12.07.

2018 Thursday
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subroutine - A set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program.
Synonyms: procedure, function
Usage: Apparently, the program was crashing because there were careless typos in the code for a pivotal
subroutine.

caravansary - An inn in some eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for
caravans.
Synonyms: khan
Usage: A steady stream of travelers both arriving and leaving kept the caravansary bustling well into the night.

hilarity - Great merriment.

Synonyms: glee, mirthfulness
Usage: When she was gone, I felt as if there was to be no more fun—though it is difficult to say what she had
contributed to the hilarity of the party.

buccaneer - Someone who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea without having a commission from
any sovereign nation.
Synonyms: sea rover, pirate
Usage: The buccaneer on the wave might relinquish his calling and become at once if he chose, a man of
probity and piety on land.

hullabaloo - Disturbance usually in protest.

Synonyms: turmoil, upheaval, agitation, excitement
Usage: In the morning Joan was roused by a great row and hullabaloo.

clarity - free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression
Antonyms: abstruseness, obscurity, reconditeness, obscureness, opaqueness, opacity

absence - failure to be present

Antonyms: presence

good humor - a cheerful and agreeable mood

Antonyms: distemper

ingress - The act of going or coming in; an entering.

Antonyms: egress, emersion
Usage: From the time elapsing between the ingress of the beast and the screams, it seems probable that it
was not immediately perceived.

synchronism - the relation that exists when things occur at the same time
Antonyms: asynchrony
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 Adjuncts
What is an adjunct?
Adjuncts are parts of a sentence that are used to elaborate on or modify other words or phrases in a sentence.
Along with subjects, verbs, objects, and complements, adjuncts are one of the five main components of the
structure of clauses.
A distinguishing feature of adjuncts is that their removal from sentences does not alter the grammatical integrity
and meaning of the sentence. In other words, adjuncts expand on the word or phrase that they are modifying,
but their presence is not needed for a sentence to function.
Nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can all be adjuncts. However, adverbial adjuncts are the most complex, so we
will examine those in greater detail.

Adverbial adjuncts
Adjuncts are usually adverbs or adverbial phrases that help modify and enrich the context of verbs in the
sentence. For example, consider the following sentence:

 “She walked to the park slowly.”

In this sentence, the adjunct is the adverb slowly, which modifies the verb walked. Without this adjunct, the
sentence could function on its own and still be grammatically correct. In this case, the sentence would read:

 “She walked to the park.”

There is nothing wrong with this sentence. The reader just doesn’t know at what speed she walked to the park.
Here are some other examples of sentences with adverbial adjuncts in them:

 “The soccer team played the game in the rain.”

 “The bowling ball rolled quickly toward the pins.”
 “The man walks by the river often.”

In all of these sentences, the adjunct can also be removed without the sentence losing meaning or grammatical
correctness.

Types of modification
Adjuncts can be used to modify words in the sentence in a variety of different ways. Typically, when adjuncts
are used in a sentence, they expand on the frequency, place, time, degree, reason, or manner of the word or
phrase they are modifying. Here are examples of adjuncts being used to modify all of these things:

Frequency

 “Every day, the boy played basketball with his friend.”

 “The farmer plowed his field once a week.”

Place

 “The tourists went to see the sights around the city.”

 “The lakes are beautiful in North Carolina.”

Time

 “At 5:00 PM, the dog went to see if there was food in his bowl.”
  “The game began right after school.”

Degree

 “He jumped as high as he could.”

 “As tall as he was, he still could not reach the top cabinet.”

Reason

 “The plants grew tall because they received a lot of sunshine.”

 “She was good at math because she practiced a lot.”

Manner

 “The gazelle ran gracefully over the field.”

 “The river flowed swiftly.”

Types of adverbial adjuncts

As we can see in the examples above, words, phrases, and even entire clauses can function as adjuncts, and
there are several different types that can be used. Single-word adverbs, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases,
noun phrases, and adverbial clauses can all be used as adverbial adjuncts.
Here are examples of each type of adverbial adjunct:

Single adverb

 “He left the office quickly.”

Adverbial phrase

 “He left the office very quickly.”

Prepositional phrase

 “The group went swimming at the beach.”

Noun phrase

 “Grandfather will give you your birthday present next month.”

Adverbial clause

 “The surfer seemed calm, even though the wave looked huge.”

Position of adjuncts
Adjuncts can occur in different sections of the clause; where they are positioned depends on the structure of the
sentence. Sometimes it works better to put them into the initial position, sometimes the middle, and sometimes
the final. For example, here are some sentences with adjuncts in different positions:

 “We arrived at noon.” (final position)

 “The salmon quickly swam.” (middle position)
 “In the middle of the meadow, there was a patch of daisies.” (initial position)

Sentences can also have more than one adjunct appearing in different parts of a clause. For example:

 “At the playground, the children ran quickly.”

In this sentence, both at the playground, and quickly are adjuncts. Both of these adjuncts modify the clause the
children ran.

Misplaced modifiers
Another important note about adjuncts is that if they are placed too far away from the word or phrase they are
modifying, or too near to another word or phrase, there can sometimes be confusion about what they are
modifying. These are known as misplaced modifiers. For example, consider this sentence:

 “Reading books frequently improves intelligence.”

In this sentence, it is difficult to tell if frequently is modifying reading books or improving intelligence. Placing
the adjunct in a better position will improve the clarity of the sentence. For example:

 “Frequently reading books improves intelligence.”

Noun Adjuncts and Adjectival Adjuncts

Adjuncts can also be nouns or adjectives. These occur so commonly, though, that they rarely need to be
identified. Nevertheless, let’s look at what constitutes noun adjuncts and adjectival adjuncts.

Noun Adjuncts
Noun adjuncts are nouns that are used to modify other nouns. The resulting phrase is called a compound
noun. For example:

 “The boy played with his toy soldier.”

In this sentence, toy is the noun adjunct, and it modifies the word soldier, creating the compound noun toy
soldier. The meaning of the sentence would change if we left out toy, but the sentence would remain
grammatically correct.
Noun adjuncts can also create single-word compound nouns, as in policeman, where the word police modifies
the word man.

Adjectival Adjuncts
Adjectival adjuncts are just adjectives that come immediately before the noun they describe. They are more
commonly referred to as attributive adjectives. They too can be removed without compromising grammatical
correctness. Here is an example of an adjectival adjunct:

 “The white cat climbed onto the table.”

In this sentence, white is the adjectival adjunct, and it modifies the word cat. Again, leaving it out does not
affect the grammar of the sentence. However, if we said, “The cat that is white climbed onto the table,” the
adjective is no longer an adjunct because it is integral to the grammar of the sentence.
=============================================================================

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 HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES
Greenhouse gases are known for absorbing the infrared radiation from Sunlight and
heating up the environment to unbearable limit for all the living beings. The majorly
known gases causing greenhouse effect in the environment are Carbon Dioxide and
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Both these gases are already there in the environment
and the human being are responsible for increasing their impact. It is due to various
activities performed by the human beings extra greenhouse gases are also produced.
Apart from Carbon Dioxide, the greenhouse gases which get release in the environment
due to human activities include nitrous oxide, methane, Ozone CFCs, etc.

For the survival of all the living beings it is urgent to reduce the emissions of
Greenhouse Gases. Actually the greenhouse gases trap the heat and help in making the
planet earth warmer. Ever since industrial revolution has taken place, the impact of
greenhouse gases has increased manifold. Around the globe the people are suffering
from scorching heat due to greenhouse gases. It is therefore urgent to reduce the
greenhouse gases emissions to prevent global warming.

WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES

The worst impact of greenhouses gases has become visible in the form of growing
number of premature deaths around the globe due to unbearable heat coupled with
heavy pollution levels in the environment. Due to their combined effect climate change
has also occurred all throughout the world so we need to strictly follow the following
ways to reduce the greenhouse gases in the environment:

We must take measures to reduce carbon footprints if we seriously want to reduce the
impact of greenhouse gases. The mantra to lessen the impact of greenhouse gases is,
“Reduce, Recycle and Reuse”. By simply recycling most of our household waste we can
reduce carbon dioxide considerably.

We should maximum use energy efficient products, especially for lighting purposes.

Driving less is important to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Maximum

carbon dioxide is produced due to combustion of fuels and so we must limit our driving
aspirations. As an alternative way should use public transport or rather depend on
biking.

Plantation is the biggest way to save the earth from the impact of greenhouse gases. It
is since the trees absorb carbon dioxide and release life giving oxygen, we must plant
trees on a mass level.

Most of the industries contribute in releasing heavy amount of greenhouse gases in the
environment, though there are norms to control and release only treated gases in the
environment. To reduce industrial release of greenhouse gases it is urgent for every
factory to get studded with pollution control mechanism.
HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES IN YOUR HOME

The environments at our homes where we spend maximum time of our daily routine
are silently turning into silent killers due to the increasing amount of greenhouse
gases. And our own activities are responsible for this situation. We need to strictly take
care of the following to reduce greenhouse gases in our homes:

We need to use energy efficient electrical products with star ratings at our homes.
These ratings or energy star labels certify that the product uses less energy hence it
contributes in reducing carbon footprint on earth.

We must switch off the air-conditioners when they are not required. Air-conditioners
and Fridge both discharge carbon monoxide gas—the most harmful greenhouse gas
responsible for sudden death.

Replacing the light bulbs with CFLs and LEDs are important to reduce greenhouse
gases in our homes. CFLs and LEDs use less electricity and give much brighter light
and that too without generating much of heat and greenhouse gases in the
environment.

Switching from coal to natural gas for cooking is another way to reduce the production
of greenhouse gases in our homes.

Using solar panels for our energy requirements is an effective way to reduce
greenhouse gases in our homes. Solar energy is an excellent means of the required
heating and lighting requirements at our homes and it doesn’t produce or release
greenhouse gases at all.

HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES IN AGRICULTURE

The ecosystem of Soil combined with Livestock requirements together creates complex
environments responsible for greenhouse gases emissions from agriculture. To reduce
the emission of greenhouse gases form agriculture it is important to limit the inputs of
nitrogen in the agriculture. Nitrogen is excessively used in the soil to ensure good farm
yields as it contributes in the growth of the crops. However, following are the ways to
reduce greenhouse gases in agriculture:

Farmers are required to reduce the levels of fertilizers in the fields as most of the
fertilizers contain Nitrogen in one form or other. Moreover, the farmers should also
limit the use of applied products in agriculture.

The farmers should use maximum amount of organic manure in their farms. Organic
fertilizers are made from vegetable matter, animal matter and dried leaves of the plants
which limit the level of greenhouse gases production. If farming is done this way it will
help reduce the production of greenhouse gases.

Adding bacteria to the farm soil is an excellent way to reduce production of greenhouse
gases from farm soil.
Food for the livestock emits methane gas—an important constituent of greenhouse
gases. The best way to control the emission of greenhouse gases while giving food to
the livestock is to add nitrate in their food, but in limited amount. Nitrate instantly
helps in reducing methane emissions.

Another way to reduce greenhouse gases emissions form livestock foods is to add
considerable amount of lipid, or fat in their food.

HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES FROM CARS

Cars account for heavy emissions of greenhouse gases. Playing as monsters for the
environment, emissions from cars are negatively impacting our environment.
Excessive use of fuels to run our car is one of the major reasons responsible for global
warming. We need to reduce greenhouse gases emissions from cars in the following
ways:

Using fuel efficient cars only is one of the excellent ways to reduce greenhouse gases
from cars.

Electric cars are excellent to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and so we need to
maximize the use of electric cars, provided the electricity is produced through
renewable sources. The government is required to popularize these cars among the
public by providing subsidies on their purchase.

Use of cleaner fuels in the cars is another way to reduce the impact of greenhouse
gases.

Using cellulosic biofuels can also reduce greenhouse gases emissions from cars
considerably.

Another way to reduce greenhouse gases emissions from cars is to keep the cars
properly maintained. Overhauling the car’s engine time to time and maintaining
proper pressure in the tyres reduces fuel consumption hence emission of greenhouse
gases also gets reduced.

HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES AT SCHOOL

The schools can contribute immensely in reducing the production of greenhouse gases.
Most of the daily activities of the students and the staff members at school are
responsible for heavy production of greenhouse gases. Here are the ways to reduce the
emission of greenhouse gases at school:

To reduce greenhouse gases at School — the School management should lay emphasis
on proper solid waste management. This can be done either by waste prevention or by
recycling the waste at schools.

The schools should use fuel efficient vehicles for transportation of the students.
The schools can play an important role in raising awareness among the kids on
greenhouse emissions, besides educating them on how to control them. By following a
standard practice at schools like minimising the use of the materials responsible for
increasing the greenhouse gases and promoting litter less lunches, or eliminating the
use of bottled water, etc.

The schools can considerably reduce greenhouse gases at their premises by organizing
waste reduction weeks from time to time.

Saving energy by using maximum CFLs and LEDs is another way to reduce greenhouse
gases at school.

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HOW TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES FROM POWER STATIONS

Power stations which run on coal, or atomic energy produces maximum amount of
greenhouse gases. While the power stations running on coal emits greenhouses gases
such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases, the nuclear energy operated power
plant produces many harmful greenhouses gases. To control greenhouse gases from
power stations we must lay emphasis on the following:

To reduce greenhouse gases from power stations the best way is to operate power
plants at their best efficiency so that per unit electricity production can be achieved
using less fuel.

Using hydro power plants for electricity production is another way to reduce
greenhouse gases from power stations.

Encourage the people to conserve energy.

Use of various technologies at power stations to absorb the carbon dioxide gas before it
may reach to the environment.

Using wind and solar powered power stations can also reduce greenhouse gases
considerably.

HOW TO DECREASE GREENHOUSE GASES IN INDUSTRY

Industries contribute immensely in polluting the environment by producing a large

quantity of greenhouse gases. While producing different goods and materials the
industries releases most harmful greenhouse gases. We can decrease the emission of
greenhouse gases in industry the following way:

To reduce greenhouse gases from power stations the best way is to operate power
plants at their best efficiency so that per unit electricity production can be achieved
using fewer fuels.
By time to time assessing the carbon footprint of any particular industry and taking
measures to control them on regular basis is the best way to decrease greenhouse
gases.

By controlling the direct emissions of greenhouse gases in the facility itself helps a lot
in decreasing the greenhouse gases in any industry.

Putting sanctions on heavy release of greenhouse gases by any industry can surely
decrease the emission of greenhouse gases— the sanctions encourage the industry to
apply emission control measures within their premises.

By investing in green energy for their operations the industries can decrease
greenhouse gases emissions.

OTHER WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES

Among the other ways to reduce greenhouse gases are the following steps which
everyone should follow:

Use less energy and air conditioning.

Everyone should at least plant one tree in a year.

Spread awareness about energy conservation and the harmful effects of greenhouse
gases in the society to encourage maximum people towards bringing reduction in
production of greenhouse gases.

Use carpool, biking or public transport can also reduce total amount of greenhouse
gases in the environment.

The industries must abide by all the rules and regulations made by the government to
reduce the level of polluting greenhouse gases in the environment.

Conclusion

We must understand that greenhouse gases are already creating significant

environmental issues for all. It’s high time we should take measures to reduce
greenhouse gases in the environment and for this purposes all the stakeholder
including the industry and the common people will have to make combined efforts. By
putting all the efforts jointly we can not only reduce greenhouse gases in the
environment, but we can also save the mother earth from global warming.

======================================================

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 Henry V by William Shakespeare
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HENRY V SUMMARY

First things first, Shmoopsters: If you want to brush up on what went down in Richard II, Henry
IV Part 1, or Henry IV Part 2, check out our summaries, but then come right back because
things are getting seriously juicy at King Henry's royal palace in London...
Back? Good. When Henry V opens, the Archbishop of Canterbury and his sidekick, the Bishop
of Ely, are having a private chitchat about a bill that's just been reintroduced by Parliament. If
passed, the bill would take a bunch of the Church's land and money and put it in the king's
treasury, which means it would probably be used for stuff like feeding the poor and funding
the king's army. Canterbury isn't exactly thrilled about the idea of sharing the Church's dough,
so he's decided to offer King Henry a HUGE chunk of change to make the bill disappear...
forever. The extra cash will come in handy, because Henry is thinking of invading France and
making a claim to the French crown, which requires a whole lot of well-funded troops. (Church
corruption? Check. Greed? Check. Political intrigue? Check. We told you things were getting
juicy.)

Citing a loophole in the Salic Law, Canterbury encourages Henry to invade France and help
himself to the throne. Henry, who doesn't exactly need much convincing, totally agrees that
he's got every right to the French crown, in addition to the English crown. After all, his great-
great-grandmother was the daughter of a French king, so Henry's basically got dibs. The
French should have absolutely no problem accepting this just as soon as Henry explains things
to them. (Yeah, right.)

Canterbury's advice couldn't come at a better time, because the French Ambassador just so
happens to be visiting England on a diplomatic mission and he's waiting to talk with Henry. It
turns out that Henry has recently tried to claim some French dukedoms, so the Ambassador
has brought a message from the Dauphin (the French king's son, who is set to inherit the
throne) of France. The message goes something like this:

"Dear Henry. Thanks for your recent letter about your plans to claim some French territory.
I've thought it over and decided that it's just not going to happen. Your pal, the heir to the
French throne. P.S. In place of the dukedoms you so desperately wanted, please accept my gift
to you, this giant treasure chest that I've gone ahead and filled with some tennis balls for you
to play with."

Oh, snap! Henry is furious. How dare the Dauphin insinuate that he's just a boy who's better
off playing a game of tennis than participating in power politics! (Looks like the Dauphin didn't
get the message about Wild Prince Hal's transformation into a serious king. Maybe he should
go back and read Henry IV Part 1 and Part 2.)

Naturally, Henry's got a message of his own for the Dauphin. It sounds like this:

"Dear Lewis, Thanks for the generous gift! I love it so much that I'm totally going to get
medieval on you and your country by turning these tennis balls into cannonballs that will rip
you and your friends to shreds. Then I'm going to take your father's crown and make him
polish my new gold wand while I relax on his throne. Sincerely, the Soon-to-be King of France
and England."

Taking a break from all this political drama, Shakespeare checks in with Henry's old pal
Bardolph, who is still hanging out with his low-life crew (Pistol, Mistress Quickly, and a new
guy named Nim) in Eastcheap, the London slum where Henry used to chill when he was a
rowdy young prince. The word on the street is that Sir John Falstaff (Henry's ex-BFF and
mentor) has been seriously ill. Everybody says he's dying of a broken heart because Henry
banished him (back in Henry IV Part 2). Before we know it, Falstaff dies (off-stage) of a nasty
venereal disease. After Bardolph and company take a few minutes to mourn their loss and
argue about whether or not Falstaff is in heaven or hell, the guys run off to France to fight in
Henry's army, leaving Mistress Quickly behind to run her "inn" (which is code for brothel).
Meanwhile, we find out about a treacherous plot to have King Henry assassinated by (gasp!)
some of his own friends. Apparently, the French have paid three English noblemen (Scrope,
Grey, and Cambridge) to kill him. We learn that Cambridge isn't just in it for the money – he
thinks this other guy named Mortimer has a better claim to the English throne than Henry
does. (Remember, Henry V only got to inherit the throne because one day his dad, Henry IV,
took some French money and put together an army to help him snatch the crown away from
the then King Richard II.) After playing a few mind games with the traitors, Henry has them
executed. Then he hops on a ship and sets sail across the English Channel so he can snatch the
crown away from King Charles VI. (You're picking up on the irony of all this attempted crown-
snatching, right?)

While this is happening, the French talk about whether or not they should be alarmed that
Henry's troops are about to invade France. The cocky Dauphin thinks that Henry and his army
are a bunch of clowns – the battle will be a piece of cake (or maybe some other delicious
French dessert, like chocolate mousse).

Before we know it, Henry's troops land on the shores of northern France and invade the town
of Harfleur. During the siege, we get to hear Henry's famous battle cry, "Once more into the
breach dear friends, once more." (Translation: "We've just blown a giant hole in the town's
wall so please rush in there ASAP, even though it's dangerous and you'll probably die.")

While this is happening, Bardolph, Pistol, and Nim stand back and remain as far away as
possible from the action. They say they'd much rather be back at home in London, enjoying a
nice "pot of ale" (kind of like beer) at their favorite pub. Before we can decide whether or not
we think they're cowardly or just plain smart, we notice that a small group of Captains
(Fluellen, MacMorris, and Jamy) are also standing back as far away as possible from the
fighting. Instead of fighting, these so-called leaders have a lively debate about the art of
warfare while most of the other soldiers do all the dirty work. (Hmm. Shakespeare is really
good at this irony thing, don't you think?)

After the French call an official time out (which is technically called a "parley"), Henry stands
before the gates of Harfleur and warns the Governor to surrender now or reap the
consequences, which will probably involve his soldiers 1) raping the town virgins, 2) impaling
infants on spikes, and 3) bashing in the heads of defenseless old men. The Governor of
Harfleur surrenders. (By the way, we think the scariest version of this speech is in Peter
Babakitis's 2007 film. You can check it out here.)
Later, we learn that Bardolph and Nim have been caught looting (when you steal stuff during a
war or a riot) and have been sentenced to death by hanging. (Dang. Henry's old Eastcheap pals
are dropping like flies. What's up with that?)

Meanwhile, the rest of the English troops are seriously down and out – they're exhausted and
know they're outnumbered by the French soldiers. The night before the Battle of Agincourt,
Henry walks through his camp and tries to cheer them up. Then, he borrows some dirty old
clothes and disguises himself as a commoner so he can wander around the camp and get the
411 on what his soldiers are really thinking. It turns out they're not as excited about warfare
as Henry is. They point out that they're the ones who will probably be killed or who will lose
important body parts (like heads, legs, and arms) during the fighting. The king, on the other
hand, will probably just get captured and ransomed for a bunch of money before the French
ship him back to England with his tail between his legs.

Still disguised, Henry gets into an argument with a guy named Williams, who wonders if King
Henry's war is even justifiable. Either way, Williams declares that the king is going to be
responsible when the English soldiers are slaughtered in battle. This ticks off Henry, who
argues that, actually, the king is not responsible for the lives of his men, even though they
have to follow his orders and he's just ordered all of them to fight a battle they'll probably
lose. (Um, okay.) When he's alone, Henry feels sorry for himself and delivers a long, whiny
speech about how hard it is to be a king. (Cue the sad violin music.)

The next morning, the French and English prepare to get their battle on. To pump up his small
crew of soldiers, Henry delivers one of the most famous motivational war speeches of all time,
which includes the following lines: "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; / For he
today that sheds his blood with me / Shall be my brother." Henry convinces his troops that it's
actually better that they're so outnumbered because, this way, when they stomp all over the
French, there will be a lot more honor for each of them. (This is sort of like how sharing a
delicious pepperoni pizza with a small group of friends is better than sharing it with the entire
school because everybody gets more.)

Miraculously, the English win the Battle of Agincourt and suffer only a handful of losses. Only
four English nobles and 25 commoners have been killed. The French, on the other hand, have
lost a boatload of men. We're not exactly sure how this happens because Shakespeare leaves
the details a little fuzzy, but Henry promptly attributes the victory to God and warns that, if
anyone says otherwise, they'll be put to death.

After the battle, Henry goes back to England, where they throw a big parade for him. He then
returns to France to work out the details of a peace treaty with King Charles and Queen Isabel
of France. Henry's got a big list of demands, including the right to marry the French princess,
Catherine. Then something totally bizarre happens. Even though Henry knows that Catherine
will be his wife, he tries to get all romantic and woos her anyway, begging her to marry him (as
if she has a choice). King Charles agrees to the terms of the treaty and declares that Henry and
Catherine can get hitched ASAP since the union will unite France and England. (Time for
wedding cake!)

Unfortunately, Shmoopsters, this triumphant feeling doesn't last long – during the play's
Epilogue, the Chorus comes out on stage and says something like, "By the way, we don't have
time to show what happens next but it's not good. As we all know, Henry dies and his son,
Henry VI, totally loses France. But, we hope you liked our play. Have a good night everyone!"

We know you've got a ton of questions about this, so go to "What's Up With the Ending?" if
you want to know more.

===============

KING HENRY V

The Artist Formerly Known as Prince (Hal, that is)

Henry V (a.k.a. King Harry of England) has come a long way since his wild days as a rowdy and
rebellious teenager don't you think? When this play opens, his days of carousing with his old
scumbag Eastcheap friends are long gone and Henry is all grown up. Instead of spending all his
time in seedy bars and taking part in highway robbery (like he did in Henry IV Part 1), Henry is
a disciplined monarch and a brilliant military leader.

In case you hadn't noticed, Shakespeare takes every opportunity to remind us about this. In
the first scene, the country's most important religious leaders (Canterbury and Ely) declare
that Henry's transformation is a "blessing" and nothing short of a "miracle." A "miracle"?
Wow. Sounds pretty impressive. Especially since Henry used to spend all his time with
"unlettered, rude, and shallow" friends who filled their hours with "riots, banquets, sports"
(1.1.59).

Nowadays, however, Henry's busy with important matters of state and everybody knows it.
Or, almost everybody knows it. The only character who didn't get Shakespeare's memo on this
is the Dauphin of France, whose insulting gift (a chest of tennis balls instead of the dukedoms
Henry asked for) makes it clear that he thinks Henry is still a silly boy. (Ever do something bad
as a kid that took for-e-ver for people to forget about? That's what Henry faces in this play.)
So, although the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely think Henry's the best thing
since sliced bread, not everyone's Henry's biggest fan.

What the Haters are Saying

In fact, some modern day literary critics also see Henry as a deeply flawed figure (read: a big
old jerk). William Hazlitt (a famous 19th-century Shakespeare scholar) thought that Henry was
an "amiable monster" and, more recently, Yale Professor Harold Bloom has said the following:

There's nothing noble about Hal. Hazlitt said we like him in the play, but he's an amiable
monster. The 'amiable' is the modifier. He's a monster through and through. He butchers
prisoners, betrays everybody, and seizes the main chance. (source)

Gosh. When it's put that way, Henry doesn't seem like such a great guy, does he? Oh, and did
we mention that Henry isn't exactly a loyal friend? Harold Bloom has never forgiven Henry for
rejecting his old pal Falstaff (Henry IV Part 2) and critics frequently remind us that Henry is
really cold-blooded when he condemns his old friend Bardolph for stealing (3.6).

Still, you might be thinking, "Dang! What's up with all the haters?!" After all, Henry is the title
hero of our play. Plus, he's probably England's greatest warrior king ever because he leads a
tiny, ragtag army to an impossible victory at the Battle of Agincourt. He's the ultimate
underdog, right? Well, sure. There are times when Shakespeare obviously wants us to see him
as an awesome leader. But, it's a lot more complicated because Henry is far from perfect. For
a lot of critics, this character's biggest problem is that being the King of England isn't good
enough for him. He also wants to be the King of France and he's willing to declare war and
invade another country to get his way, even though it means a lot of people will suffer.
Is Henry a War Monger?

Let's think about Henry's decision to invade France. Henry thinks he's got a right to claim the
French throne and he also believes that invading France is the best thing to do, even though
he knows that war will have devastating consequences. How does Henry justify his actions,
though? Basically, he says that God is on his side. When he officially announces that he's going
to invade France, he portrays himself as God's avenger and suggests that his cause is "well-
hallow'd," as if he's fighting a kind of holy war:

But this lies all within the will of God,

To whom I do appeal, and in whose name

Tell you the Dauphin I am coming on,

To venge me as I may and to put forth

My rightful hand in a well-hallowed cause. (1.2.302-306)

Not everyone is supportive of Henry's military campaign, though. When the King disguises
himself as a commoner and walks around camp among his troops, he finds out that some of
the soldiers are skeptical of his motives and think that it will be Henry's fault when they are
killed in battle:

But if the cause be not good, the King

himself hath a heavy reckoning to make, when all

those legs and arms and heads, chopped off in a

battle, shall join together at the latter day, and cry

all 'We died at such a place,' some swearing, some

crying for a surgeon, some upon their wives left

poor behind them, some upon the debts they owe,

some upon their children rawly left. I am afeard

there are few die well that die in a battle, for how
can they charitably dispose of anything, when blood

is their argument? Now, if these men do not die

well, it will be a black matter for the king that led

them to it, whom to disobey were against all proportion

of subjection. (4.1.138-151)

While Henry spends most of his time worrying about how much power and glory he'll earn if
he defeats France, his common soldiers worry about whether or not they'll lose their "legs and
arms and heads, chopped off in battle." According to the soldier, Williams, Henry is ultimately
responsible for horrific consequences of waging war. Add to that the fact that Henry orders
the slaughter of the French prisoners at the end of the Battle of Agincourt (4.6). (This, by the
way, is why WWI-era-scholar Gerald Gould said that Shakespeare "must have felt revolted by
Henry's brutal and degrading militarism.") For modern day audiences, it's hard to believe
Henry when he insists that he is "no tyrant, but a Christian king" (1.2.249).

Henry as a War Hero

Regardless of whether or not we think Henry is wrong to invade France, it's clear that we're
meant to see him as a brilliant military leader. Notice how Shakespeare never actually tells us
(or even really shows us) exactly how Henry leads his outnumbered troops to victory at the
Battle of Agincourt? Shakespeare leaves the details kind of fuzzy on purpose, so Henry will
come off as a genius.

Henry's leadership skills are also apparent in his stunning motivational speeches to his troops.
During the siege of Harfleur, he declares "Once more unto the breach dear friends, once
more," and most of his guys go rushing into a hole that's been blown into the town walls,
which is crazy dangerous. Later, at the Battle of Agincourt, he convinces his outnumbered
army to fight. (The following speech is long, we know, but it's arguably the most important
passage in the play.)

God's peace! I would not lose so great an honor

As one man more, methinks, would share from me,

For the best hope I have. O, do not wish one more!

Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,

That he which hath no stomach to this fight,

Let him depart. His passport shall be made,

And crowns for convoy put into his purse.

We would not die in that man's company

That fears his fellowship to die with us.

This day is called the feast of Crispian.

He that outlives this day and comes safe home

Will stand o' tiptoe when the day is named

And rouse him at the name of Crispian.

He that shall live this day, and see old age,

Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbors

And say 'Tomorrow is Saint Crispian.'

Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars.

Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot,

But he'll remember with advantages

What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,

Familiar in his mouth as household words,

Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter,

Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,

Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered.

This story shall the good man teach his son,

And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by,

From this day to the ending of the world,

But we in it shall be rememberèd—

We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;

For he today that sheds his blood with me

Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile,

This day shall gentle his condition;

And gentlemen in England now abed

Shall think themselves accursed they were not here,

And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks

That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day. (4.3.34-69)

(After you read the speech, you can check out this quick clip of Kenneth Branagh's version in
the 1989 film.)

The most important thing to know about this speech is that Henry takes something that is a
serious disadvantage (the fact that his army is totally outnumbered) and somehow manages
to turn it into an advantage. How does he do it? Henry starts out by admitting that, yep, the
English troops are outnumbered in a big way. But that, he says, just means that there will be
more honor for the "few" men who do fight in battle. (As if there's only so much honor at out
there and Henry's soldiers will get a bigger piece of the honor pie since they don't have to
share it with a bunch of other guys.)

Henry's next move is to declare that he doesn't even want to fight next to someone who
would rather be at home watching TV. In fact, he'll even give them money for the return trip
to London if they'd rather not be at Agincourt right now. Still, if anybody does go home, they'll
never get to say that they fought with Henry on St. Crispin's Day (the feast of the martyred
twin brothers, October 25). Every year for the rest of their lives, St. Crispin's Day will arrive
and the soldiers who choose to fight will be able to show off his scars and old war wounds and
say, "Hey, I fought by King Henry's side" on this day. Not only that, but Henry suggests that,
because of this, they'll be forever associated with the saints, Crispin and Crispinian. (Who
wouldn't want to be remembered as a war hero on an important holiday?)

For a lot of audiences, the most compelling part of Henry's speech is when he gestures toward
the brotherhood of warfare – "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" – suggesting that,
from this day forward, every man will be forever tied to the king and his fellow soldiers. It's
obvious that this speech shows off Henry's chops as a convincing orator and a leader capable
of motivating his men (who are exhausted and outnumbered) into action.

=============

KING HENRY V TIMELINE AND SUMMARY

1.1: We hear from Canterbury and Ely that Henry is thinking about invading France so he can
take the French throne by force.

1.2: Henry is convinced (by Canterbury) that he has a legal right to the French crown because
he's the great-great grandson of Isabella, who was the daughter of the French King Phillip IV.

1.2: Henry receives the Dauphin's insulting gift (a chest full of tennis balls) and sends word to
France that he's going to invade the country with his army.

2.2: Henry has learned about a plot to assassinate him. He confronts the three traitors
(Cambridge, Scrope, and Gray) and sentences them to death. Then he hops on a boat and
heads across the English Channel to invade France.

2.4: Henry sends a message to King Charles of France that goes something like this: "Dear
Charlie, I've arrived in Harfleur so you better give up your crown ASAP. Otherwise, we'll have
to go to war and it will be your fault when my army turns your women and children into
widows and orphans. Your pal, Harry."

3.1: Henry attacks the town of Harfleur after rallying his troops with a famous battle cry:
"Once more into the breach dear friends, once more!"
3.3: Henry convinces the Governor of Harfleur to surrender after threatening that his English
soldiers would probably rape and massacre his people if the town didn't submit peacefully.

3.6: When Henry finds out that his old pal Bardolph has been sentenced to death for looting a
French Church, he says Bardolph is getting what he deserves and that anyone else caught
looting will get the same.

3.6: King Henry responds to a threat from Charles. Henry admits that his troops are down and
out, but says that they'll fight to the death before they give up. Henry says it's "in God's hand."

4.1: The night before the Battle of Agincourt, Henry walks around the English camp cheering
up his troops.

4.1: Henry disguises himself as a commoner and roams around the camp talking to his
soldiers. He argues with Williams about whether or not it will be the king's fault when English
soldiers are slaughtered in battle.

4.1: Henry delivers a speech about the difficulties of kingship. Being his country's leader has
left him feeling isolated and exhausted. He prays that God will forgive him for his father's sins
(usurping the crown from Richard II).

4.3: Before heading into battle, Henry delivers a famous motivational speech to his troops,
urging them to fight for honor. He tells his men that warfare has made them like a family: "We
few, we happy few, we band of brothers. / For he today that sheds his blood with me / Shall
be my brother."

4.3-4.7: Henry and his army defeat the French.

4.7-4.8: Henry plays a trick on Williams and Fluellen.

5.0: We learn from the Chorus that Henry returns to England, where they throw a big parade
for their victorious king. Soon after, Henry goes back to France to take care of unfinished
business.

5.2: Henry goes to the French palace and signs a peace treaty that will make him 1) the heir
apparent of France and 2) Catherine's new husband.

5.2: Henry proceeds to woo Catherine, even though he knows she has no choice but to marry
him.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_dRxj7oczI

======================

CATHERINE
Character Analysis

The daughter of King Charles VI and Queen Isabel, Catherine has been raised to act like a prim
and proper princess who doesn't make out in the backseat of her boyfriend's car before she's
married (5.2) and who doesn't cuss in front of men (3.4). She's also got a seriously thick accent
when she speaks English. So, if you're a 16th-century English playwright named Willy
Shakespeare, and you're writing a play that gets a lot of pleasure from making fun of France,
then this combination of character traits is a recipe for comic gold.

Why Shakespeare Makes the French Princess Talk Dirty

Let's face it, Shmoopsters: when most audiences think of Catherine, they think of the silly
English language tutorial scene, where Shakespeare makes the pretty French Princess talk
dirty to her lady-in-waiting, Alice. What? You want the juicy details? Of course you do.

It all goes down in Act 3, Scene 4, where Catherine learns some English words, which is the
perfect opportunity for Shakespeare to crack a dirty joke or two. When Catherine hears the
words "foot" and "gown," she's disgusted and declares that they're way too naughty for her to
say because they sound too much like the French words "foutre" and "con" (go ahead and
look those up in a French dictionary). Let's take a look at the original passage, along with the
translation, of course:

Le foot, et le count. Ô Seigneur Dieu! Ils

sont les mots de son mauvais, corruptible, gros, et

impudique, et non pour les dames d’honneur d’user.

Je ne voudrais prononcer ces mots devant les seigneurs

de France, pour tout le monde. Foh! Le foot et le

count! Néanmoins, je réciterai une autre fois ma

leçon ensemble: d’ hand, de fingre, de nailes, d’

arme, d’ elbow, de nick, de sin, de foot, le count.

Here's the translation from the Norton Shakespeare:

De foot and de cown [gown]? O Lord God, those are evil-sounding words, easily misconstrued,
vulgar, immodest, and not for respectable ladies to use. I wouldn't speak those words in front
of a French gentleman for all the world. Ugh! de foot and de cown! Still, I shall recite my entire
lesson once more. D'hand, de fingre, de nails, d'arma, d'elbow, de nick, de sin, de foot, de
cown.

Of course, the big joke is that, in the process of protesting about the vulgarity of "foot" and
"gown," Catherine ends up repeating the dirty-sounding words... several times. Basically,
Shakespeare is banking on the fact that his audiences will get a really big kick out of watching
a princess (especially a French princess) say naughty words out loud.

Catherine's Desires and Motives

Is Catherine just a character Shakespeare uses for some PG-13 rated comic relief? Yes and no.
Although she's an important figure, Shakespeare doesn't develop her character much and
never gives us any insight into her desires and motives. Why? Well, if we're being honest,
Catherine's desires and motives are completely irrelevant to the action of the play.

As we know, Catherine is married off to Henry V as part of a peace treaty that will unite France
and England. Catherine knows what's expected of her and behaves accordingly. The first time
we see her, she's trying to learn English because she knows it's likely that she'll be married to
an English-speaking king. Later, when Henry begs her to marry him (even though he knows she
has to marry him whether she wants to or not), she points out that the decision isn't up to
her: "Dat," she says, "is as it shall please de roi mon pére" (5.2.257). Translation: It's up to the
king (roi), who is Catherine's father (pére).

Catherine and the Politics of War

Catherine's status as a political pawn becomes even clearer after Charles officially consents to
give her over to Henry. Check out the following passage, where the French and English kings
talk about Catherine as though she's a French town that Henry has yet to conquer:

https://www.shmoop.com/henry-v/

KING OF FRANCE
Yes, my lord, you see them perspectively,

the cities turned into a maid, for they are all

girdled with maiden walls that war hath never

entered.

KING HENRY

Shall Kate be my wife?

KING OF FRANCE

So please you.

KING HENRY

I am content; so the maiden cities you

talk of may wait on her. So the maid that stood in

the way for my wish shall show me the way to my

will. (5.2.332-341)

What stands out in this passage is the way Charles, the King of France, and Henry use the
language of warfare to talk about sex and marriage. Here, Charles suggests that the walled
cities Henry hasn't managed to invade are like "maids" (virgins) that have yet to be
penetrated. Still, Henry quickly points out that, because he's conquered France (with his
army), he's forcing Charles to give him his maiden daughter. After Charles agrees that Henry
can have Catherine as his wife, Henry jokes that he'll soon be conquering/penetrating
Catherine, "the maid" who has just been given to him as part of the peace treaty.

Notice, too, the way that Henry takes Catherine's French name and turns it into the English
nickname "Kate." (This, of course, reminds us of Shakespeare's other "Kate," Katherine
Minola, whose father marries her off to Petruchio against her will in The Taming of the
Shrew.) So, even though Catherine appears in only two scenes of the play (Act 3, Scene 4 and
Act 5, Scene 2), her character is key to the play's themes of Power, Warfare, and Gender.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB-WLFlg0vA

=====================

CATHERINE TIMELINE AND SUMMARY

3.0: We learn from the Chorus that King Charles VI has offered Catherine to Henry V in
exchange for not invading France.

3.4: Catherine has learned that she will likely be married off to Henry V, so she asks her lady-
in-waiting, Alice, for an English language tutorial.

3.4: Catherine learns some new words: hand, finger, nails, arm, elbow, neck, chin, foot, and
gown.

3.4: Catherine declares that she'll never say the words "foot" and "gown" in front of any
French gentlemen because they sound like dirty French words ("foutre" and "con").

3.4: After vowing never to say the naughty words in front of a Frenchman, Catherine repeats
what she has just learned in a thick accent: " de hand, de fingres, de nails, de arm, de

elbow, de nick, de sin [chin], de foot, de cown [gown]." (Whoops. Let's hope there aren't any
Frenchmen in the audience.)

5.2: Catherine's parents sign a peace treaty. One of Henry's demands is that he get to marry
Catherine.

5.2: Catherine is trotted out so she and Henry can get to know each other.

5.2: When Henry begins to woo her and begs her for her hand in marriage, she points out that
it doesn't matter what she says because her father will make that decision for her.

5.2: Catherine's dad announces that she'll get hitched to Henry and the marriage will unite
England and France.

Epilogue: We learn that, later, Catherine has a son, Henry VI, who screws up big time and loses
France.

=============================================================================
 Test Your Vocabulary
Q.1-10. Find the ‗synonym‘ of the following words.

1. TUMULTUOUS

(A) Beneficial

(B) Turbulent

(C) Quite

(D) Serene

2. USURP

(A) Pillage

(B) Surrender

(C) Grant

(D) Scheme

3. ODIOUS

(A) Disgraceful

(B) Delightful

(C) Noble

(D) Harmful

4. LUDICROUS

(A) Judicious

(B) Proper

(C) Ridicules

(D) Sensible
5. HAZARDOUS

(A) Futile

(B) Protected

(C) Vulnerable

(D) Pleasant

6. CHAGRIN

(A) Pleasure

(B) Anguish

(C) Satisfaction

(D) Effective

7. TORRID

(A) Breezy

(B) Method

(C) Hot

(D) Chilly

8. ORDEAL

(A) Humour

(B) Advised

(C) Adversity

(D) Pleasure

9. GAUDY
(A) Simple

(B) Bright

(C) Elegant

(D) Lavish

10. BALMY

(A) Peculiar

(B) Sane

(C) Mild

(D) Violent

ANSWERS:

1. (B) Turbulent

2. (A) Pillage

3. (A) Disgraceful

4. (C) Ridicules

5. (C) Vulnerable

6. (B) Anguish

7. (C) Hot

8. (C) Adversity

9. (B) Bright

10. (C) Mild

=========================================================
 General Studies
Q.1. What is the biological name of Wheat?

गेहॊ का जैविक नाभ क्मा है ?

(A) Homo sapiens / होभो सेवऩमॊस

(B) Musca domestica/ भस्का डोभस्स्िका

(C) Mangifera indica/ भैंजीपेया इॊडडका

(D) Triticum aestivum/ ट्रिट्रिकभ एइस्िीिभ

Q.2. Who was the founder of Gupta Empire?

गुप्त साम्राज्म के सॊस्थाऩक कौन थे ?

(A) Sri Gupta/ श्री गुप्त

(B) Chandra gupta maurya/ चॊद्र गुप्त भौमय

(C) Chandra Gupta I/ चॊद्रगुप्त I

(D) Kumar Gupta / कुभाय गुप्त

Q.3. Insurance sector in India is regulated by-

बायत भें फीभा ऺेत्र को विननममभत ककमा जाता है -

(A) RBI/ आयफीआई

(B) CII / सीआईआई

(C) IRDA / आईआयडीए

(D) SEBI / सेफी

Q.4. How many fundamental duties are in the Indian Constitution?

बायतीम सॊविधान भें ककतने भरबत कतयव्म हैं

(A) 9

(B) 11

(C) 12

(D) 20

Q.5. Which of these rivers do not flow through Punjab?

इनभें से कौन सी नदी ऩॊजाफ के भाध्मभ से नहीॊ फहती हैं ?

(A) Sutlej/ सतरज

ु

(B) Ravi/ यािी

(C) Jhelum/झेरभ

(D) Ganga/ गॊगा

Q.6. Who discovered the oxygen?

आक्सीजन की खोज ककसने की ?

(A) Joseph Priestley / जोसेप प्रीस्िरे

(B) Jan Ingenhousz / जाॉन इॊजेनहाउज

(C) Julius von Sachs/ जमरमस िान सैक्स

(D) Calvin/ केस्विन

Q.7. Where is the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade Located?

बायतीम विदे श व्माऩाय सॊस्थान कहाॉ स्स्थत है ?

(A) New Delhi/ नई ट्रदवरी

(B) Hyderabad/ है दयाफाद

(C) Mumbai/ भॊफ

ु ई

(D) Channai/ चेन्नई

Q.8. Separation of the judiciary from the executive has been provided in one of the
following parts of the Indian constitution?

बायतीम सॊविधान के ननम्नमरखखत भें से ककसभें कामयकायी से न्मामऩामरका को अरग कयना

शामभर है ?

(A) The preamble / प्रस्तािना

(B) The fundamental right / भौमरक अधधकाय

(C) The directive principle of state policy याज्म नीनत का ननदे शक मसद्ाॊत

(D) The Seventh Schedule / सातिीॊ अनस

ु ची

Q.9. Which Mughal Emperor fought the battle of Panipat in 1526?

ककस भग
ु र सम्राि ने 1526 भें ऩानीऩत की रड़ाई रड़ी थी ?

(A) Babur/ फाफय

(B) Humayun/ हुभामॊ

(C) Akbar/ अकफय

(D) Shah Jahan/शाहजहाॉ

Q.10. The Tropic of ____________ passes almost halfway through India.

_____________ ये खा रगबग बायत के भध्म से होकय गुजयती है

(A) Capricorn/ भकय

(B) Cancer/ ककय

(C) Equator/ बभध्म ये खा

(D) None of these / इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Answer

Q.1.(D)

Q.2.(A) The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire founded by Sri Gupta.
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire in ancient India.

गप्ु त साम्राज्म श्रीगप्ु त द्िाया स्थावऩत एक प्राचीन बायतीम साम्राज्म था। चॊद्रगप्ु त भौमय
प्राचीन बायत भें भौमय साम्राज्म के सॊस्थाऩक थे।

Q.3.(C)

Q.4.(B) Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by
the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to
ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the
ages of six and fourteen years./ewy रूऩ से सॊख्मा भें दस भौमरक कतयव्म थे , भौमरक
कतयव्मों को 2002 भें 86 िें सॊविधान सॊशोधन से फढ़ा कय ग्मायह कय ट्रदमा गमा था , स्जसभें
प्रत्मेक भाता-वऩता मा अमबबािक को मह सनु नस्चचत कयने के मरए एक कतयव्म जोड़ा गमा था
कक उनके फच्चे मा िाडय को छह औय चैदह िर्य की आमु के फीच मशऺा के अिसय प्रदान ककए
गए।

Q.5.(D) Punjab thus means ―The Land of Five Waters‖, referring to the rivers Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being
the largest.
ऩॊजाफ का अथय है ‗ऩाॊच नट्रदमों की बमभ ‘। मह नट्रदमाॉ है - झेरभ , धचनाफ, यािी, सतरज औय
व्मास। सबी मसॊधु नदी की सहामक नट्रदमाॉ हैं , इसभें धचनाफ सफसे फड़ी नदी है ।

Q.6.(A) oxygen was discovered by Joseph pristley in 1774.in 1770 Joseph pristley
permormed a series of experiments that revealed the essential role of air in the growth
of green plants.Jan ingenhousz also do the same experiment once in dark once in the
sunlight./
1774 भें जोसेप प्रीस्िरे द्िाया आक्सीजन की खोज की गई। 1770 भें जोसेप प्रीस्िरे ने कई
प्रमोगों द्िाया मसद् ककमा कक हये ऩौधों के विकास भें हिा की अननिामय बमभका है । जाॉन
इॊजेनहाउस ने एक फाय अॊधेये भें एक फाय समय के प्रकाश भें प्रमोग ककमा था।

Q.7.(A)

Q.8.(C)

Q.9.(A) The First Battle of Panipat was fought between the invading forces of Babur
and the Ibrahim Lodi Lodi, which took place on 21 April 1526 in North India. It
marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. Babur was victorious in this war.

ऩानीऩत की ऩहरी रड़ाई फाफय औय इब्राट्रहभ रोदी साम्राज्म के हभरािय ताकतों के फीच हुई
थी, जो 21 अप्रैर 1526 को उत्तय बायत भें हुई थी। इसभें फाफय विजमी हुआ था।

Q.10.(B)

=========================================================
 English Language Test
Q.1-5. In the following questions, some have error and some have none. Find out which
part of a sentence has an error and mark the answer to the appropriate letter (A),(B) and
(C). If there is no error, mark your answer as (D).

Q.1. On his recent visit to the capital for (A)/ screening of his short film (B)/ he talked
about be a producer.(C)/ No Error. (D).

Q.2. The GST issue rocked the Parliament (A) consecutively on (B) any of the working
days. (C)/ No Error. (D).

Q.3. Airport authority of India invites (A)/ e-tender for the (B)/ work of an Airport.
(C)/ No Error. (D).

Q.4. In the affidavit filed in the supreme court, (A)/ the Centre accuse (B) the
Cooperative bank. (C)/ No Error (D).

Q.5. I asked Vinay (A)/ how could he go (B)/ in the dark.(C)/No error (D)

Q.6-10. In the questions given below, choose the word most similar in meaning to the
given word and mark your answer.

Q.6. ALLURE

(A) Lighten
(B) Tempt
(C) Masked
(D) Doubtful

Q.7. ABOMINABLE

(A) Distinct
(B) Fruitless
(C) Odious
(D) Vain
Q.8. AWKWARD

(A) Skilful
(B) Indistinct
(C) Apt
(D) Clumsy

Q.9. APPARENT

(A) Assuage
(B) Rough
(C) Perceptible
(D) Excite

Q.10. DAFT

(A) Pacify
(B) stupid
(C) Repugnant
(D) Pleasant

Answer:

Q.1.(C) Use 'being' instead of 'be'

Q.2.(D) No Error

Q.3.(C) ―in‖ in place of ―of‖

Q.4.(B) accused in place of accuse

Q.5.(B) Replace ‗could he go‘ with ‗he could go‘

Q.6.(B) For other options

Masked(Adj)- concealed

Q.7.(C)

Q.8.(D) For other options

Apt(adj)-suitable

Q.9.(C) For other options

Assuage(V)-Soothe

Q.10.(B) For other options

Repugnant(Adj)-Abominable

Pacify(V)-Allay
=========================================================

Banking Awareness Quiz

Q.1 ‗Higher than Hopes‘ is biography of ______

(1) Nelson Mandela

(2) Princess Diana

(3) Deshmond Tutu

(4) Mother Teresa

(5) None of these

Q.1 ‗हामय दै न होप्स ‗...........की जीिनी है ।

(1) नेवसन भॊडर

े ा

(2) याजकुभायी डामना

(3) दे शभण्ड िि

(4) भदय िे येसा

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.2 In order to win a Grand Slam in Tennis, a player has to win________.

(1) Wimbledon, French Open and U.S Open

(2) Australian Open, French Open and U.S Open

(3) Australian Open, Wimbledon, French Open and U.S Open

(4) Davis cup, Wimbledon and U.S Open

(5) None of these

Q.2 िे ननस भें एक ग्रैण्ड स्रैभ जीतने के मरए एक खखराड़ी को....................ऩड़ता है ।

(1) विम्फवडन, फ्रेंच ओऩन औय म.एस. ओऩन

(2) ऑस्िे मरमाई ओऩन , फ्रेंच ओऩन ओय म.एस. ओऩन

(3) ऑस्िे मरमाई ओऩन , विम्फवडन, फ्रेंच ओऩन औय म.एस. ओऩन

(4) डेविस कऩ, विम्फवडन औय म.एस. ओऩन

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.3 Arjuna Award is given for __________.

(1) Outstanding performance in sports

(2) Bravery on battlefield

(3) Exceptional service of slum dwellers

(4) Exceptional community service

(5) None of these

Q.3 अजन
ुय ऩयु स्काय...................के मरए प्रदान ककमा जाता है ।

(1) खेर भें उत्कृष्ि प्रदशयन के मरए

(2) रड़ाई के भैदान ऩय फहादयु ी के मरए

(3) झग्ु गी फस्स्तमों भें यहने िारे रोगों की असाधायण सेिा के मरए

(4) असाधायण सभद

ु ाम सेिा
(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.4 What is money laundering?

(1) Conversion of assets into cash

(2) Conversion of money which is illegally obtained.

(3) Conversion of cash into gold

(4) Conversion of gold into cash

(5) None of these

Q.4 धन शोधन क्मा है ?

(1) ऩरयसॊऩस्त्तमों का नकदी भें रूऩाॊतयण

(2) अिैध रूऩ से प्राप्त धन का रूऩाॊतयण

(3) नकदी का सोने भें रूऩाॊतयण

(4) सोने का नकदी भें रूऩाॊतयण

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.5 Which of the following is not a function of a commercial bank?

(1) Providing project finance

(2) Settlement of payments on behalf of the customers

(3) Deciding policy rates like CRR, SLR & Repo rates.

(4) Issuing Credit /debit/ATM cards

(5) None of these

Q.5 ननम्नमरखखत भें से कौन - सा िाखणस्ज्मक फैंक का एक कामय नहीॊ है ?

(1) ऩरयमोजना के मरए वित्त प्रदान कयना

(2) ग्राहकों की ओय से बग
ु तान का ननऩिाया कयना

(3) सीआयआय, एसएरआय औय ये ऩो दय जैसी नीनतगत दयों का ननणयम रेना

(4) क्रेडडि/डेबफि/एिीएभ काडय जायी कयना

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.6 Depreciation of an asset occurs due to/when _________.

(1) Increase in the value of assets

(2) The value of assets remain constant for a longer time

(3) Decrease in the value of assets

(4) All of the above

(5) None of these

Q.6 ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त का भवमहास...........................के कायण होता है ।

(1) ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त के भवम भें िवृ द्

(2) रॊफे सभम के मरए ऩरयसॊऩस्त्तमों के भवम स्स्थय यहने

(3) ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त के भवम भें कभी

(4) उऩयोक्त सबी

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.7 Which among the following constitutes the largest percentage of Retail loans in
India?

(1) Auto loans

(2) Personal loans

(3) Personal overdrafts

(4) Home loans

(5) None of these

Q.7 ननम्नमरखखत भें से कौन बायत भें खद

ु या ऋण का सफसे फड़ा प्रनतशत फनाता है ?

(1) ऑिो ऋण
(2) व्मस्क्तगत ऋण

(3) व्मस्क्तगत ओियड्राफ्ि

(4) गह
ृ ऋण

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.8 Crossing on a cheque can be cancelled by the _________ of the cheque, under his
full signature.

(1) Payee

(2) Drawee

(3) Endorser

(4) Holder

(5) None of these

Q.8 .................... के द्िाया अऩने हस्ताऺय प्रदान कयने से , चेक ऩय क्रामसॊग को यद्द ककमा
जा सकता है ।

(1) आदाता

(2) अदाकताय

(3) ऩष्ृ ्ाॊकक

(4) धायक
(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.9 Which of the following institutions is an asset reconstruction company?

(1) CIBIL

(2) DICGC

(3) IRDA

(4) ARCIL

(5) None of these

Q.9 ननम्नमरखखत भें से कौन एक ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त ऩन

ु ननयभायण कॊऩनी है ?

(1) मसबफर

(2) डीआईसीजीसी

(3) आईआयडीए

(4) आमसयर

(5) इनभें से कोई नहीॊ

Q.10 Which of the following is an example of NBFC?

(1) M&M Financial

(2) Indiabulls

(3) Edelweiss Capital

(4) JM Financial

(5) All of the above

Q.10 ननम्न भें से कौन सा एनफीएपसी का एक उदाहयण है ?

(1) एभ एॊड एभ पाइनेंमशमर

(2) इॊडडमाफव
ु स

(3) एडेरिाइस कैवऩिर

(4) जेएभ पाइनेंमशमर

(5) उऩयोक्त सबी

Answer:

Q.1) 1

Explanation: 'Higher than Hopes' is biography of Nelson Mandela

‗हामय दै न होऩ ‘, नेवसन भॊडर
े ा की जीिनी है ।

Q.2) 3
Explanation: To win a Grand Slam in Tennis, a player has to win Australian Open,
Wimbledon French Open and U.S Open.
िे ननस भें एक ग्रैंड स्रैभ जीतने के मरए , एक खखराड़ी को ऑस्िे मरमाई ओऩन , विम्फरडन, फ्रेंच
ओऩन औय म. एस. ओऩन जीतना ऩड़ता है ।
Q.3) 1
Explanation: Arjuna Award is given for outstanding performance in sports.
अजनुय ऩयु स्काय खेर भें उत्कृष्ि प्रदशयन के मरए प्रदान ककमा जाता है ।

Q.4) 2
Explanation: Money laundering is the introduction of illegally gained assets into the
legal financial system.
धन शोधन के तहत अिैध रूऩ से अस्जयत सॊऩस्त्त को काननी वित्तीम प्रणारी से िैध
रूऩाॊतयण प्रदान ककमा जाता है ।

Q.5) 3
Explanation: Deciding policy rates like CRR, SLR & repo rates is a function of RBI.
नीनतगत दयों के तहत सीआयआय , एसएरआय औय ये ऩो दयों का ननणयम रेना , आयफीआई का
एक कामय है ।

Q.6) 3
Explanation: Depreciation of an asset occurs due to decrease in the value of assets.
ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त का भवमहास ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त के भवम भें कभी के कायण होता है ।

Q.7) 4
Explanation: Home loans constitutes the largest percentage of Retail loans in India.
गह
ृ ऋण बायत भें खुदया ऋण का सफसे फड़ा प्रनतशत फनाता है ।

Q.8) 1
Explanation: Crossing on a cheque can be cancelled by the payee of the cheque, under
his full signature.
आदाता के द्िाया अऩने हस्ताऺय प्रदान कयने से , चेक ऩय क्रॉमसॊग को यद्द ककमा जा सकता
है ।

Q.9) 4
Explanation: ARCIL -Assets Reconstruction Company (India) Limited is an assets
reconstruction company in India.
आमसयर- एसेट्स रयकॊस्िक्शन कॊऩनी (इॊडडमा) मरमभिे ड बायत भें एक ऩरयसॊऩस्त्त ऩन
ु ननयभायण
कॊऩनी है ।

Q.10) 5
Explanation: All of the above are examples of NBFC.
उऩयोक्त सबी एनफीएपसी के उदाहयण हैं।
=========================================================
 English Quiz
1. Steroids for long have been linked to improving sports performance.

(1) link to improved

(2) improved link

(3) linking to improving

(4) links to improve

(5) No correction required

2. No one expects police to provide rounded-the-clock security to every citizen

(1) The-clock- round security

(2) The-rounded-clock security

(3) Security around the clock

(4) Round-the- clock security

(5) No correction required

3. That China did eventually relent on including Pakistani terror outfits in the Brics
declaration suggests that New Delhi firmness and persistence in flag the issue has
paid of.

(1) New Delhi‘s firmness and persistence in flagging the issue has paid.

(2) New Delhi‘s firmness and persistence in flagging the issue has pay off.

(3) New Delhi‘s firmness and persistence in flagging the issue has paid off.
(4) New Delhi‘s firmness and persist in flag the issue has paid off.

(5) No correction required

4. As governments have limited bandwidth, Niti Aayog correctly emphasises selected

areas who can both boost economic growth in the near future and help India realise its
long-term aspirations

(1) emphasises selected areas which can both boost economic growth in

(2) emphasises selected areas which can boost both economic growth in

(3) emphasise selected areas which can both boost economic growth in

(4) emphasises select areas which can be both boost economic growth in

(5) No correction required

5. After two train accidents in five days – the Khatauli incident on August 19 that killed
23 people followed by the August 23 derailment of the Kaifiyat Express in Auraiya
district that injured 74.

(1) on August 19 that killed 23 people were followed by the August

(2) on August 19 that killed 23 people was followed on the August

(3) on August 19 that has killed 23 people was followed by August

(4) on August 19 that killed 23 people was followed by the August

(5) No correction required

6. Government needs to enhance its capacity to design frameworks for ensuring that the
private sector has incentives to invest and projects run its full course.

(1) the private sector has incentives to invest and project run their little course.
(2) the private sector has incentives to invest and projects run there full course.

(3) the private sector has incentives to invest and projects run their full course.

(4) the private sector have incentives to investment and projects run their full course.

(5) No correction required

7. State governments in coordination with the home ministry must taken strict action
against the perpetrators and ensure law and order at all costs.

(1) must be taken strict action against the perpetrators

(2) must take strict action against the perpetrators

(3) must takes strict action against the perpetrators

(4) must take strict action for the perpetrators

(5) No correction required

8. Niti Aayog underlines the regulatory changes needed to push India on the path to
faster urbanisation, which will be boost the economy while helping absorb surplus
agricultural labour.

(1) on the path to faster urbanisation, which boost

(2) in the path to faster urbanisation, of which will boost

(3) on the path to faster urbanisation, which will boost

(4) under the path to faster urbanisation, which will be boosted

(5) No correction required

9.
The government allowed a situation to be created where mobile internet and SMSes
have being restricted, trains to Punjab and Haryana have been cancelled, and schools
and businesses have been shut.

(1) mobile internet and SMSes have been restricted

(2) mobile internet and SMSes have restricted

(3) mobile internet and SMSes have been restriction

(4) mobile internet and SMSes has been restricted

(5) No correction required

10. While a final call on Prabhu‘s resignation offer is yet to be taken, government would
did well to affect a Cabinet reshuffle at this juncture.

(1) government would done well to affect a Cabinet

(2) government would be do well to affect the Cabinet

(3) governments wouldn‘t do well to effect a Cabinet

(4) government would do well to affect a Cabinet

(5) No correction required

Answer:

Q.1. (5)

Q.2. - (4)

Q.3. - (3)

Q.4. - (1)

Q.5. - (4)

Q.6. - (3)

Q.7. - (2)

Q.8. - (3)

Q.9. - (1)

Q.10.- (4)
=========================================================
 Computer Knowledge
Q.1.
If a new device is attached to a computer, such as a printer or scanner, its ______must
be installed before the device can be used.

(1) buffer
(2) driver
(3) pager
(4) server
(5) None of these

Q.2.
The software that allows users to surf the internet is called a/an

(1) Search engine

(2) Internet Service Provider (ISP)
(3) Multimedia application
(4) Browser
(5) None of these

Q.3.
A tuple is a

(1) column of a table

(2) two-dimensional table
(3) row of a table
(4) key of a table
(5) None of these

Q.4.
The method of file organization in which data records in a file are arranged in a
specified order according to a key field is known as the———-.

(1) Direct access method

(2) Queuing method
(3) Predetermined method
(4) Sequential access method
(5) None of these

Q.5.
In Excel, _____contains one or more worksheets.

(1) Template
(2) Workbook
(3) Active cell
(4) Label
(5) None of these

Q.6.
Which of the following is a popular programming language for developing-multimedia
web pages, websites, and web-based applications?

(1) COBOL
(2) Java
(3) BASIC
(4) Assembler
(5) None of these

Q.7.
A saved document is referred to as a ………

(1) file
(2) word
(3) folder
(4) project
(5) None of these

Q.8.
A CD-RW disk

(1) has a faster access than an internal disk

(2) is a form of optical disk, so it can only be written once
(3) holds less data than a floppy disk
(4) can be erased and rewritten
(5) None of these

Q.9.
The first page of a Web site is called the ___________.

(1) Home page

(2) Index
(3) Java Script
(4) Book mark
(5) None of these

Q.10.
You can keep your personal files/folders in

(1) My folder
(2) My Documents
(3) My Files
(4) My Text
(5) None of these
ANSWERS

Q.1. (2) If a new device is attached to a computer, such as a printer or scanner, its driver
must be installed before the device can be used.

Q.2. (4) The software that allows users to surf the internet is called a Browser.

Q.3. (3) A tuple is a row of a table.

Q.4. (1) The method of file organization in which data records in a file are arranged in a
specified order according to a key field is known as the direct access method.

Q.5. (2) In Excel, workbook contains one or more worksheets.

Q.6. (2) Java is a popular programming language for developing-multimedia web pages,
websites, and web-based applications.

Q.7. (1) A saved document is referred to as a file.

Q.8. (4) A CD-RW disk can be erased and rewritten.

Q.9. (1) The first page of a Web site is called the home page.

Q.10. (2) You can keep your personal files/folders in my documents.

=========================================================

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