Strength of material problem

Equilibrium Equation

• Simplifying ( Note F = Area = A)

Considering stress strain relation
Strain Displacement Relation
Stress Strain Relation
 Minimum Potential Energy

• A system is in the state of equilibrium only in

the case when it potential energy is minimal.
 Minimum Potential Energy

Ball is in the state of equilibrium only

in the lower point of surface
 Minimum Potential Energy
For a conservative system of all the
admissible displacement fields, those
corresponding to equilibrium
extremise the total potential energy

A system is in equilibrium only in case

when potential energy is minimum
 Minimum Potential Energy
• Construct an expression for the potential
energy of elastic system under external loads,
• conditions of minimum potential energy are
written,
• unknown values are determined from the
condition of minimum PE
• a strength of material problem is solved.
Minimum Potential Energy
 Minimum Potential Energy
• Complete potential energy of the deformable
system consists from the strain energy U
stored in the system and energy W lost by the
external forces .
• Work of the external forces W is negative

• Π = U -W
 Minimum Potential Energy
• Since the tension of a bar is examined, U is the
potential energy of tension. Then for the
tension we have
 Minimum Potential Energy
• Force loses energy = -P ∆
• Bar acquires the tensile energy = (1/2) P ∆
• Second part goes on overcoming the friction
forces, internal heat, changes into kinetic
energy, etc.
• After removal of load, the system gives back
the energy equal to the potential energy of
tension = (1/2) P ∆
Variational Formulation
 Variational Formulation
• A numerical value of the potential energy π = U – W
is dependent from the function u(x) to be used
• Because π is a functional, since a functional is a value
dependent from the choice of function u(x)
• In the lower point, an infinitesimal change of the
function u(x) equal to δ u(x) will not give an increase
of the functional δπ
• At the point of minimum: δπ = 0
• Mathematical condition of the minimum of potential
δπ = 0
Variational Formulation for bar
Variational Formulation for bar
Variational Formulation for bar
Variational Formulation for bar
Variational Formulation for bar
Boundary Condition
Applying the Boundary Condition
 Applying the Boundary Condition
Equation can be solved if

Static Equilibrium Equation

 Equilibrium Eqn and Boundary Conditions
• Expressions obtained show that the potential
energy of system has the minimum, if:
the equilibrium equations are realised
the boundary conditions are realised
• The second boundary conditions, so called as
natural boundary conditions for the functional
π
 Ritz method
• By the Ritz method it is possible to determine
an approximate min π
• An unknown function of displacements u(x) is
found in the form
 Ritz method
• Where ak are coefficients to be determined,
• ϕk (x) are coordinate functions given so that they
satisfy to the principal boundary conditions.
• By insertion u(x) into functional π and then to
integrate, it is possible the problem of the
functional minimisation to come to the problem
of determination the function minimum π = π(ak)
from unknowns ak
• To minimise the function of the potential energy
obtained, it is necessary to equate to zero the
derivatives on ak
Ritz method
 Example 1
Let u = ax
Boundary Condition at x=0 u=0
Example 1
Example 1
Ans: Displacement, strain and stress
Exact Solution

u=(ql/2AE) [2Lx-x2]
 Home Work
With displacement function
U = a1x + a2x2

Find
Displacement
Strain
Stress
 General algorithm of the Ritz method
• Identifying Potential Energy Π .
• Determination of boundary conditions.
• Assumption of function
• Integration of Π
• Determination of the minimum of π
• Solution of the system of linear algebraic
equations.
• Calculation of displacements.
• Calculation of strain and stresses.
Thanks ?