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1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
battery
6. Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are:
i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit …………
Light intensity candela Amount of substance mol
…..
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
Standard Form
3. piko to Mega
5456 pA to MA unit
5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9 –(6) MA
= 5.456 x 10 -15 MA
3
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and
small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the
quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 × 10 1MHz
a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = ………………………………………….
12.8 Mm = 1.28 × 10 1 Mm
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ………………………………………………
383 Mm = 3.83 × 10 2 Mm
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ………………………
6.0 × 10 15 Tg
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ………………………
Derived quantities
a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities through
1 A derived quantity is …….…………………………………………………………………
multiplication, division or both
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.
Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
Area area = length x width m x m = m2 –
Volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3 –
mass kg
Density density kg m3 –
3
volume m
displacement m
Velocity velocity m s1 –
time s
m s 1
change in velocity ms -1s 1
Acceleration acceleration s –
time 2
ms
pressure
force kgms 2 kg m-1 s-2
pressure
area m2 (Nm-2) @ Pa
Weight weight = mass x gravitational acceleration kg ms -2 Newton (N)
Joule (J)
Work work = force x displacement Nm
work
Power power J s -1 Watt (W)
time
4
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
1
kinetic energy K.E mass velocity2 kg m2s-2 Joule (J)
2
potential
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height kg m2s-2 Joule (J)
energy
Description of events Magnitude Direction
1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C
2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-
west of Johor Bahru
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru
to Kuala Lumpur
1.4 MEASUREMENTS
5
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = ....................... cm
c. ………………………………………………d. ………………………………………….
inside jaws
cmVernier
0 scale1 2 3
S4KA
MLaiA
n scale
outside jaws
Main scale in cm
0.9
Length of vernier scale = ……… cm 0 1
0 1 cm
0.2 cm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Main scale = ………………….
0.06 cm Find the division of
Vernier scale = ………………….. vernier scale which is
0.26 cm coincides with any part of
Final reading = ………………….. the main scale
Example:
The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.
0 1
objects that are small in size
diameter of a wire
diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings 0.15
0 5 10 Vernier calliper reading = .........................cm
0.5 ÷ 50
0.01 mm 4.50 mm
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
b. ………………………………………….
c. ………………………………………………
Example :
2.00 mm
Sleeve scale : ……………
0.22 mm
Thimble scale : ………….
2.22 mm
Total reading : …………...
M…
…… ea…
su…
rin…
g t…
ap…
e …. m…
…… ea…
su…
rin…
g c…
yl…
ind..er be…
……… ak…
er …
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing
appropriate instruments.
Exercise: Vernier Callipers
8
0 5 10
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
4 5
(b) A B
(c)
6 7
Answer: ……6.28 cm………..
0 5 1
0 5 10
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
0 5 10
5 6
9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
3. Diagram 3 (a) shows the reading on a pair of vernier callipers when its jaws are closed
with nothing in between them. Diagram 3(b) shows the reading when it is used to
measure the thickness of a piece of wood.
0 cm 1 2 4 5 6
0 5 10 0 5 10
(a)
(b)
What is the actual thickness of the wood?
-0.05
Zero error = ...............................cm
4.51
Reading shown = .............................. cm
4.51- (-0.05) =4.56
Actual thickness of the wood = ................................................. cm
0 0 5
0
45
0
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
2. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
40 3
0 5 0 5 10
3
10
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
35
20 15
inacc…
ura…
te…
bu…
t c…
on…
si…
ste…
nt…… cons…
ist…
ent…
an…
d…ac…
cu…
ra…
te ………..
of approximation only.
how close the measurement is to the actual value.
error exist in all measurements.
wrong
Zero error
Posit of Vernier calliper
+0.03 cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6- 70.04
8 9 10cm
12
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
Random error
4.2 ……………………………………………..
Occurs due to
)a …ca…
rel…
es…
sne…ss…
in…m…
ak…
in…
g t…
he……
me…
as…
ur…
em…
en…
t. ………………………………………
b)
pa…
… ra…
lle…
x e…
rro…r…
, in…
co…rr…
ect…p… os…
itio…
ni…
ng……o…f the
…… ey…
e w…he…
n…tak…in…
g t…
he……r… ead…in…gs…
.
c) su…
… dd…
en…ch…an…ge…of…am…b…ien…t f…
ac…
tor…s ……su…
ch…
as… te…
mp…er…
atu…
re…o…r a…
ir ……cir…
cu…
lat…
io…n. …
Example :
Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent.
a) …………………………………………………………………………………..…
Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in
b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
an identical manner.
.....................................................................................................................
Steps Explanation
Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the cou rse
of a scientific investigation.
There are three variables :
i. Manipulated variables – physical quantity which change according
to the aim of the experiment.
Identifying ii. Responding variables – physicals quantity which is the result of
3 and controlling the changed by manipulated variable.
variables iii. Fixed variables – physicals quantities which are kept constantdu ring
the experiment.
Conducting
5
experiments
Retort stand
protractor
bob
14
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 l / cm
1 Discussion Precautions :
1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady
0
state.
2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
Conclusion
11 The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
Hypothesis accepted.
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
Reinforcement Chapter 1
1. Which of the following is a base SI 10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m.
quantity? What is its diameter in cm?
A Weight B Energy A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4
C Velocity D Mass C 2.5 x 10-6 D 2.5 x 10-8
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the
two towns.
P Q
Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.
Distance : m and time : s
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
Speed – m s-1
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Convert the value 1 m to standard form.
5 x 10-3
= 0.2 x 103 m
= 2.0 x 102 m
10-9
10-6
106
109
Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.
work Force displacement kgms 2 m
Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-3
time time s
(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.
Volume = (7 x 10-2) (5 x 10-2) (12 x 10-2)
= 420 x 10-6
= 4.20 x 10-4 m3
17
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
Figure 2
Mirror
(a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………...
To avoid parallax error
(ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2
No
(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..………………………………….
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye
positions while measuring the volume of the water.
…….……………………………
………
Figure 3
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
………………………………………………………………………………………
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