Mathematics Culminating

Unit Assessment Review

GRADE 10 TERM 1
COVERAGE:
1. Pattern Recognition
2. Concepts of Sequences and Series
3. Summation Notation
4. Arithmetic Sequence and Series
5. Geometric Sequence and Series
6. Special Sequences
7. Fundamental Principle of Counting
8. Factorial Notation
9. Permutation
10. Combination

PATTERNS
- Patterns are repetitive.
- They give harmony, order, and stability. (HOS)
- They simplify complicated problems.
- Present in nature, humans, art, and science.

SEQUENCE
- Domain is the set of positive integers.
- Ordered list of numbers.
- Each number in a sequence is a term.
TWO KINDS OF SEQUENCES

Finite - Has a limit; has a last term

Infinite - Has no limit; has elipses (...)

SERIES
- The sum of the terms in a given sequence.

3+5+7 - Series (s3)

3, 5, 7 - Sequence

GENERATING A SEQUENCE
- A sequence can be generated using an explicit formula.
Ex…
𝑎
Generate a sequence with 4 terms whose explicit formula is defined by 𝑎𝑎 = 2 (𝑎 +
1).

1
𝑎1 = 2 (1 + 1) = 1
2
𝑎2 = 2 (2 + 1) = 3
3
𝑎3 = 2 (3 + 1) = 5
4
𝑎4 = 2 (4 + 1) = 7
 1, 3, 5, 7

SUMMATION NOTATION
- An easier way to express the sum 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 +. . . +𝑎𝑎

∑𝑎𝑎=1 𝑎𝑎
∑ (SIGMA) - indicates sum of terms
k (index of summation) - indicates where to start the sum
n - indicates where to end the sum
Ex…

5
∑ 4𝑎 = 4(1) + 4(2) = 4(3) + 4(4) + 4(5)
𝑎=1
= 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 20
4𝑎 = 60

PROPERTIES OF SUMMATION NOTATION

1.

𝑎 𝑎
∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎 ∙ ∑ 𝑎𝑎
𝑎=1 𝑎=1

2.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∑ ( 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑎 + ∑ 𝑎𝑎
𝑎=1 𝑎=1 𝑎=1

3.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∑ ( 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑎 − ∑ 𝑎𝑎
𝑎=1 𝑎=1 𝑎=1
 4.

𝑎
∑ =𝑎∙𝑎
𝑎=1

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
- A sequence in which after the first term is formed by adding a fixed value
to the preceding value.
- The fixed value is called the common difference (d).
- 0 is a common difference

FORMULA FOR COMMON DIFFERENCE:

𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎 − 1 = 𝑎
FORMULA FOR 𝑎𝑎 :
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎1 + (𝑎 − 1) 𝑎
ARITHMETIC MEANS
- Terms between 2 terms or a# of terms
- n is the number of terms
- If you are looking for one term, compute for the average
- Tip: SOLVE FOR THE COMMON DIFFERENCE FIRST
Ex…
3, _, 7
3+7
2
=10
FORMULA FOR ARITHMETIC MEANS
𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎 − 1 = 𝑎
ARITHMETIC SERIES
- Sum of all terms in an arithmetic sequence
- Denoted by 𝑎𝑎
FORMULA FOR ARITHMETIC SERIES USING FIRST AND LAST TERMS
𝑎
𝑎𝑎 = 2 ( 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎 )
FORMULA FOR ARITHMETIC SERIES WITHOUT LAST TERM
𝑎
𝑎𝑎 = 2 [2𝑎1 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑎]
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
- Successive term is obtained by multiplying a fixed number (common ratio)
FORMULA FOR 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑎𝑎 − 1
COMMON RATIO
- Divide succeeding term by the preceding (c)
FORMULA FOR COMMON RATIO
𝑎𝑎
𝑎=
𝑎𝑎 − 1
EXPLICIT FORMULA FOR GEOMETRIC
𝑎1 𝑎
GEOMETRIC MEANS
- Terms between 2 terms of a geometric sequence.
- r has 2 values if index is given
Ex…
Insert 3 geometric means between 9 and 144
144 9𝑎5−1
𝑎1 = 9 9
= 9
4 4
𝑎 =? √16=√𝑎4
𝑎5 = 144 =±2
9, 18, 36, 72, 144
9, -18, 36, -72, 144
FORMULA FOR GEOMETRIC MEANS
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑎𝑎 − 1
GEOMETRIC SERIES (FINITE)
- Sum of all the terms in a geometric sequence.
FORMULA FOR FINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES
𝑎1 ( 1 − 𝑎𝑎 )
𝑎𝑎 =
1−𝑎
GEOMETRIC SERIES (INFINITE)
- Convergent Series
- The sum is finite (if r = -1 < r < 1)
- Divergent Series
- the sum is infinite
FORMULA FOR INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES
𝑎1
𝑎∞ =
1−𝑎
FINDING THE VALUE OF K
- Find the value of k so that 2k, 5k-2, 20k-24 is a geometric sequence.

FINDING FRACTIONAL FORM/REPEATING DECIMAL

88 88 88 88
0.88=100 +10000 +1000000 +100000000 + ...
123 123 123 123
0.123=1000000+1000000000+1000000000000+1000000000000000+ ...
HARMONIC SEQUENCE
- A sequence whose reciprocals form an arithmetic sequence
FORMULA FOR NTH TERM
 1
𝑎𝑎 =
𝑎1 + (𝑎 + 1) 𝑎
HARMONIC MEAN
- The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the given sequence
HARMONIC SERIES
- The sum of the terms of the harmonic sequence

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
A sequence that starts with 0 or 1, followed by 1, and proceeds based on a
rule that each number (Fibonacci Number) is equal to the sum of the
preceding two numbers.

1, 1, 2, ,3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …

FORMULA FOR FIBONACCI
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 − 1 + 𝑎𝑎 + 2

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

- Finding the number of ways that a set of events can happen.
FORMULA FOR FPC
𝑎×𝑎×𝑎
FACTORIAL NOTATION
- Refers to the product of all integers from 1 to n
n!=(n-1)! n!=(n-2)(n-3)!
n!=(n-1)(n-2)! 1!=1 0!=1
PERMUTATION
- Refers to an arrangement of objects in which the order matters with no
repetition.
- Order typically matters when there is position or awards
- 4 types

N OBJECTS TAKEN R AT A TIME

- The number of permutations of a set on 𝑎 objects taken 𝑎at a time
denoted by 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
FORMULA FOR N OBJECTS TAKEN R AT A TIME
𝑎!
𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
(𝑎 − 𝑎)!
LINEAR OR ROW PERMUTATION
- The number of ways that n distinct objects can be arranged in a row or a
line is equal to n!
FORMULA FOR LINEAR OR ROW PERMUTATION
𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎!
PERMUTATION OF IDENTICAL OBJECTS
- The number of distinct permutations of n objects of which 𝑎1 and alike,
𝑎2 and alike,..., and 𝑎𝑎 are alike is equal.
FORMULA FOR PERMUTATION OF IDENTICAL OBJECTS
𝑎!
(𝑎1 )! (𝑎2 )!. . . (𝑎𝑎 )!
CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
- The number of possible ways that n distinct objects can be arranged in a
circle.
FORMULA FOR CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
(𝑎 − 1)!

COMBINATION
- Refers to an arrangement of n objects without repetition and the order is
not important.
FORMULA FOR COMBINATION
𝑎!
𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
(𝑎 − 𝑎)! 𝑎!

For exercises, refer to all assessments given. LA5 answer key is in notes and
homework.