Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.introduction of Statistics PDF
2.introduction of Statistics PDF
Noorazlinda Yacob
MSc (Medical Statistic), USM;
BPharm (Hons), UKM
1
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
2
What Is Statistics?
collect organize
analyze summarize
and
4
TYPES OF
STATISTICS
5
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
consists of
Variables
Qualitative/ Quantitative/
Categorical Numerical
7
Qualitative/
Categorical
Nominal Ordinal
Discrete Continuous
10
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
11
Descriptive
statistic
• Simply describing the data
Variables
Qualitative/ Quantitative/
Categorical Numerical
Measure of centrality
Frequency (%) Measure of dispersion
Mean (SD)
13 Median (IQR)
Categorical variables
— Statistics
- Frequency
- Percentage (%)
— Graphical
- Pie chart
- Bar chart
14
Pie chart
— Graphical presentation of frequency
distribution of categorical data (usually
nominal).
— Circle represent 3600, start at 12
o’clock.
Stone location among 111 cases in HKB, 2003 - 04
Each piece of
slice represent
each category
both
2.7%
represent 41.4%
frequency or
percent distal
55.9%
15
Bar graph or chart
— Graphical presentation of frequency
distribution of categorical data (nominal
or ordinal). Height
represent
Figure 1: Gender distribution among 111 renal stone patients
80
frequency or
frequency
percent
70
Y axis:
Frequency or
relative freq 60
Bars of equal
Bars separated width
50
by equal gaps
40
30
male female
17
Constructing a frequency
distribution table
— A survey was taken in Melaka. In each
of 20 homes, people were asked how
many cars were registered to their
households. The results were recorded
as follows:
1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 4, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 0, 0
18
Examples of Frequency Table_1
(SPSS output)-without missing
values
Gender distribution in a sample of 111 patients
Gender distribution in a sample of 111 patients
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid male 40 36.0 36.0 36.0 Cumulative
female Frequency
71 Percent
64.0 Valid
64.0 Percent100.0 Percent
Valid male
Total 111 40 100.0 36.0 100.0 36.0 36.0
female 71 64.0 64.0 100.0
Total 111 100.0 100.0
stoneLocation
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid proximal 46 41.4 41.4 41.4
distal 62 55.9 55.9 97.3
both 3 2.7 2.7 100.0
Total 111 100.0 100.0
19
Examples of Frequency Table_1
(SPSS output)-with missing values
20
Examples of Frequency Table_2
(SPSS output)
Continuous data (age) was
grouped and converted into a
ordinal data (age group)
age group
Valid Cumulativ
Frequency Percent Percent e Percent
Valid 20below 4 3.6 3.6 3.6
21 - 30 6 5.4 5.4 9.0
31 - 40 18 16.2 16.2 25.2
41 - 50 30 27.0 27.0 52.3
51 - 60 24 21.6 21.6 73.9
61 - 70 17 15.3 15.3 89.2
71above 12 10.8 10.8 100.0
Total 111 100.0 100.0
21
Numerical variables
— Measures of central tendency
— Mean, Median, Mode
— Measures of dispersion/variability
— Variance
— Standard deviation
— Max, min, range, inter quartile range
22
General rule
— FOR SYMMETRIC DATA, QUOTE
THE MEAN AND STANDARD
DEVIATION.
—Graphical
- Histogram
24 - Box Plot
Statistics Summary (SPSS)
Descriptives Statistics of Age among 111 patients, HKB 2004
Descriptives Statistics of Age among 111 patients, HKB 2004
Statistic Std. Error
Statistic Std. Error
AGE Mean 50.96 1.42
AGE Mean 50.96 1.42
95% Confidence Lower Bound 48.15
95% Confidence Lower Bound 48.15
Interval for Mean Upper Bound
Interval for Mean Upper Bound 53.78
53.78
5% Trimmed Mean 51.18
5% Trimmed Mean 51.18
Median 50.00
Median 50.00
Variance 224.562
Variance 224.562
Std. Deviation 14.99
Std. Deviation 14.99
Minimum 13
Minimum
Maximum 8013
Maximum
Range 6780
Range
Interquartile Range 21.0067
Interquartile
Skewness Range 21.00
-.139 .229
Skewness
Kurtosis -.139
-.114 .229
.455
Kurtosis -.114 .455
25
Descriptive Statistics :
presentation
Stone location
Proximal 46 (41.4)
Distal 62 (55.9)
Both 3 (2.7)
26
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
27
Inferential statistic
• Reach a conclusion about a
population on the basis of
information obtained from that
population
28
Inferential statistic
POPULATION
Infer back to
population SAMPLE
Statistical
conclusion
29
Dependent versus Independent
variable
Variable Definition
30
— Example
— How much will a 1 gm of salt
change blood pressure in
mmHg in the Melaka
population?
X Y
Predictor variable Outcome variable
Amount of salt Blood pressure
31