,Dr MVB. SeniorConsultant, Pvt.Ltd.
lnfrastructure
Ms.SNCLAVALTN
33. Roy,Dr B.C. SeniorExecutive lnclia
Engg.Servic€s
Director,M/s. Consulting
(Pvl.)Ltd.Curgaon
34. Saha,Dr G.P DirectorConstruma
Executive (P)Ltd.Mumbai
Consultancy
35. Sharan,
6. (Retd.)
& Spl.secy
DG(RD) NewDellhi
MoRTH,
36. Sharma,
R.5. (Retd.)MORTH
ChiefEngini-.er , NewDelhi
37. Sinha,
N.K. & s5,{Retd.)MoRT&HNewDelhi
DG{RD)
Dr
38. Subbarao, Director,
& Managing
Chakman Construma Ltd.
Consultancy{P)
Harshavafdhan Mumbai
39. Tandon,
Mahesh ManagingDirector,TandgnConsultants(P) Lld.,NewDelhi
K.B.
40. Thandavan, (Reld.)MORH,New Delhi
.Chief.Engineer
41. V
Velayutham,, DG (RD)SS(Retd.)MORTH,New Delhi
42. T.
Viswanathan, 7046, Sector B, Pocket10, VasantKunj ,New Delhi
43. Director
TheExecutive Lucknow
RDSO,
(B&s)
44. The Directorand Head, Bureau NewDelhi
oflndianStandards,
(CivilEngg.),
Coftesponding Memberc
1. Raina,Dr VK. Consultant (W.8.)
2. Singh,R.B.. . . -Dirpctor,Projects Consllltinglndia (P) Ltd. New Delhi
Ex-officio Members
-1. C. DirectorGeneral(RD)& SpecialSecretaryto Govt.of
Kandasamy,
lndia;MoRT&Hand Fresident,lRC,New Delhi
Prasad,Vishnu SecretaryGeneral,IndianRoadsCongress,NewDelhi
Shankar
v l
IRC:78-2014
FOUNDATIONS
AND SUtsSTRUCTURE
BACKGROUND
The"Standard Specifications and Codeof pracficefor RoadBridges,,
SectionVll _
Foundatjons and Substructure was firstpublished
jn July 19gOuJ p"n _
Featuresof Design.Lalerfirstrevjsi( , o"n"r",
Part andil;;,;; ;; "";;;ffiill,]:T: iHT:ff ?#::#:':lx'i::
of thiscodewas undertaken
by the Foundation
and Structure
Committee and
the initialdraftwas finalized 1S_a;
by the Committee underthe Convenor"n,f
Sarma. Subsequenfly, or rnr, * n.
ihe draftwasreconsidered anddiscussed in variousmeetings
by thereconstituted Foundatjon, Substructure protectjve
and WorksCommjttee (B_4)
underConvenorship ofShriS.AReddi.Thefinaldraftas approu"O
OfConuenoI. eSS
committeewas subsequenfly approvedby ihe Executive committeein its meeting
h€ldon 30.8.2000. lt was laterapproved by the Counciljn its 160thmeetinghetd
Kolkaiaon 4.11.2000 at
for publishingthe revisedIRCCodeSectjonVtt;tnC:
Sincethennumerous ZA:ZO0O.
amendments anderratawerepubljshed to thisCodebasedon
development in designandconstrucijon technoloov
The curreniRevisedEditionof IRC:78includes
all the amendments
and errata
published
fromtimeto iimeuptoDecember,2013. '
TheRevised
Edition of IRC:78'standardSpecifications
andCodeof practrce
Bridges" forRoad
SectionVll - Foundationin(
tirr
o-ate
was "oo.""oiu'i","0;T:T:"3,r"?il:lll?::"ilH,iil"Tj:f
Protective
Worksand MasonryStructures jn
'16.10.20'13. Committee (B_3) its meettngheldon
TheRevised
Ediiion
of tR
and
standards
committee
init","etillnffiTjil::Z *:?l"r"T::::l,T[::
h e i do n 0 9 . 0 1 . 2 0 if4o rp u b i i s h i n g .
The composition
of the B-3 Committeeis givenbelow:
BongiMar, pL.
Convenor
Joglekar,S.G. Co-Convenor
Kanhere,
D.K. Member-Secretary
1
IRC:78-2014
M e m b e r s . . i. . : . .
chonkar,Ravindra
" Deshmukh,
Dr.vV
Dr.VT.
GanPule'
(expircd
on 15.03.2013)
. RK
Jaigopal;
on30.12.2012)
(expired
Dr'SY
Mhaiskar'
JaYant
Nashikkar,
R.v S
ur' n
suDoarao,
Sinqh.
M.N.
V
Velyutham,
Members
CorresPonding
Basa,Ashok
Paul,Dipankar Dr'N'
Pitchumani,
R.H..
Sarma, ,. . Dr ZS'
Tarapore,
I
Viswanathan, ':' '
Ex-0fficioMembers
oJihedeck(superstructure)
of a bridge,vihic.h
1::i1 "rqO:T
appfoaches atsoretainsearth,fifl of
behind
Iullyof par y.
701,1.1 Boxtypeabutmentandretumwall
Whentheretumwallson twosidesareintegrated
withabutment anda backwa parallelto
abutmentis provjdedat theendof returnswjrhor without
addjri";;;i;;;, wa atongor
acrossiength,thisstructure
is calledboxlypu unO,"*" ,",], ,*n
"frrtr"nt "r'""0
701.1-2 Non-loadbearingabutment
Abutment,whicl.l
supportstheendspanof lessthan5 m.
I v r. r.r t\on_sptthrough
abulment
An abutment
structure
wherethesoilis notallowed
lo spjllthfough.
701.1.4 Spittthroughabutment
isallowed to spillthrough
gaps.arongrherength
il i::I:"]"h:'"
as.corumn "ojl ofaoutment,such
structurewherecolumns areplacedbetowoect<
frce.to spillearth.(Spilling ieams a-nJi"i ,no",*"un ia
of earthshoutdnotbe permittedabovea level;f 500mmbelow
iheboftom of bearings).
701.2 Afftux
Theriseinthefloodleveloftheriverjmmediately
ontheupstream ofa bridge asa resultof
obstruction
to naturalflowcausedby theconstruction
of thebriOg"unJ'ltsi!proa"f,e".
3
IRC;78-2014
701.3 Balancer
701.4 BearingCaPacity
701.4.1 A owablebearingPressure
whichneitherthe soilfails..inshear'(after
It is the maximumgrosspressureImensityat bevond
i"t i""tor ot sateiy)nor there is excessivesetilement
""-"*'"t "oftp,iui" thestructure
to be detrimentalto
p"^""i|[ rit't., *nich is expected
701.4.2 ca4acit|
Netsafebearing
by a factor of safetyas per Clause
It is the nei ultimatebearingcapacitydivided
706.3.1.1.1.
7O1.4.3 Netultimatebearingcapactty
causingshearfailureoi thesoil'
It is the minimumnetpressureintensity
701.4.4 SafebearingcaqacttY
whichthesoilcal *'ry *"'*
rhemaximum pressure ""tull.Y]I:*:*,:::L"."
pressure ""0
i. ttu n"t capacity
bearing plus overburden
original
"ouuiio "ufe
grossbeaingcapacv
701A.5 lJllimate
at whichthe sorl
grosspressureintensityat {he baseof the foundation
It is theminimum
failsin shear.
701.5 BearingStress
701.5,1 lnfe'sitY
GrossPressure
combinations
on soildueto thepossible
at thebaseofthefoundation
It is thetotalpressure
of loadandtheweightof theearthflll'
7o1-5.2 intensw
NetPressure
IRC;78-2014
oflhegrosspressure
: s::::€rence in intensities andtheoriginal pressure.
overburden
-!1.6
Cofferdam
I =J:iure temporary builtfor the purposeof excluding to permit
wateror soilsufficiently
::-s'J-dctionor proceedwithoutexcessive pumping and to supportthe surrounding
;-jrc.
701.7 Foundation
--3
oartofa brioge
in directcontacl.
withandtransmitting
loadto thefounding
stfata.
701.8 Pier
.iiermediate of thedeck(superstructure)
supports of a bridge.
701.8.1 pier
Abutment
Generallyusein multiple
spanarchbridges. Abutmentpieris designed
fora condition
that
it wouldbesafe.Theseareprovided
evenif onesidearchspancollapses afterthfeeor flve
spans.
701.9 Piles
701-9.1 Bearing/frictionpiles
A piledrivenor cast-in-siiu
fortransmitting
theweightof a structure to thefoundingstrata
bytheresistance developed at the pilebaseand by friction
alongits surface.lf it supports
the loadmainlybythe resistance developed at iis base,ii !s referredto as an end-bearing
pile,andif mainlybyfrictionalongitssurface,as a frictionpile.
701-9-2 Boredcast-in-situpile
701.9.3 pile
Drivencast-in-situ
a permanent
A pileformedin thegroundbydriving or temporary
casing.
andfillingit with
plainor feinForced
concrete.
701.9.4 Divenpile
or prestressed
A reinforced concretepile cast beforedriving,or installingin bore.arid
grouted.
A pileinstalled
at an inclination
to thevertical.
7O1-g.7 Sheetpite
701.9.8 pile
Tension
A pilesubjected is calledtensionpile.
to tension/uplift
70i.9.9 Testpile
Oneof thepilesformingthefoundation
of thestructure.
70'1.10 Retaining
Wall
Awalldesigned
to resistthe pressure
of earthfillingbehind.
7O1.10.'l Returnwall
A walladjacentto abutmentgenerally
parallello roador flaredup to increased
widthand
raiseduptothetopof road.
701.10.2 Toewall
6
IRC;78-2014
101.10.3 Wingwatl
: ,',alladjacent
to abuiment withitstopuptoroad.toplevelnearabutment
andslopingdown
-::3 gfound levelor a litileaboveattheotheiend.Thisis generally
at 4Soto theatignment
:'i3ad or parallelto theriverandfollows profile
or earthenbanks.
701.11 Substructure
Tre bricjge
structure,
suchas,pierandabuimentabovethefoundation
andsuppontng
the
su0erstructure.
lt shallinclude
returns
andwingwallsbutexclude
bearings.
701.'12 WellFoundation
Aiypeoffoundat;on
wherea partofthestructure whichjs generally
is hoilow, bujltin parts
andsunkthioughgroundor waterto ihe prescribeddepthby removing
earththrough
dredge
hole.
Theinclination
oftheaxisofthewellfrom thevertical
expressed
astheiangent
oftheangle
betweentheaxisof thewellandihe vertical.
ThelTorizontal
dispracement
of thecentreof thewel at its basein itsfinarpositionfromits
position.
designed
702 NOTATIONS
Forthepurpose
of thiscode,thefoilowing
notations
havebeenadopied;
A, Dispersedconcentric area
A2 Loadedarea
B Width betr,veen outer faces of pile groupin plan parallelto the directionof
movement
C Theallowable bearing pressurewithnearuniform distribution
onthefoundingstrata
c Cohesion
C The perrnissibled;rectcompressive stressin concreteat ihe bearingareaof the
base
D Diameterof pile
IRC:78-2O14
Db Dischargein cubicmetre/sec, (cumecs) permetrewidth
d External
diameter ' : " .well
of circular . . in metre
d, Weightedmeandiametelin mmof bedmaterial
d Meandepthofscourin metrebelowfloodlevel
Fb Longitudinal
forcedueto braking
Centdfugalforce
Fd Deformationeffects.
Horizontalforce"
Earthpressure
Seismicforce
F trrecnon
eITecIS
Ff Frictional
forceat bearings
F lmpactdueto floating
bodies
Secondary effects
WaterCurreni
Temperatureeffecta[SeeNcite(i)]
Wavepressure ISeeNote(ii)l
G Deadload
Buoyancy
G Snowload
h Minimum thickness of steining
in metre
K of activeearthpressure
Co.efficient
K of passiveearthpressure
Co-efficient
K"f Siltfactor
L Lengthbetweenouterfaces of pile groupin plan parallelto the direction
movemenl
Movement of deckoverbearinqs,
otherthandueto appliedforce
Depthof well
Deothof wellin metre.uDto MSL.
Standard penetrationtestvalue
Totalactive.pressure _.,
Po Totalpassivepressure
o Liveload
IRC:78-2014
R Deadloadreaction
R Liveloadreaction
v Shearratingof elastomeric
bearing
w Windload
G Reduction factor.
F Ratioof longsideto theshortsideof thefooting
s, Undrained shearstrength
tt. Undrained chohesion
p Co-efficient
of friction
.D Angleof internalfriction
t Settlementof pile
6n Settlementof pilegroup
f,OIES; i) Temperature eflects(Fb)inthiscontextis notthefrictionalforce
dueto the movement
of bearingbutthatwhichis causedby ribshortening, etc.
ii) Thewaveforcesshallbe determined by suitable
analysisconsidering
drawingand
inertiaforces;etc.,on siirglestructu€lmenibeisbasedon rationalmethodaor
modelstudies.In caseof groupof piles,piers,etc.,pfoximity
effectsshallalsobe
703DISCHARGE
AND DEPTHOF SCOURFOR
. FOUNDATIONDESIGN
703.1 DesignDischarge
of Foundation
Increaseover design
Dischargein percerit
0 - 3000 30
3000- 10000, 30-20
10000--40000 20-10
Above- 40000 '10
9
t
IRC:78-2014
ii) Theminimum vertical
clearanceabovetheHFLalreadydete.mined IRC:s
as-per
neednotbeincreaseddueto larger
discharge above.
calculaied
Where
Thedesigndischarge permeiiewidthoi effective
{of foundation
waterway.
7433.1.3 Fotlowwaterrever(wirhoutfroodconditions)combined
withseismiccombination
m€ximum levelof scourbelowhighfJoodlevelcanbe assurned
as 0.gtimesscourgivenin
Clause703.3.1.
NOTE: In respect
of viaducURoBhavingno possibility
of scouf,resistance
of soilmaybe
consideredbeJow depthof excavation
for servicesconstruction,
or 2.0 m below
groundlevelwhichever
isgreater.
703.3.2 For the designof floor protectionworksfor raft or openfoundatjons,
the
following
valuesof maximum
scourdepthmaybeadopted:
i) Ina siraightfeach 1.27d
ii) ln a bend '1.50d"-
or onthebasisof concentration
of flow
11
"RC:?&z014
maybe 0.7timesof tl-tesameon downstream
Thelengthof apronon upstream
EXPLORATION
704 SUB-SURFACE
704.1 Obiectives
exploration
of thesub-surface
Theobiectives are:
i) DuringPreliminaryInvestigationstage
process
As a partof siteselection geological
to studyexisting mzipsandother
information, previouslypreparedand availablesite investigationreports,
knowndataof nearbystructures, aboutriverbed
if any,surfaceexamination
andbanks, etc.,whichwillhelpin narrowingdownofsitesunderconsideration
4a
lRCt78-2014
forfuriherstudiesfor projectpreparation
stage.
ii) DetailedInvestigationStage
Todetermine thecharacteristics
of theexistinggeo-materials.
like.soil.rock.
of the prooosed
bedmaterialin watercourses,etc.in the zoneof influence
bridge
sitesinsucha wayastoestablish thedesignparameterswhich influence
thechoice
anddesign details
ofthevarious structural
elements, especiallythe
foundation
type.
iiD DuringConstructionStage
of geo-materials
Tocodfirmthecharacteristics in stage(ii)based
established
onwhichthedesignchoices
aremadeandto re-confirm thesameor modifyto
suittheconditions
metat specificfoundation
locations.
Zoneof influence mentioned in Clause704.1(ii) is definedas the full lengthof the bridge
including portion
of wing/returnwallandpartof approaches covering,(butnotrestricted to),
thefullfloodzoneforwatercourses, anduptodepthbelowproposed foundation levelswhere
influenceofstressesduetofoundation islikelytoaffectthebehaviourofthestructure, including
settlement,subsidence undergroundflowof watef,etc.Thewidihof thelandstripon ejther
sideof the proposed structureshouldinclude zonesin whichthehydraulic characteristicscf
riverwaterarelikelyto be changed flowpatterns,
affecting scour,etc.
A largevarietyof investigative
methodsare available.
A mostsuitableand appropriate
combination of theseshallbe chosen. Guidelines
for choiceof typesof investigations,
propertiesof geo-materialsthat needbe established, the in-situtesting,sampling,
laboratorytestingare given in Appendix-2.This may be furthersupplemented by
specializedtechniquesdepending on theneed.
.
705DEPTHOF FOUNDATION
705.1 General
Thefoundation shallbedesigned towithstandtheworstcombination of ioadsandforces
evaluatedin accordance withthe provisionsof Clause706.Thefoundations shallbe
takento suchdepththattheyaresafeagainst scouror protected fromit.Apartfromthis,
the depthshouldalsobe sufficientfromconsideration of bearingcapacity,
settlement,
potential,
liquefaction stability
andsuitability
of strataat thefounding
levelandsufficient
depthbelowIt. In caseof brldgeswherethe meanscourdepthdsm'iscalculated with
13
IRC:78-2014
CIause 703,2,thedepthof foundation structures
sfiallnotbe lessihanthoseof existing
in ihe vicinity.
705.2 OpenFoundation
705.2.1 tn soit
Theembedment in soil.shall
of foundations of anticipated
assessment
be basedoncorrect
givenunderClause
thevalues
scourconsidering 703.
Theminimum shallbeUptostratum
depthofopehfoundations having capacity
safebearing
bul notlessthan2.0m belowthescdurlevelor theprotected
bedlevel.
705.2.2 ln rocks
Foropenfoundaiions restingonrock,thedepthofrock,whichintheopinion ofthegeological
expertisweathered shallbeexcluded
orfissured, in deciding thedepthofembedment into
the rockexistingbelowWherefoundations areto reston crediblerocks'cautionshallbe
exercised.toestablishthe foundationlevelat sufficientdepth,so as to ensureihat they
do notgetundermined, keeping in viewthecontinued erosion of the bed.Afterallowing
forconditionsstipulaiedabovetheminimum embedment of theToundationsintotherock
belowshallbeasfollows, whichin caseof slopingrockproiile canbeprovided byproperly
benching thefoundat;ors.
705.3 WellFoundations
705.3.1 ln soit
IRC:78-2014
,',= ':Jrla onsshallbetakendownto a depihwhichwillprovide
a minimumgripof i/3'dthe
-:r: -rrm depthof scourbelowthedesignscouf
levelspecified
;nClause703,3.
;05.3.2 ln rccks
:s :aras possible,thewellsshallbetakenbyallthemethods of sinkingincludrng pneumatic
: :krng(where considered necessary),d6watering,
etc.tofoundationlevelandshallbeevenly
s::ied all aroundthe periphery on soundrock(i.e.,devoidof fissures,
cavities,weathered
-:re. likeiyextentof erosion,
etc.)by providing
adequate embedment. Theextentof seating
::J embedment in eachcaseshallbedecided bytheEngineer-in-charge keepjng inviewihe
'::iors n]entioned
aboveto ensureoverallandlong{ermsafetyof thestructure.lt is advisable
:r .irakea sump(shearkey)of 300mmin hardrockor 600mmin softrockinsidethewellby
:i;seling/blasiing.
Diameter ofsumpmaybe1.5to2 m lessthaninnerdredge_hole subject
toa
- n,mJnsizeof i.cm. Sixdowel barsof25mmdiadeformed ba|smaybeancl-ored 1.5m in
-Jckandprojected '1.5m above.These maybeanchored inminimum 65mmdiaboreholes and
l:outed with1:11,cement mortar.
705.4 PileFoundations
705.4.1 Insoil,theminimum
depthoffoundations belowthepojntoffixityshould
bethe
minimumlength
required
fordeveloping
fullfixityascalculated
byanyrational formula.
705.4.2 In rocks,the pjle shouldbe takendownto rockstratadevoidof anv likelv
extension
of erosionandproperly
socketedas requiredbythedesign.
or
ii)
15
a
tRc.Tei-2014
706.1.2 The permissible increasein stiessesin the variousmemberswill be 331/3
of wind(W and50 percentfor the combinalion withseismic
p"ri""t
'F t"t tn"
""toination increaseiRallowable
t ot F,). The permissible' basepressureshouldbe 25 percent
ioin"rr Jofr'oinu,tn"exceptcombination i) However,when temperatureeffects(FJ'
foranymembers
effects(fd)arealsoto beconsidered in
secondarv effects(FJ deformation
increasiinstresses
*iin ii,ri"npermissible members
invarious andallowable
""rii.",il"
bearing pressure willbe 15percent.
706.2 HorizontalForcesat BearingLevel
706.2.1 SimPIYsuqqorledsqans
beadngs(other than
706.2.1.1 For simply supportedspan with fixed and free
bearinglevel in the
Elsiomerlt type) on stiff supports,horizontalforces at the
direction
longitudinal below:
shallbe as.given
FixedBearing FreeBearing
Fh
wnere
= Appliedhorizontal force
Rn = Reactionat thefreeenddueto deadload
Rq = Reaciionatthefreeenddueto liveload
lJ of frictionat the movablebesring\vhichshallbe
= Co-efficient
assumed to havethe allowable values:
i) Forsteelrollerbearings : 0 03
ii) Forconcreterollerbearings : 005
beadngs:
iii) Forsliding :
a).Steeloncastironor stedonsied : 04
16
lRCtTB-2014
b) Greycastironolt greycastjron : 0.3
(Mechaniies)
c) Concrete
overconcrete ; 0.5
) d) Telflonon stainless
steej : 0.03aod0.05
(whichever
is governing)
-15.2.1.2 Incaseof simply
supported
smallspansupto10m andwherenobeaflngs are
:.oyided,horizontal
forcein thelongitudinal
direciion
ai thc ltearingieveishallbe
F
; or /t(Rg) whicheveris greatei
106.2.1.3 Fora strnply
supported
spansiitingon identical
electrcmeirjc
bearings
at
eacnendand.resting
on unyielding
supports.
Forceof eachend=
z n v,t,"
4 = Shearratingcfthe e,ectrontetric
beafjflgs
/b = Movement of deckabovebearing,
otherthandueto appiied
iorces
706-2.2 Simplysuppartedanclcantinuousspanon flexible supaorts
7?6.2?1..ThedistributionofappliediongiiudjnathoflzontdItbrce(e.g.,braking
',,,,ind,
etc.)depends solelyonshearratingofthesupporis anCmaybees,,-imatec tnproponron
:o the fatioof individual
shearratingof a suppoftto the sumci fl]e shearratjngso, all the
supports. Shearratingof a supportis ihe horjzontalforcerequiredto moveihe iop of ihe
suoportthrougha unitdistancetakinginio accounthorizcntal defcfmstiorjcf rhe hr;.r.a
iexingofthesupport androtationoftheiouncjaiion.
706.3 Basepressure
706.3.1.1.1Foropen foundations
ancjwellfoundaiion
resiingonsoil,theallo!.rabie
bearinc
!ressureon ultimate
bearingcapacitymaybetakenas 2.5fcr soil.
17
IRC:78-2014
andwellfoundation restingon rock'theallowablebearing
706.3.1.1.2 Foropenfoundations
of parent,rockbutalsoon
pressure on rockmaybe decideduponnotonlyon thestrength
iverattcnaracteristics particularly like,joints,beddingplanes,faults,weathered
deflciencies,
the valueof
.onua, In absenceof suchdetailsor analysisof overallcharacteristics'
",".
Llto, ot s"tetylas"d on unconfined compressive strengthof theparentrockmaybe taken
indicaiedon the basisof localexperience Theallowable bearing
as 6 to 8 unleisotherwise (i)
is to be{urtherrestrictedto notover3 MPafor loadcombination
fressure,thus,obtained the clause7093 2
ioo.'t.t. ror.Factorof safei1,in caseof pilefoundation
;;;ilbi";;;
shallbe referred
likedisintegrated
geo-material
Theintermediate orverysoftrockmaybetreated
weathered
as soll.
706.3.2 settlement
Allowableselflement/differential
settlement'
to differential
sensitive limithas
thetolerable
706.3.2.2 In caseof structures
to be flxedforeachcaseseparately
of loadson soils
underanycombination
706.3.3.7 Notensionshallbe permitted
706.3.3.2|ncaseofrockiftensionisfoundtobedevelopedatthebaseoffoun
thebaseareashouldbe reduced to a sizewhereno tensionwilloccurandbasepressure
Tnemaxtmum
is recalculated. pressure on suchreducedareashouldnotexceedallowable
area
bearingpressure. Suchreducedareashallnot be lessthan67 percentof the total
seismic,or impactof barge'and 80 percentfor otherload
including
for loai combination
combinations.
18
IRC:78-2014
ftr openfoundations:
Wthout With Seismic
SeismicCase uase
i) Againstoverturning 2 1 q
ii) Againstsliding 1.5 1.25
iii) Againstdeep-seated
failure 1.25 1.15
Fd€lional
co-efficient
between concreteandsoilirock
willbeTanO,@beingangleoffriction.
Foundingsoil in foundationof bridgebeinggenerallyproperlyconsolidated.
following
Elues mavbe adopted:
Flictionco-efflcient
betweensoilandconcrete 0.5
Fdctionco-efficient
betweenrockandconcrere 0.8forgoodrockand0.7
forfissuredrock
706.3.5 Pilefoundations
Theallowable
load;the allowable
settlemenvdifferential
setflement
andthe proceoures
ro
determine
thesamefor pilefoundations
aregivenin Clause709.
707 OPEN FOUNDATIONS
707.1 General
707.1.1 Provision of the Clauseunder707 shallapplyfor designof isolatedfootings
and,whereapplicable,
to combined footings,andrafts.
707.1-2 Openfoundatioirs may be providedwherethe foundations can be taidin a
sfatumwhichis jnerodible or wheretheextentof scourof the bedis reliablyknown.The
foundationsare to be reliablyprotectedby meansof suitablydesignedaprons,cut_off
wallsor/andlaunchingapronsas maybe necessary
7O7-2 Design
707.2-1 Thethickness
of thefootingsshallnotbe lessthan300mm.
707.2.2 Bendingmoments
707.2.2.1 Forsoljdwalltypesubstructure
wlthone-wayreinforcedfooting,the bending
momentscan be determinedas one-wayslab for the unit widthsubjectedIO WOTST
mmbinationof loadsandforces.
707-2.2.2 Forlwo-wayfooting,bendingmomentat anysectionof the footingshallbe
d€termined by passinga verlicalplanethroughthe footingand computing the moment
of theforcesactingoverthe entir€areaof footingsone side of the verticalplane.The
19
IRC:78-20'14
criticalsectionof bendingshallbe at thefaceof thesolidcolumn.
or polygonal
footings
707.2.2.3 ln caseof circular fooiings,the bendingmomenisin
in accordance
thefootingmaybe determineci withanyrationalmethod.Methodsgivenby
Timoshenko andRowefor PlateAnalysisafe acceptable.
707.2.2.4 Fot cambined footingssupporting thecriticalsections
twoor morecolumns, for
bendingmomenisalongtheaxisof thecolumnsshalibe at thefaceof the columns/walls.
of criticalsectionsfor bendingmomentsbetweenthe column/
Further,for determinaiion
walls,anyrationalmethodof analysisbe adopied.
707.2.3 Theshearstrengthofthefootingmaybe checkedat thecriticalsectionwhich
'd'
is theverticalseciionat a distance fromthefaceof thewallfor one-wayactionwhere
'd' is theeffective
depthof thesectionat thefaceof thewall.
707.2.3.1 For two-wa1,actionior slab or footing,the criiicalsectionshould be
perpendicular
to planof slabandso locatedthaiitsperimeter
is minimum, butneednot
approachcloserthanhalfthe effectivedepthfromthe perimeter loador
of concentrated
reaclionarea.
707-2-6 Tensilercinforcement
a) ln one-v,/ay
reinforcedfooting,the reinforcementshall be same as
forcritical
calculated unitwidthas mentioned in Clause707.2.2.1.
squarefooting,ihe reinforcement
b) In two-wayreinforced extendingin eadr
shallbedistributed
directlon acrossthefullsectionofthefootirE!
uniformly
20
IRC:78-2O14
c) ln iwo-wayreinforced rectangulaffooting,the reinforcementjn the long
directionshallbe distributeduniformlyacross{hefullwidthof thetboting.
Forreinforcement in the shortdirection,
a centraibandequalio theshort
sideof the footingshallbe markedalongthe lengthof ihe footingand
portionof ihe reinfofcement determined in accorclancewiththeeq.uaiion
givenbelowshellbe uniformly distribuiedabrossthe centi"al
bancl:
Reinforcement
in centralband 2
lbtal Reinforcement
in shortdifection B+1
i07.4.2 on openfoundations
Excavation safety
shallbe doneaftertakingnecessary
forwhichguidance
precautions maybetakenfromlS 3764.
the designloadsandforces
on rockin riverbridges,
707.4.6.2 Fot designoffoundation
22
IRC:78-2414
uptoihebottom
:rall beconsidered Theloadoffiiling
offooting. in
neednotbeconsidered
::abiitycalculations
708 WELL FOUNDATIONS
708.1 General
708.1.2 lf theexiernal
diametef of singiecircular 12 m thenEngineef-
wellexceeds
n-charge
maytakerecourse to anyof thefollowing:
shallbeevaluated
a) Stressin steining FiniteElement
using3-Dimensional
N4ethod(3DFE[i) or anyothersuitable
anal]4ical
method.
b) Stiffening
by compartments well.
maybe donefor the singlecircular
Designof suchstiffened designand
wellsshallcallfor supplemenial
construction
specifications,
c) wellmaybe adopted
TwinD-shaped
-08.1.3 shouldbe duly
arisingout of sand blow,if anlicipated,
The conditions
:cnsidered whencircular
wellis analysed methodor
analytical
using3D FE|\4/suitable
siiifened wellsareused.
cifcular
h = Kd''F
= minimum
thickness
of steining
in m
d = external
diameter
of circular
wellof dumbbellshaped
wellor in caseof
twinD wellssmaller in planin metres
dimension
= depihof weilsin melrebelowtop of v,/ellcapor LWLwhicheveris more
(forfioatingcaisson'/ ' may-be takenas depthof wellin meiresbelow
bed level).
= a ccnslalti
24
RC:78-2014
-:,.2.3.3
However,
following
aspects
mayalsobeconsidered
depending
on thestrata:
a) Verysoft clay strata;l\,4ain
criteriafor reduction
in steiningthicknessis
to preventthewellpenetrating by its ownweight.Whenthe thickness is
so reduced, thesteiningshalibe adequately reinforced,to getsufficient
strength.
b) Hardclay strata:Depending on tite previousexperience, the increase
in steining
thicknessmaybe morethan10percent.
c) Boulderystrataor well restingon rock involvingblasting:higher
gradeof concrete,
higherreinforcement,
useof steelplatesin the lower
podions,etc.,maybe adopted.
-J8.2.3.4
fhe recommended valuesgivenin Clause709.2.3.2
can be furthervaried
:=sedon localexperience
andin accordance
withCecision
of Engineer_in_charge.
-i3.2.3.5
lf specialised
methods suchas,jacl(clownmethod,
of sinking, areadopted
:-3r'rihe steiningthicknessmay be adjustedaccordingio designand construction
=:uirements-
-i8.2.3.6
Anyvariaiion as proposed
fromdimensions in Clause708.2.3.1
shoutdbe
:::ided before theproposai.
framing
--.8.2.3.7
Whenthe depthof wellbelowwellcapis equalto or morethan30 m, the
---cknessof the
steiningof lhe lvellcalculatedas per Ciause709,2.3maybe reduced
::JVe scourlevelin a slopeof t horizontal
to 3 verticalsuchthat ]e reducedthickness
of
'--esteining
shouldnotbe lessthanrequired as perClause708.2.3 forthedepthof well
-:io scourlevelwiththereduced diameter.
:e reduction
in thickness
shallbe donein theoutersudaceof thewellThedtameier
ot
-ier dredge
holeshallbe keptunifom.
-:e
minimum steelandtheconcrete
gradein theslopeportion
shallbe sameas forthe
::::.lingbelolv
scourlevel.
l,"rlmumdevelopmentlengthof all the vertical
steelbarsshallbe provided
beyond
ihe
- .imumsectionas shownin theAppendix-3(Fig.
1).
-- stressin ihereduced
secijon
of steining
shailalsobe checkeci.
-:3.3
D?sign
Considerations
-:3.3.1
Theexieinal
Ciameter
cf thebrickmasonry
wellsshallnotexceed
6 m. Brick
25
IRC:78-2014
wellsfor depthgreaterthan20 m shallnotbe permitted.
masonry
Thehorizontalannularsectionofwellsteining
shallalsobechecked
forovalisation
moments
by any rationalmethodtakingaccountof sideearthpressures evaluatedas per Clause
7.O8.4.
7O8.4.'l anddesignofwellfoundations
Thestability shallbedoneunderthemostcritical
26
:
lRc.78-2014
708.4.2 Sideeafthresistance
rc8'4.2'2rhesideearth|esistanceSha|IbeignoredinCaseofwe||foundations
then
bearingpfessureis lessthan1 l\'4Pa'
:n rock.lf rockstratais suchthattheallowable
::resideearthresistance maybetakenintoaccount
708.4.3 Earlhpressure
on abutments
708.4.4 Constructionstage
708.6 CuttingEdge
28
^sightupiotvrotimesthe ihicknessof steinrng
shouJd be provided," :t;:::;
ar-lsing
ouioi sudden
change inlheeiiective
section
dueio curtailflent
oi "::
plete.
703.8 BottornPlug
708.8.1 Thebottompiugshallbe provided in ali ureilsandihe topshallbe keptnot
.o\,/erihan300 mm in the centfeabovethe iop of ihe curbas shownin the Appendix_3
fFE.4. A suitablesumpshallbebelowihelevelofthecuiting ecge.Beioreconcerting
the
!ctom piug,it sha'lbeensuredthatitsinsidefaceshavebeencleaned thoroughly.
708.8.: Theconcrele mixusedin boiiomplugshallhavea minimum cement content
.i 330kg/m3 anda slumpof abcui'150rnrnto perrnjte6syflowof concfetethroughtermieto
3iacefi{!upallcavilies.
concreteshailbeiaidinoneconiiruorrs opeiationtilldrecige
holeis
iliedto requiredheight.
Foruncier
waterccncreting, iheconcfete shallbeplaced bytremie
JnCer stiliwaterccndilion
andthecemeni conienio{ rnixbeincreased by 10percent.
703.8.4 lf anydewaiering
is required
it shallbe carried
outafter7 da],shaveeiapsed
aftefbottornplugging.
708.9 Fillingthe Well
708.9.iThefiilingoftheyreii,if considered
necessary,
abovelhebotrom
plugshallbedone
',vitnsandor excavated
materiaifree frornorganicmatier.
708.10 PlugoverFitting
708.11.2 As manylongitudinal
barsas possible
coming
fiomihewellsteining
shailbe
anchored
intothewellcap.
29
IRC:78-2014
708.12 FloatingCaissons
guidance
Forsafesinkingof wells,necessary as given
maybetakenfromtheprecautions
inAppendk4.
709.1 ceneral
Scourconditions
areproperly
esiablished.
ii) Permanent steelliner shouldbe providedat leastupto maximumscour
level.In caseof marine clayor softsoilor soilhavingaggressivematerial,
permanent steellinerof sufficient
strengthshallbe usedforthefulldepthof
suchstrata. Theminimum thickness of linershouldbe6 mm
Forbridges located in land,steellinersof minimum thickness
of 6 mmshall
be provided in casesgivenbelow. Thelinershallbeprovidedupto depihup
to whichfollowing situationsprevail.
Whileconstructing
thepilefoundation
ihroughverysoftclay(N< 3) ,veryloose
sandystrata(N< 8),boulderyformationandartesian
conditions,wherein the
IRC:78-2014
cannotbestaDilized
wallsof boreholes bybentonite
circulation.
b) Wheresewageleakageis commonphenomenon
as well as siles with
aggressive environment
soil/watef
709.'1"5 Spacingof pilesandtolerances
TheDifferential
setflement betweentwo successive foundationstakenat pitecaplevel,
:naybe esiimated
fromthe maximurn setflement
expected at twofoundations for thedead
:cad,superimposed loads,liveloadandscoureffect.Theincrease in set ementwjthtime
in cJayey
soilsshallbe accounted for.in acsence
of detailedcalculaiions,
forrnepurpose
ef preliminary
design, it canbe takenas notmorethanthemaximum settiement of anyof
:hetwofoundations.
The differential
settrement
sha be rimiteddepending
uponthe fofiowingfunctionar
and
structural
consideraUons:
a) FunclionalJy,
acceptable differenijal
settlement
betweentwo neighboring
-comfortl
piersshallnotbegreaterthanj ih400of ihespanto ensureriding
as specified
in Clause 706.3.2.1.
o l Theallowable
settlement
of a singlepileconsidered thepile
for estimatino
capacityshallbe arriVedfromcbrrelatioioftheset ementof pitegroupto
thatof sjnglepile.as pefClause709.3.4.
c) rr rs tunherprovided
thattheworking
loadcapacity
ol pilebasedon the
sub-clauseb) shallnof exceed40 percentof the loadiorrespondjng to
thesettlementof.10 percentof pilediameter(i.e.safetyfactor of 2.5 on
ultimaie
loadcapaciiy isensured).
709.1.9 ForbothPrecast andcasFin-situpiles,thevalues
regarding
gradeofconcrete,
i?alercementfatio,slumpshallbe asforlows:
ConcreteCast-in-situby PrecastConcrele
Tremie
urade ot concrete M35 t\,135
l,4in.
cementcontents 400 kg/m3 400 kg/mr
l.'lax.W.C.ratio 0.4 0.4
Stump(mm '150-200
50-75
NOTE:i) Forimproving
resistance.to
penetration
of harrnfillelements
fromsoiluseot rnineral
33
tRC.78-2014
(tlyash,silicafume,GGBSconforming to respective Bls/lnternational
admixtures
standards)andas perIRC:112 is recommended
protectlon
'' In marineconditions
ii) andareasexposedto actionof harmfulchemlcals'
ii piielaps witttsuitaotecJing ;uch as bituminous based'coal{arepoxvbased
Liting muyo" consioered aluminacements(i e quicksettingcement)shall
.Hiqh- whenbothchlorides andsulphatesarepresent
notbeusedInmaflneconottron!Also
useof sulphate-resistantcementis notrecommenoeo
7og'2.lTheinitialdesignofanindividua|pile,confirmationofitscapacityb
if y e i t h
of actualsoil parameters' of design'
modiJlcation
t"sior uv re-coniirmation
in-it-iJlo"o
shouldpassthroughfollowingstepsof investigations' deslgn
requireO, anOtinataOoption
andloadtesting:
and detailedsub-sui{aceinvestigation for piles lo
i) comprehensive
thedeslgnparameters ofendbearingcapacity'frictioncapacity
determine
andlateralcapacityof soilsurroundingthe pile
for specifiedbearing
ii) Designof pile and piie groupbasedon i) above
strata.
loadtestingl
iii) Initial
testonpileofsamediameterasdesign conlirmation
pilefordirect
lnitialload
of design.
Theinitialloadtestis a parlofthedesignprocess conflrmingtheexpected
properties of bearingstrataandthe pilecapacity
.iv) Stepsii) andiii)shouldbe repeated typesof stratametat site'
fordifferent
709.2.4 Routinetoadtest
ii) Permissible
OverLoad
Whileconducting
routineteston oneof thepilebelonging
to a pjlegroup,if
35
IRC:78-2014
criteriaat 1.5
the pile is foundto be deficient(basedon the settlement
'10
upto percentofthe capacity
timesthedesignload)anovedoad reduced
maybe allowed.
iii) Foraquickdssessment of pilecapacity, dynamictestsmaybe
high-strain
conducted afterestablishingco{elationsusingthe resultsof loadtests.
However, resultsoflhe straindynamictestsshallnotbe usedfor upward
revisionof designcapacity guidelines
of pile.Detailed areat Appendix-7
Parf t- Thesemethodscanbe follovred-
iv) Tohavea fairlygoodideaaboutthequality-of concreteandconstruction
etc., pile integrity tests are
defects like voids, discontinuities,
extensivelyconducted-Detailedguilelines and referencesare at
'
. Appendix-7Part2.
709.3 Capacityof Pile
Geotechnical
709.3.1 Resistanceto verTicalloads
For calculatingdesignedcapacityof pile for load combinationI of Clause706.1.1,
recommendation of pilegroup,
of Appendix-sshouldbe dlovted-Forcalc latingcapacity
referclauses709.3.3 and709.3.4 setbnEntcliteriaasperClause709.1.8'
andtheallotv"abb
Forpurpose oftheseClausesthefollowingdefinitixtswillapply.
a) Cohesivesoil (clayor plasticsiltwithS" < 0.25MPa);
b) Gianularsoil (sand,gravelor noGpbslicsittwith N (average withinlayer)
< 50 blows/o,3m (50 blo$rsBocms);
c) IntermediateGeomaterial
Cohesive:e.g.clayshalesormuddones with0.25MPa(2.5tsf)< S,<2.5MPa.
. Cohesion less:e.g.granulartilb, granularresidualsoilsN>50blows/o.3 m
(50blows/3o cm);
d) Rock: Cohesive,CementedGeornaterial with Su : 2.5MPa(25 tsf) or'
guZ 5.0MPa.
709.3.2 Factorof Satuty
The minimumfactorof safetyon ultimateaxial capacitycomputedon the basisof
staticformulashallbe 2.5for loadcombinationI of Clause706.1.1for pilesin soil.For
pilesin rock,factorof safetyshallbe 3 on end bearingcomponentaqd 6 on socket
sideresistancecomponent, for loadcombinationI of clause706-1.1sijbjedtto further
limitsas stipulatedin Appendix-s.
36
IRC:78-2014
709.3.3 Capacityof piles/groupaction
The axiaicapacityof a groupof pilesshouldbe determined by a factorto be appliedto
'le capaciiy pilesmultiplied
of individual bythenumber of pilesofthegroup.
i) Factormaybetakenas I incaseof purely endbearing pileshaving
minimum
spacingof2.0timesthedjameterof pileandforfrictional
pileshaving
spacing
of minimum3 timesdiameter
of pile.
ii) Forpilegroups
in clays,thegroupcapacity
shallbe iesserofthefollowjnq:
a) Sumof ihecapacities
of theindividuat
pilesin thegroup.
b) Thecapacityofthe groupbasedonblockfailure
concept,wheretheultimate
loadcarrying capacity
oftheblockenclosing
thepilesin estimated.
709.3,4 Settlementof pile group
749.3.4.2 Seftlement
ofpilegroupin sands
-e
l e s settlementof pilegroupin homogeneous claysshallbe evaluated usingTezaghiand
-:cK Approach whtchassumes thattheloadcarried bythe pile groupis hansferred to the
-.cilthroughan equivalent fooiinglocatedat onethifdof the pilelengthupwardsfronrihe
: le toe.Theloadundertheequivalent footingis assumed to spread intosoilat a slopeof
2 ivertical) :1 (horizontal).
:3 settlement
tor equivalent
footingshallbe evaluated with lS g009
in accordance
tart-ll).
-:9.3.4.4
ofpilegroupin rock
Seftlement
37
IRC;78:2014 the
rockmaybe as
computed per1S8009(Partll) considering
in
of pilesfounded
Settlemeni
709"3.5 to lateral/oads
Resistance
where
D = Diarneter of Pile
to
in plahPerPendicular
L =r r LengthbetweenouterJaces
of movement'
direction
''-r-i.
lateral of.pile-sroT.l1"l^1"'j^:,1,:"':li[:;H"::fl
resrstance ohthe
70s.3.5.2Ihesafe piredepends
rl""o"'"Ji**i"oividuar
l*';1;1i ffi ffi .Hlil;ilffi "i aswellasthestructural
t"t"tial
"lli
ofhorizontal
modulus reacrro'ioltn"louno"tion
{**run*i#ii:,':d
"ub-graoe
H:qv;:'i,;#i."'Jr:.;rti':',rffi
r":',";;":;;i,1i4*
t',.:r;i1i:l:ffi
:ll:#il"tffi i
i*,n,",J o*". f ?lI"'1
9".11*qijl:t*:*my":ln'":T1
"i"".o",
:;ffi:f"i*:T":",''"T#lllTifl:|:ilt5i:xt*:s g'lil*1fi ;:*:l:
::'
:ffi ';,ii$lll""J:"':f
i{iti*j'tiT#:i='f }*llh1ll','"';:",
';[:ftlinT'"',il"tt,1;::t',t;""i'lH#;'t'u]tu'ui orrixitv
thepoint
rrom
*ntir'u'' by
or calculated
forth')design'
point
of can
fixity oeuten tromtnl aiaiysisperformed
Tie
method
simoiified inlS:2911'
gjiven
naturewhen
oriemporary
of permanent
may
Piles be requiredto reslstupliftforces
709.3.6.1 in strucrures
as anchorages
mornentg'or
foundationssubjectedto largeoverturning
usedin
uplifipressure'
iiJ. uno"ro""""" .ubjectedto hydrostatic
38
IRC:78-2O14
149.3.6.2 fhe ultimateupliftcapacitymay be calculated with the expression of shaft
-ssistance/skin
frictiononly,of the staticformulaefor compression loadsand applyinga
'eductionfactorof 0.70on thesame.In caseof rock,thesocketlengthshallbe measured
-om 0.3 m depthto actualdepthof socket.The weightof the pile
shallalso be taken
as actingagainstuplift.Pullout testshallbe conducted for verification
of upliftcapacity.
iactorof (2.5/0.7)= 3.5on theultimate strengthshallbe used.
109.3.6.3 Theupliftcapacjtyof pilegroupis lesserofthe twofollowingvalues:
- thesumoftheupliftresistance pilesinthegroup.
of theindividual and
- the sum of shearresistance
mobilisedon the surfaceperimeterof the
groupplusthe effective
weightof the soiland ihe pilesenctosed
in this
perimeter.
surface
709.3.6.4 Pilesshouldbe checkedfor structural
adequacy
againstupliftforcestogether
,rithotherco-existent
forces,if any.
709.3.6.5 Theminimum
factorofsafetyon ultimateupliftloadcalculated
ontheaforesaicj
:asisshallbe2.5.
39
lRC.78-2014
709.4 StructuralDesignof Piles
. ' :
membershallhavesufficient strengthto transmitthe lqad
7o;g.4.1 Arpileas a structural if any,
i., .tru"trr" io."oit.Thepileshallalsobedesigned tqwithstandtemporaryJtresses,
permissible
to *ni.n it maybe subjected to, suchas, handlinganddrivingstressesThe
stresses shouldbeas PerIRC:112'
to thefoundation
Thetestpiteshallbe separately designed !o carrytesl loadsafely
all the loadeffectsand
709.4.2 The pilesmaybe designedtakinginto consideration
capacityexamined
theirstructural as a columnTheselfloadof pileor lateralloaddueto
earthquake;.water'curr"niforc",etQon the portionof freepileuptoscourlevelandupto
levelif applicableshould bedulyaccounted lor'
ootentialliquefaction
loadsthqmqments in pileshaftca! bqcalculated asdescrjbed
709.4.3. Eorthehorizontal
ror piteson tand,ifthepilegroupis pror/ided withrigidcap,thenthepiles
in ciau"ezog.s.s.z.
as havingfixedheadin appiopriate forthispurposeHorizontal
direction
mavbe considered
forcemavbedistribqtedequallyin allpilesin a groupwitha rigidpilecap
709.6 lmportanlConsideration,lnspection/PrecautionsforDifferentTypes
of Piles
709.6.1 piles
Diven cast-in-situ
siatedinthiscode,guidance
709.6.1,1Exceptotherwise fromlS2911
isto be obtained
(Part1/Section
l).
709-6-2 piles
Boredcast-in-situ
Concreting requirements
Intremiemethodthefollowing
shallbedonebytremiemethod. are
particularly
applicable.
cleanedatteruse.
g) AIItremietubesshouldbe scrupulously
42
IRC:78-20.14
h ) As tremiemethodof concreting
is notunderwatefconcreting,
theseis.no
needto add 10 percentextracement.
t) Normallyconcretingofthepilesshouldbeuninterrupted.
Intheexceptional
caseof interruption
of concreting;
butwhichcanbe resumedwithin1 or
2 hours,thetremieshallnotbe takenout of the concrete.
Insteadit shall
be raisedand loweredslowly,fromtimeto timeto preventthe concrete
formsetting:Concrefing shouldbe resumedby introducing a littlericher
concretewith a sldmp.of about200 mm for easydisplacement of the
partlysetconcrete.
lf the concreting
cannotbe resumedbeforefinalset of concret6already
placed,thepileso castmaybe rejectedor accepted
withmodifications.
' l
fromlS 2911
statedin thiscode,guidanceis to be obtained
709.6.3.1 Exceptotherwise
(Partl/Section
3).
of pilesper blowof
oi piles,the finalset or penetration
709.6.3.3 Duringinstallation
'100
hammershouldbe checked takingan average of last blows
710 SUBSTRUCTURE
710.1 General
710.1.1 ln caseof plainconcretesubstruciure, surfacereinforcementat ihe rateof
beprovided
2.5kg/m'zshall i.e.,bothhorizontally
ineachdirection, Spacing
andvertically of
suchbarsshallnoiexceed200mm.Incaseof substructure in severeenvironment (asper
of 112or as perclause302.6table5 of IRC:21)
Clause'14.3.1 thesurface reinforcement
canbe dispensed allowedbutthedimension
with,if specifically of thesubstructureshould
be so proportioned
to keepthestresses onlyupto 90 percentof theallowablestress
7'10.1.2 Foi thedesignof subshucturebelowthelevelof theiop of bedblock,the.live
bythefactorsgivenbelow:
loadimpactshallbe modified
710.3 WallPiers
it shallalso
710.3.1 Whenthelengthof solidpieris morethanfourtimesitsthickness,
asa wall.
be checked
710.4.4 All abutments and abutment columnsshallbe designed for a tive load
surchargeequivalent
to 1.2m heightof earthfill.Theeffective
wjd iotthe cotumns need
notbe increased
as in Clause7i0.4.3for surcharge effectwhenspillthrougnabutment
adopted. is
71A.6.1 #rec
retums'r.,]^z=
Thecantilever gDi^\i ..oibe morethan4 metreslong.
48
IRC:78-2014
714-6:10 rhe boxtypereturnwa atrightangres atbolhendsoftheabutments connected
bywalltypediaphragm maybe,adopted wherefoundsuitable, jn
Howevel suchcases,no
reduciion in the earthpressure
forlhe designof theabutment shourdbe considered. The
iop of diaphragm shouldslopeinwardsto the.centre
of carriageway
for facilttatjng
proper
rollingof theembankment behindtheabutmeni
710.6-1'l Solidtype of wing/returnwallson jndependentfoundationscan be suitably
steppedup towardsthe approaches d-epending uponthe patteinof Scour,tocatground
conditionsandits profile;safe
bearingcapacity,
etc'
710.6.12 Incaseof wjngwallsor return walls,thefoundationshallbetakenadequately
intothefim soil.
710.7 RetainingWalls
710.7.1 Themjnimum
thickness
of reinforced
conireteretaining
wallshallbe200mm.
710.7.2 The retajningwallsshallbe designedto withstandea(h pressure
Inctuding
anyliveloadsurcharge and otherloadsactingon it, including
self_weight,
in accordance
g:i"::] specified
rorabutments.
Stone masJnryandjain concretewa s
:,ll,l: lr'r"iples
.o,'o,Vp" Reinforcedconcretewa s maybe of sotid,counterfort,
buttressed
or
:l:.,1,:::l
- UtaIruOe_
710,7.3 Thevertical stemsof caniilever wallsshallbe designed as cantrtevers
flxed
,i the base.The verticalor facewallsof counterfort
typeandiuttressedtypesha be
:esrgneoas continuous.slabs.supported.
bycounterfortsor buttresses.
Thefacewallsshall
:e securelyanchored,tothe supporiingcounterfodsor buttressesby meansof adequate
--inforcements.
49
IRC:78-20'14
iv) Theequipmentfor prestressing
operations overand
wherenecessary'
abovespacefor endblockin castin-situcases'
v) Thedrainage arrangement forthewateron thecap'
vi) Seismic if Provided
arfestor'
vii) Toaccommodate ladders
inspection
should
of capoverthe hollowpieror cotumntypeof abutment
710.8.2 Thethickness
notbeIessthan25ommbutincaseofSolidplainorreinforcedconcretepiera
canbe reduced
thethickness to 200mm'
ihe widthof
7'10,8.4 In case bearingsare placedcentrallyover the columnsand
is locatedwithinhalfthe depthof capfrom any externalfaceof the
bearings/pedestals
to havebeendirectlytransferredto
the loadfrombearingswill be considered
column's,
columnsandthecapbeamneednotbe designed forflexure
Tlo.S.TReinforcementinPierandAbutmentcapswherethebearingsa
square-rootformula statedin Clause307'1of IRC:21, lhe piercapsshallbe reinforced
witha totalminimum of 1 percent steel,assuming a capthickness of 225mm Thetotal
steelshallbe distributedequallyand providedbothat lop and bottomin two directions'
The reinfofcement in the directionof the lengthof the piershallextendfromend to end
IRC:78-2014
of thepie;capwhirethereinforcement
at rightanglesshatextend
pierscapandbe jn the formof stirrups. forthefuJr
widthof the
ln addition,
two iayersof meshreinforcement
oneai 20 mmfromtopandtheotherat 100mmfrom
t"p p;;.i;;;r; er capeach
consisting
of 8 mmbarsat 100mmc)entres "1 shall provided
in bothdireciions be directly
underthebearings.
710.9 Cantilever
CapofAbutmentand pier
*1"r" of thebearing
tiesdirecily
overthepjer,calcutation
]^r.!;1:1 ?.pa( oi s_:-
beresrricted
onryfortheporrion
which
i" ori.io"inJi" 0,,," .,_-
,;:l"l::::-.] "1*,0
rhearea
ofcrosed
horizontar
stirrups
mayouriritJio zsp=..=-,
-lil"""]ll:'1,.::p"es
:ithe areaof primaryreinforcement.
710.10 PedestalsbetowBearing
c l
IRC:78-2014
the following
bearingor columnshall be givenby
area of a footingor base undera
equatlon.
t ,
C=C"x\A > u.
wnere
the permissible directcompressive stressin concreieat the
C. =
bearingareaof thebase
areawhichis geometrically similarto the
At = disperseoconcentric in
'o"o"o u'"" 'q' unO thelargestaieathatcanbe coniained
"lso beyondtheloaded
tn" pfun"or e] it'"mum widti of oispersion
areatacesnalibe limitedto twicetheheight)
projectionof thebases.or footingbeyondthe
A, = loadedareaandthe
faceoftheoearingoicoiumnsupported onit shallnotbelessthan
150mmin anydirection'
mesh reinforcement - oneat 20 mmfromtop andthe other
710.10.4 The two layers of
or pierlf eacnconsisting of I mmbarsat 100mmin both
at 100mmfromtopof peOestat
Oi*",i""", .nar o" provided directlyunderthe bearings
52
IRC:V8-2014
. Appendix-1
(Ctause703.2.2.2)
In.ab.se.n:e
of.anyfo.rmul?K"r,maybe determined as perClause703.2.2 anomayoe
adopted basedon siteinformationandbehaviour historyof anyexistingstructure.
The
clayeybedhavingweighted diameter normalyressthan0.04mm ofiersinre resistance
scourthansandthoughmeandepthof scouras pertheformula givenin Clause703.2
indicates
morescourInabsence of anyacceptedrational
formulaor anydataof scourat
thesiteoftheproposed bridge;
thefollowing
theoretical
calculation
maybeadopted:
Jn case.of soil having6 <1S" and c (cohesionof soil) > 0.2 kgy'cm,
'Kecalculated
as follows:
xd = F (1 + !c) wherec in kg/drt
wnere
= 1 . 5 0f o r@> 1 0 ' a n d< 1 5 "
= 1.75for @> 5"and< 10'
= 2.00for @< 5'
ii\ Soilshavingo >15'will be treatedas sandysoil even if c ls morethan
2N/mm,andsiltfactorwillbe as perprovisions
of Clause203.2.2.
53
IRC:78-2014
APPendi&2
' (Clausa704:3)'
I GENERAL
is to iletermine
exploration
of sub-surface of the soilor rock'
th-esuitabiliiy
Theobjective
oibridgesThesub-surface for bridges-is
exploration carriedoutin tvvo
for tneiounOation
anddetailedlt mayreguireadditionali
p*rimina-ry confirmatory exploration
"irg""
duri-ng "";"fy
construction stage.
maybeiakenfromthefollowing:
Guidance
for Folrndationsmaybe
i) lS 1892- Codeof Praiticefor SiteInvestigation
uiilisedfor guidance regarding andcolLection
investigation of data'
2.1Pre|iminaryinvestigaiionshal|inc|udethestudyofexistinggeol
geological
information,previoussite reports,geologicalmaps, etc ' and surface
IRC:78-20i4
examination.Thesewill helpto narrowdownthe numberof silesundefconsideration
andalsoto locatethemostdesirable
location
fordetailedsub_su-€ce
rnvestigatjon.
3 DETAILEDINVESTIGATION
55
IRC:78-2014
iv) . groundwaterlevel;
v) artesianconditions; if any:. . .: '
vi) qualityof waterin contactwiththefoundation;
l':: :1 : i: r: :
vii) " ' r .
depthandextentof scour;
foundaiion
viii) suitable level; l
stfatum;.
ix) safebearingcapacityof foundation
x) settlement
Drobable andorobable
differential of thefoundations:
settlement
xi) likelysinkingor drivingeffort;and
the following
and the likely
56
IRC:78-2014
6.2.1 The prrmaryrequirements
are stabilityand setflement.
for whrchshearing
strength
characteristics,
Ioadsetflement
characteristics,
etc.needdeterminatron.
Notes:
-r
Lrboralofrleq.,o oe coloLcleddlcod n9 to l-e rptevrnrpdis o tS /2.0.
2l use ofsophisli@tedequipmenttike,pessufe melefmay be rnade,iisuitabteco{etationstor inle4€:-i. -:,l€ded are
available
3) Downhole/Cos. ho e -"r.nic sLruey,sratrb" d) pqA5IM a42OlD428lV
4) Se'smic Methods and/or EJectdc€tResisiiviry l4elhod €n ]re ,sed ior soit/rock proliting. DM h&a.s hcie se<rhic suryeys
could.beusedfor eslablishing
etasljcmodutiandrockprontjng at greaierdeplhs
t) r".':m c sutueys are usefu lor rons bridses (i.e. oi lhe order or I km and abo.=; an i.:r redudno t}le numbef
l1,c,T" jl" "
.?,":ln 'i*":.r m6lolon. tha.a e oen es ) LnderwrFr .o- the<e ,poticrtions. cr:6 obiarn; oy seisin,c
T.: s€rs_6J
hemodssr.rr be€librdled/o. fmodwith a, ruatp.o|es ta(er by bo€s i.ir Fmed:ale t@irE
59
IRC:78-2O14
6.4 Fill Materials
.:'- :-: ronowpitareas.Laloratory
samples
disturbed s::a :E =:+:=:
Represenl.ative -- :^ 1:
for detem:r':; :-:
tesisshallbe conducted
andPar.i3 s::
i) classification
ii) moisturecontent
vs.moisiure
iii) density €i::-: ==':is':
v) shearing strengln
v) permeability
-r:E to the
.=nsirycorresponding
NOTE: The shearingstrengthsh:r :E ::ia-'"'
ihe:
Proposeddensityfor
FOUNDATION
7 DETAILSOF EXPLORATIONFOR
RESTINGON ROCK
Exploration Programrn€
nave t3\';=: :-'+<i":te ci iock within levels where the
lf preliminaryinvestigations
-lt to collectnecessary
i"l"J"iil" iJt" *.t, io ieke;3 :e= 3r ::'rvsstigation
is essential
mentionedin the preceding!€:a-
information
i) Visualidentification
for
. ::':1 ,..'a) Texture
..
61
IRC:78-20'14
. b) ' Struciure
' c) Composition
d) Colour
e) Grainsize
'f)
Petrography
tesismaybe donefor
ii) Laboratory
' a) Specificgravity
b) Porosrty
c) Waterabsorptlon
strength
d) Compressive
restswillsumcefordesignpurposesOthertestsmayneed
NOTE: shea'strength
Generally,
caseTheshearstrength testscanbe doneas unconfined
to be donein special
compression, iriaxialcompression or directsheartest'
7.5 SpecialCases
7.5.1 lnvesligationfotconglomerate
-or samplescollected to
shallbe subjected
A drillholeshallbe madesameas tr rock'The the
to ascertain
suitabletestsdepending uponfhe materialspecialcareshallbe taken
of the matrix.
credibility
shall be
generally to
slmilar that requiredfor cohesivesoils ln caseof
The investigation
hard|aterite'recoufsemayhavetobemadetocoredri|lingasforsoftrocks.
62
IRC:78-2014
8 GLASSIFICATIONAND CHARACTERISTICSOF ROCKS
8.'l ldentification
and classification
of rocktypesfor engineefing
purposesmay,
in general, be limitedto broad,basicphysical condition
in accordancewithaccepted
practice.strengthof parentrockaloneis of limitedvaluebecauseoverallcharacteristics
dependconsiderably on character,spacingand distributions of discontinuities
of the
rockmass,suchas,thejoints,bedding, faultsandweathered seams.
8.2 Classification
of Rocks
Rocksmay be classified
basedon theirphysicajcondition
and Unconfined
Compressi,/e
as perTable-2.
Strength
9 Presentation
of Data
ThePresentation
of Datacollected in SheetNo ,l and 2
shallbe as doneas illustrated
Table- 2 Classificationof Rocks
Rock Type Description unconfined
Compressive
Strength(UCS)
in MPa
Extremely Cannotbe scratchedwithknifeor sharppick.Breakingof >2AA
Strong specimencouldbe doneby sledgehammer only.
63
IRC:78:2014
Nole:
1) TheUnconfined Compressive Strength
valuesareas in BritishStandard
BS-5930 {C|.44.2.6).
2) Table-2shouldnot be usedto infefthe UnconfinedCompressive Strengthof rock.Actual
laboratory
testvalueof rockcoreshouldbe used.
RC78-20'14
Appendix-3
(Clauses708.2,708.3and 709.4)
PROCEDURE
FOR STABILIry CALCULATION
1 FORMULAFORACTIVEOR PASSIVEPRESSURE
IN SOIL
67
IRC:78-2014
iii) However, the lateralresistanceof soil belowthe scourlevelat ultimate
valueshallbe dividedbytheappropriate factorof safety,viz , (P - P ) as
statedin the caseof Pierwells.
iv) Pointof rotation
Forthepurpose of applyingtheaboveformulae, that
it maybeassumed
thepointof rotation ofthewell
liesattheboLtom
68
IRC:78-2A14
B
!
Ui
o
z 3i
(jj
z.
=l
6r
U:
o-i
trI -l
E
t 5
cr p 6
,d
I
s
R
tr
EI ,l
fi q
L!
H
@
I
s
(J
g
2
f,
z
<t = I
<l =
I v, o
zl F
<t .s;
o-l
j
<l
zl =
t!
F-l
14 E
@l z
e.
69
IRC:78-2014
I
9
I o
I
I l.E
::-
rg o)
t!
= r 9:
! l r
I : !3 E
!. It (J
i;l:i o/
H
(_)
<l =
>l
JI 2
irl
.I
o
:l
IF ol .s)
LL
u ul
ct ;l
F:5{i{s#{
tRC:78-2014
Appendix-4
(Clause
708.13)
1 CONSTRUCTION
OFWELLCURBANDSTEINING
1.4 The sieiningshallbe builtin one skaightlinefrom bottomto top and shd
alwaysbe at rightangleto the planeof the curb.In no case,it shallbe builtplun|bh
stageswhenthewellis tilted.
intermediate
2 SINKING
71
IRC:78-2014
careis neededto ensurethat
2.6 Whengroupofwellsareneareachothel special
alsodo noi causedisturbance to wellsalready
it iy oo *t r"ir in t," courseof sinkingand
i{ells shallbe half the extemaldiameter'
sunk.The minimumclearanceoelweenthe
dredgingholesof all the
iirrn""*". leveldredgingshallbe carr€doui in the
"rl of allthe\/ellsbe coxeiogether-
i,"ri. in tn" gtoupundplugging
-the
2.7 Duringconstruction sunkY'elssheilbe takento € safedepthbelow
partlally
levelsto ensuretheirsafeiyculingensuingfloods'
sco-ur
anticipated
shatlnotbe Ce;3G:* uqevenly aroundthewell
2,8 Dredgedmaterial
3 USE OF KENTLEDGE
sinkingeffori'
provideadditional
3.1 Wherea well is loaded$'iih K3-ei:e':c
suchloadshallbeplacedevenlycn'-r€cai-:€$ztform'leavingsufficientspacein
themiddleto femoveexcavatedmate:-ei
the position
welldevelopinglilt'
3.2 Wheretiltsarepresenlo{ ilse s a -"rger oJ
oftheloadShallberegulated|nSudla-a:-EfaStoprovidegreatersinkingefforto
sideofthewell'
thehigher
6 BLASTING
6.5 Afterblasting,
the steiningshallbe examined
for any cracksand ccr'€3:,:
*shallbetakenimmediately.
measures
7 PNEUMATICSINKING
73
IRC:78-2014
installationanduse.Appropriatespares'standbys, safetyof personnel
as recommended
in the lS 4188forworkingin compressedair mustbe keptat site Safetycodeforworking
in andotherlabourlawsandpractices in thecountryasspecified
prevalent to providesafe;
efficient sinkingshallbefollowed.
andexpeditious
74
tRC:78-2014
dredgematerialunequally,
puttingobstaclesbelowcuttingedge,afterjettingetc.,shall
be adoptedbeforeany furthersinking.After conection,the dredgedmaterialplaced
unevenly
shallbe spreadevenly.
9 SAND ISLAND
75
IRC:78-2014
APPendix-5 l
: ;: ,, . (Clause709.3.1)
where
= Ultimatebaseresistance
&
Rr - = Ultimateshaftresistance'
1.',| R = Rai.e.,Ultimate fromthefollowing:
maybecalculating
baseresistance
Ru=Ap(1/zDY Ny+ Pat&) + ApN"Cp
where
Ao = Cross-sectional areaof baseof pile
D = Pilediameier in cm
y = Effective unitweightof soilat piletip in kg/cm3
/Vn& N, = B"ut'nn factorsbasedon angleof internal frictionat piletip
"rpacity
N" = Bearingcapacity factorusuallytakenas 9
ce = Averagecohesionat piletip (fromunconsolidated untrained test)
Pd - Effective overburdenpressure atpiletiplimited to20timesdiameter of
pile for pileshavinglengthequalto morethan20 timesdiameter
Rr,.e., Ultimate sideresistance maybe calculated fromthefollowing:
R = i K P . , t a n 6 A+, C [ e A
where
K = Coefficient
of earthpressure
Pdt = Effective overburden pressurein kg/cm'?along the embedment of
pilefor thelayerithwhereivariesfrom/ to n
6 = Angleofwallfrictionbetween pileandsoilin degrees. It maybetaken
equalto angleof internal frictionof soil
A"i = Surfaceareaof pileshaftincm'zintheithlayer,whereI variesfrom7to n
4H' +6M
- o,D c,"6" o,D
where
L = Socket
length
H = Horizonialforce
ai topof thesocket
M = l\4oment
at thetopofthesocket
D = Diameter
ofthepile.
. q = Permissible strengthin rockwhichis leaserof 30 kg/sqcm or
compressive
0.33q..
ln caseof socketedpiles,for the satisfactory performance of the socketas fixedtip, the
(e) shouldbe lessthanor equalto
rolationat the top of lhe socketfor ihe fixedcondition
5 percentof therotationforthepinnedcondition at thetopof thesocket(e)
CRITERIAAS A QUALITY
10 PILE TERMINATION
CONTROLTOOL IN ROCKS
Forestablishing
the similarity the pile-bore
of soilstrataactuallymetwhileadvancing with
theshataselected
iorterminatingthepileonthebasisof Nvaluesequivalent
energymethod
can oe useo.
Ratio(PPR)is usedin this method.
The conceptof Pile Penetration
The pile penetrationratio(PPR)reflectsthe energyin ton-meterrequiredto advance
ihe pile boreof one sq. metercross'sectional
areaby 1 cm.
80
tRC:79-201.4
1) In caseof SPTtest its ppR can.beworkedout as follows:
Energy.E spentfor N blows= 63.5kg i 75 cm x N blows(inkg _cxnunits)=
E x 10_5
ton
meter.Areaof Famplesis 0.259xJ5.2f s9. cm.=2tr.24sq..cm,
penetratinglaocm.
HencePPR= 63.5x 75xN x105t(21.24x10rx30)
=0.747
N
PPRforN = 50 = 37.35tm/mrlcm
andfor N = 200=149.4lmlm2lcm
where
Whn
AP
Zt nlt
AP
Where
81
IRC:78-2014
Appendix-6
. (Clause
710.1.4)
FILLINGBEHINDABUTMENTS,WING AND RETURNWALLS
1 FILLINGMATERIALS
to be usedfor fillingbehindabutments
The tvpeof materials and otherearthretaining
shouldbe selected
structures, of soilsis givenin
withcare.A generalguideto theselection
Table1.
Theextentof backfillto
beprovided
behind
iheabutment
should
beasillusiraiec
:r Fig.i
, o,0,",o..
r-EXE'tr
of F[t J- ".
t-| t-i-l -Ii-
ERIDGE
; ll=ill- I =l'r=lll=lll
F l= sorlusEDas B cr(FtL=
r -1AS PERSPECFlcTnOT
t;-l t*| - l REqUREIEI{f OF l00?l|m
xo*R^t- qArErES
PIPESSP CEDAT1.0m c/c
\ I =L!-.I!-- 1]J BoRIZO}{fAIYAID 1.0m
VERICALLIPTACED
DtoNEOn IlNo TAYERS
F'IIEi T€DIUI
Fig. I
PRECAUTIONS
TO BE TAKENDURINGCONSTRUCTION
B3
tRC:7a-2O14
APPendix-7
' 709.2.4)
(Clause
PART-1
BY DYNAMICTESTUSING
PILELOADCAPACITY
METHOD-1:
WAVEEQUATION
#=e"xPJ.^
wnere
D = longitudinal position
of a pointof thebarfromitsoriginal
displacement
E = modulus of bar p = densityof barmaterial+ t = time
of etasticity
x = direction axis& R = soil-resistance
of longitudinal term
B4
tRC:78.2014
Table 1 Empiricat Values of e,J, and percent Side Adhesion
a (in.) SideAdhesion
(%ofR,)
Sandgravelmixed
FineSand
Sandand clayor loam,at least
50 percentof pilein sand
Silt and fine sand underlain
bv
hardstrata
Sand and gravelunderlainbV
hardstrata
2 PILEANDTESTPREPARATION
1) Thetesting shourd be conducted byfixinginstrumentation thatshourd incrude srrarn
sensorsandaccelefometers tothesjdesofthepileat a depthof t.5 x pile - Jiameters
--
fromtopof pjleandthenconnecting themto themeasuring equipmeni.
2) Forthisit is desirable thatthe pileis exiended to suitablelengthafterchippjng
looseconcrete.This can be doneeitherusingformworkor permanent top
casing.
Alternativ,elyif jt is a linerpjle,twoopenings/winiows approxim"f"f gOd,rn , 300
mmanddiametrically v
opposite toeachothershallbemadeintotnetinerat i.S x prre
diameter fromtop.
In casepileheadis extended, jt shallbe axial,flatandhavesame
strengthas pile
concrete.Thepileheadmayevenbe onegradehjgherso as to attainearii ifrengrn.
The rebarsand helicalreinforcement sfrattatsoO-e t"-"uoiO
concrete ot
underhammer impact. "*t"nO"J "i*ilng
Referto Fig.'lfora sketchof reinforcenient jn.theextended pileandthediameter
barsshallgenerafiy of
bethe sameas pirereinforcement. rurtn"i i .o"crut"it tn"
sensorlevelshallbe smooihhardanduniform. "
AlldinmionseinIm
7. Clea .oYer lo nesh einfocnmr is 20 M
3 _ Diamerer.fsesh r€inforcementb6 is BI4
spacig ol msh ciafoEemftr b€s G lclo @
35
IRC:78-2014
4) A pile toi cushionconsisting of sheetsof pll,'voodwith iotalthicknessbeMeen
25mmtol00mmorasdeterminedbytheTestEngineershallbep|acedon
of thePilebefofe tesling
by theTestEngineer shallbe
5) Sieelhelmet25 mm-50mmthickor as determined
keptreadyat thetimeof testing
oftestloador5-7percent cf
ofthedeadwe;Qht
6I
"' A hammef weighl
ofsuitable l1-2percent
snalLOeusedfortesting othewise
thepileunlessspecified
,n" oif"-n"n"ver isnigfr"er)
bytheTestEngineef. Thefallheightgenerallyvariesfrom0 5 m to 3 m
essential,
Wherever to ensurea concentric
a suitableguideshallbe provided
7)
rall.
B) craneor equvareni
A suitable mechanism capable of freelyfallingthe required
withthetestengineer'
on sitein consultation
shallbe arfanged Referto
hammer
Fig.2 showing thesetuparrangernents'
G 6€ruP qfl^":3
ioc xtcx srR tx ovrrttc FL€ rEarlrtc
sl.dFq.|{db.e
fub']liFsnrfrpd
s'lr.dnr.dd&db(:Il<ls
86
IRC:78-2014
A suitablepowersourcesupplyshallbe provided
for fixingsensorsandforihe test
equiPment.
PILEMONITORING
1) The testing may be conductedatleast '15 days after the pile is installed
and the concretepile as well as extendedporiionif any has achievedthe
required
strength.
2\ Dynamicpile testing(basedon wave equation)shouldbe conducteo 0y
attachingstrain transducersand accelerometers to the sides of the pile,
approximately 1.5timespilediameter
belowihe piletop.A pairof transducers/
needsto be fixedonto oppositesidesof the pile,so as to deiectbendingin/
thepileif any,duringtesting.
3) Thesetransducers shouldbe then connectedthroughthe cableto measuring
equipmentto record
strainandacceieration
measurementsanddisplaythemon an
oscilloscope
or screen.
4) Thetestingshouldbe conducted the pilewith blowsof ihe hammer,
by impacting
generally
startingwitha smallerdropof 0.5m. Foreachhammer blow,thestrain
transducersshouldmeasurestrainswhereasaccelerafions are measuredby
accelerometersconnected on eithersidesof ihe pile.Thesesignalsare ihen
converted
to digitalformbytheequipment andthenconverted to forceandvelocity
respectively
by integration.
For eachhammerblow,the test systemshoulddisplayimmediatefield results
in theformof the mobilized of the pile,piletop compression,
capacity integrity,
stressesetc.Theforceandvelccitycurveshallbe generallyas defined!nASTM
D4945.
Testingshouldbecontinued byincreasingheighi fallofthehammer byapproximately
0.5 m increment iill the time eitherthe pile set or the pile capacityreachesthe
requiredlimiting
values. Atypical forcevelociiyresponse is alsodescribedin Fig.3.
Thepilecapacity shallbegenerally
considered
tobefullymobilizediftheenergy levels
dueto hammer impact aresumcieni
soasto causea measurable netdisplacement
of aileast3-4 mmper blowfor a minimumthreesuccessiveimpacts.lf the pileset
is lessthan3-4mmperblowandthepileachieves required
capacity, thenit implies
thainotall thestaticpileresiatance
hasbeenmobilized andthatthepilestillhas
somecapacitytllat couldnotbe measured or was notrequiredto be measured at
thetimeof testino.
87
IRC:78-2014
E!
bE
H E^
6<
=
tracegenerated
Fig.3 : Typicalforce-velocity equipment
by measuring
8) : Usingstrainand acceleration
Analysisand lnterpreiation data in a suitable
of pile and soil stfata,the equivalentstatic
mod;I, b;sed on localparameters
the
load bearingcapacityshall be calculatedThe final reportshouldspecffy
parametersof soil and pile strataconsideredand the safe capacityarrlved
for SignalMatching
Atypicalblowis thenselected Analysis'
4l TESTLIMITATIONS
on a
1) Evaluationof static soil resistanceand it's distributioncan be based
variety of anal)'ticalmethodsand is the subjectof individualengineering
judgment. The inputinto the analytical methodsmay or.may not resultin
to
ine- aynami" evaluationmatchingstatic load test data lt is necessary
pile load
calibratethe resultof the dynamicanalysiswith those of a siatic
testcarriedoutaccordingto lS 2911.
friction
,\ Basedon above,it can be said that it is difficultto predictrock socket
and actualend bearingfor rock sockeiedpilesthat do not show substantial
netdisplacementundeftheimpacts
an
lJnlike static iesting, evaluationof dynamic pile test results requires
experienced engineer of theresults'
trainedin inteipretations
88
IRC:78-2014
METHOD-2:PILE DYNAMICTEST METHODBASED ON
HILEY'SFORMULAE
(BY LASERYINFRARED
OPERATEDEQUIPMENT)
1 INTRODUCTION
Themodified
Hileyformula
is :
Whtj
S+C/2
where
R = ultimatedrivingresistance in ionnes.Thesafeloadshallbe workedout by
dividingit witha factorof safetyof 2.5.
vv = massoTineramIntonnes:
h = heightofthefreefalloftheramor hammer in cm,takenat itsfullvalue
for
trigger-operated drophammers, 80percent oftheIallofnormally proportioned
winchoperated drophammers, and90 percentofthestrokeforsingle-acting
hammers. Whenusingihe McKiernanTerry typeof doubleactinghammers,
90 percentof the maker'sratedehergyin tonne-centimeter perblowshould
be substituted for the product(1,4/h)
in the formula.Thehammershouldbe
operatedat its maximum speedwhilethesetis beingtaken;
n = efficiency
of the blow,representing
the ratioof energyafterimpactto the
striking
energy of ram:
S = finalsel.
or penetration
perblowin cm:
C = sumofthetemporary
elastic in cmof thepile,dolly,packings
compressions
anogrouno
P = Massof pilein tonnes
WhereW is greaterthanPe andthe pileis drivenintopenetrable
ground,
W+ Pe'
W +P
is lessthanPeandihepileisdriven
Where1,4/ intopenetrable
gfound.
90
01
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to e andio the rationof P/W
arethevaluesof I in relation
Thefollowing
91
-.
IRC:78-2014
Typical DisplacementRecord
0
-0.'t
Q -0.3
-o.4
-0.5
-0-6
-o.7
-0.8
-0.9
Readins Seriat Numt er.
92
IRC:78-20'14
Appendix-7
STANDARD
TESTMETHODFORLOWSTRAINPILEINTEGRITY
TESTING
1 SIGNIFICANCE
ANDUSE
PileIntegrity
Testing(plT)is a Non-Destructiveintegrjty
testmethodfor foundationpiles.
Themethodevaluates continuity
ofthe pileshaftandprovidesinformationon anypotential
defectsdue to honeycombs, necking,cross-sectionreduction,potentialbulbs,sudden
changesin soilstratum,concretequalityin termsof wavespeedetc.lt is known€s ,.Low
Strain"lvlethodsinceit requiresthe impactof onlya smallhand_held hammerand the
resultanistrainsareof extremelylowmagnitude. Thetestprocedure is standardized
as per
ASTN4 D5882andarsofoms partofvarious specifications
andcodeprovisions worrcrwideas
indicaiedin Table€.Thenumberof testsshallbe decidedbytheengineer to theproject.
Table3 HajorStandardsor Codesfor IntegrityTesting
Srno Method Country AeterenE TiiG
1) , LST,CSL Ausiratia nusiratian pite Oesigning
SianOlrO anOinstaation
As 21 59-199S
Technical code for Building
pttestoundationsChapterg:
2\
Lt | RTt. aqr
La voL .-tri^-
\,{lttar J(,J.v4_y4 Inspeclon and Acceptance of
pile FoundationEngineering.
,9..1
of pile
eualitylnspection
installation.
3) LST.CSL China JGJ 93-95 Specificationfor Low Strain
DynamjcTestingof piles.
93
IRC;78-2014
2 TYPIGALMETHODS
below'
the integrityof the pile are brieflydescribed
Variousmethodsusedto evaluate follows
in. oi plT recordscan be describedas
"uafu"tion - analysrs)
' Pulse-Echo Method(orSonicEcho a timedomain
' FofceVelocity Approach
' Transient ResponseProcedure (Frequency DomainAnalysis)
.
'CrossHoleSonicLogging
ls used
-rll"in"o
sometimes defectsnearthe piletop ihat
io evaluate
TheForceVelocity approach
ThePulseEchois the mostcommonly
maybedifficultto evaluatein Pulse"ii"
usedmethod andis described below'
3 TEST EQUIPMENT
ThetestShouldbeperlormeduslngdigitaldataacquisitionequipment|ikeaP
;;;;,;;;""dil"^lll-1i::,:^l,iJ*n:?,^""x'ilT:
.l::,t"";ilijil:
ilT::"lfiTifi'ffi ffi;ffi ';;"ia qua'tv
anointerpretaiio
anda fieldprintout be possible'
should
4 TEST PROCEDURE
at least7 daysafterpile concreting,br/an experienced
The testingshallbe conducted smoothwith
The concrete 'ili" pi[ bp surfacemustbe relatively
enqineer/technician
attachment ot tne sensing
moiion deviceandhammerimpactareaThe
sufficientspacefor the
attacnment ot anacceteioit"t"' ontJtn"pit"top(notnearitsedge)wiih
testinginvolves thepileis impacted
nttu' unuchment'
materiat canore
tit<e w"a"x'-vuJ"tln"
heloof bonding "rc'
o"uice(a hand-held hammer)
*iif, u n"na-r,lio
blowsduringthe stageoJ^testingAll suchsimilar
Thetest involves ot
collection several testins
ii' Ligeioi"mjer piles above
areaverased oi"prall
before lT^:'lo
blows
ffi; ;ffi"il -::l "1999
li:fiil"ffif:iiiu#il'l'::
",3l :":".*tl*"J:fi
pilesThetyplcal(
smarlerdiameter
peirig.t anois atsodefinedin ASTMD5882'
" t . I
- r"^
"! Ji -'rl.-
'"5-E--=1---.-.;1
"--- i; ; t'.;-;-=
L
IRC:78-2014
5 REPORTSUBMISSION
Theflnalreportshallinclude
tfrefollowing;
1) Projectldentification
& Location
2) Test Pile ldentificationincluding Length, Nominal Cross-Sectional
area
andConcrete Mixas perinstallation
record
Typeof Pileanddescription procedures
of specialinstallation usedif any.
4) Descriptionof all the componentsof the apparatusfor obtainjngintegrity
measurements andrecording/displaying
data.
Graphical
representation
of Velocitymeasurements
in timedomain.
ol on thequalityof the PileConcrete.
Commenis
7) on anypotential
Comments defects/damage
andits location.
Comments
on Integrity
of Pilebasedon above.
6 LIMITATIONS
Certainlimitationsare inherentin the low straintest methodand henceit shouldbe
of qualityof workandnotas a conclusive
treatedonlyas an indicator test.Thelimjtations
mentioned belowmustbe understood and iakeninto consideration
in makinothe final
integrity
evaluation.
95
(TheOfficialarnendmentsto this documentwould be publishedby
'lndianHighways'which shall be
the IRCin its periodical,
consideredas effectiveand as part of the code/guidelines/manual,
etc.from the date specifiedthrein)