REVIEWER FOR GRADE 10 SCIENCE 1st QUARTERLY EXAMINATION

Notes:

1. I had picked random topics of 1st Quarter for this reviewer. Some topics maybe not here in the
reviewer so you may add notes once you print this or edit it on your laptop, CP and desktop.

2. Please study this reviewer. Sayang ang pagod ni teacher. 

3. LASTLY, HONOR BEFORE EXCELLENCE. DANGAL BAGO HUSAY. <3

Good luck, mga aking estudyante! 

 Scientists rejected Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis because he could not

explain the force that pushes or pulls the continents.
 During sea-floor spreading, molten material rise along the mid-ocean ridge and
erupt from the mantle.
 Scientists drilled rock samples to know the ages of rocks in the mid-ocean ridges.
 Pangaea is the supercontinent composed of nowadays India, Antarctica, Australia,
South America and Africa.
 Fossils, rocks, glaciers and puzzle-fit of continents were used by Alfred Wegener to
prove his Theory of Continental Drift.
 Cartographers are map-makers; they are interested on shapes of continents and
countries in making their maps.
 After million years, Pangaea was broken down into two large continents: Laurasia
and Gondwanaland. Laurasia became the Europe and Asia; Gondwanaland became
the Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India and South America.
 Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposed the theory of seafloor spreading.
 Convection currents in the asthenosphere/mantle are the reason why the plates are
moving in the lithosphere.
 The lithospheric plates are believed to be moving slowly because of convection
currents in the mantle.
 The continents will not be located in the same place compared today because they
are constantly moving.
 Convection currents in the mantle cause ridges because they are part of divergent
boundaries.
 The core of the earth controls its magnetic field.
 P-waves are refracted and S-waves are absorbed in the outer core, making a P-wave
shadow zone.
 Inner core is solid because of high temperature and high pressure (pressure
freezing).
  The mantle is less dense than the core but denser than the crust. It occupies most
of the Earth’s volume.
 Because of S-wave shadow zones, we can identify the outer core as liquid state.
 For rocks and minerals, people dig into the crust.
 The inner core is greatly composed of iron and nickel.
 Lithosphere is made up of crust and upper mantle. Meanwhile, asthenosphere is the
weak, plastic layer in the mantle.
 Smaller hotspot volcano means it is old compared to bigger ones.
 To make a hotspot volcano, magma travels to Earth's surface through an upward
tunnel from deep within Earth.
 Subduction zones (oceanic crust-oceanic crust) form volcanic arcs/volcanoes
because it starts to melt rocks and form magma that will go to the surface of Earth.
 Tsunamis or “harbor waves” in Japanese are one of the dangers resulted from
earthquakes beneath the ocean floor.
 Oceanic crust is denser that continental crust.
 Convergent : volcanoes, mountain ranges, earthquakes, trenches, islands
 Divergent: new crust, rift valleys, ridges, weak earthquakes
 Transform: earthquakes, faults (transform)
 Crustal plates move for about 1 centimeter (cm) per day.
 Philippine plate and Eurasian plate move together.
 Nazca and African plates move together.
 Trenches go deeper when subduction zones are active.
 Transform faults generate earthquake.
 Trenches and volcanic arcs are parallel to one another.
 Earth is divided by lithospheric plates because of volcanism, seismicity and
formation of mountain ranges.
 distance of the epicenter (km) = (Td / 8 seconds) X 100 km

* Td = time difference of P and S waves

 We need to know the epicenter of an earthquake to know the active

fault lines within the area.
 To locate the epicenter:
1. Obtain data from three different seismological stations.
2. Determine the difference in the arrival time of S and P waves
recorded from each of the seismological stations.
3. Determine the distance of the epicenter from the station.
4. Use the triangulation method.
-End of Reviewer-

“Without integrity and honor, having everything means nothing.” -Robin Sharma

“With regard to excellence, it is not enough to know, but we must try to have and use it.” -Aristotle