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l s c ie n c e p e r ta in in g to th e c o lle c tio n a n a l s is Interpttiı

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￡W j l î o n of S tııfis tic s
1 S ta tis tic s canb e d e fin e d a s th e c o tle c tio n p re s e n ta tio n an d inĮ erpllation o ī n u n ıe r ic n l U E
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2 S ta tis tic s a r e n u m e r ic a l s ta te īn f fa c ts in
ent o an y d e p a r tm en to ľ en q u ir y p la c e d in te r rc la tin n l(
each o th e r B ou ı
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3 S ta tis tic s a re m e a s u r e m e n t e n u m e ra tjo n s o r e s tim a te f n a tu r a l o r

, s o s o c ia lphe n o m ena
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c a u se s Y o u le a n d K e n d a l

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can re g u r d e «l
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g ņ d r l g łt c e d is ta tis tic s

l S ta tis tic s a n d p ta n n in g S ta tis tic s in ï n d is p e n s a b ı

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im m e n s e ıy u s e fu l in v o lv in g e c o n o m ic a l p r o b ı
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r ì 3 S ta tis tic s a n d b u s 加 e s s S ta tis tic s is a n ir r e s p o n s ib le to o ıo f p r o d u c tio n c o n tro l B u s in e s s

e x e c u tiv e a r e r e ly in g m o r e a n d m o re o n s ta tis tic a l te c h n iq u e s fo r s ttı
d y in g th e m u c h a n d d e s ir e n l
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5 S ta tis tic s a n ti n ı
a lh e m a tic s S ta tis tic s a re in tim a te ly re ı a te d r e c e n t a d v a n c e m e n ts in s Į a [is t ic a l
te c h n iq u e a re th e o u tc o m e f
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6 S ia tis ıic s a n tł o
nı d e r n s c ie n e e Jn m e d ic a ıs c ie n c e th e s ta tis tic a l to o ls fo r co e c l io
lı n

p re s e n ta tio n an d an a ıy s is o f o b s e rv e d fa c ts re la tin g to c a u s e s a n et in c id e n c e o l d ie s e s hť
t d ı
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d p h y s io ı
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m ilita ry a n d p e r s o n a l to p la n m a x im u m d e s tr u c tio n w ith m in im u ın e ffo r t
" "

S ta tis tic s in b u s in e s s a n d n ıa łıa g e tııe n t

1 A Ta r k e lin g S ta t is tic a l a n a ly s is a r e fre q u e n t ly u s e d in p】 OViding in fo r m a tio n fo r n T a k in g

d e c is ion in t h e fie ld o f m a r k e tin g it is n e c e s s a r y fir s t to fin d o u t w h a t c a n b e s o ld a n d th e 1o

e v o lv e s u ita b le s tr a te g y , s o th a t th e g o o d s w h ic h to th e u ltim a te c o n s u m e r / \ s k ill fu ll a n a lt

d a ta o n p r o d u c tio n p u r c h ā s in g p o w e r , m a n p o w e r , h a b its o f c o m p o ta to r s h il b its o l c o n s u n 7

tra n s p o r ta tio n c o s t s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r to ta k e a n y a tte m p t to e s ta b lis h a n e w ı n a rk e t

2 P ro d ıłc lio n f p r o d u c tio n s ta tis tic a l d a ta a n d m

In th e fie ld o e th o d p la y a v e ry im p o r ta n t r o lĽ
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is b a s e d la r g e ly o n s ta t is tic a l a n a ly s is

3 F in a n ce T h e fin a n c ia l o r g a n iz a tio n d is c h a r g in g th e ir fin a n ce fu nc tio n e f fe c tiv e ly d e n e n vc I

h e a v ily o n s ta t is tiċ a ıa n a ly s is o f p e a t a n d t ig e r s

3 B a n k in g B k in g in s titu te h a v e fo u n d if in c r e a s in g ly to e s ta b lis h r e s e ￠lr c h d e p a r tm e n t w ilh in

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i i d e v e ry s e g m e n t o bu n e ss I
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b in e s s ta t is tic a l a n d a c c o u n t in g n l e t h o d in
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3 A n a ly s is o f d a ta

T h e d a ta p re s e n te d s h o u ļ d b e c a re fu ı 1y a n a ly s e d fo r m a k in g in k r e n c e fr o m rh c r e s e n te d d a t
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, ,

4 I n te r p r e ta tio n o f d a ta

T h e fin a l s te p is d ra w in g c o n c lu s io n fr o m th e d a ta lle c te d A lid

co va c o n c lu s io n ı
T1 u s t b e d ľ ilw n
o n th e b a s is o f a n a ly s is A h i h d e r e e o f s k ill
g g and ex p e 】ie n ce is n e c e s s a ry fo r th e in te r p r e ta tio n

D fiħitio n b y H o ra ce S e c r is t

S ta İ is tic s m a y b e d e fin e d a s th e a g g r e g a te o f fa c ts a fr e c te d to a m a r k e d e x te n t b y m u llip ı ic ity o l

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, g s an ar o r
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Sco pe o f S ta ts ite s

T h e im p o r ta n c e o f s ta tis tic s in re c e n t y e a rs c a n n o t b e o v e r e m p h a s iz e d 丁h e d e v e lo m e t i
p n n
s ta tis tic a l s tu d ie s h a s c o n s id e ra b ly in c r e a s e d its s c o p e a n d im
po n an ce ı t is n o ı o n g e r r e g a r c]e d as
th e s c ie n c e o f s ta te c r a ft o r a b y p r o d u c t o f s ta te a d m in is tra tio n N o w it e m b r a c e s a h o s ı F
o
s c ie n c e s s o c ia l, p h y s ic a l a n d n a tu r a l S ta tis tic a l fin d in g s h a v e a s s u ï ï ie d u n r e c c d
p c n te d
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S ta tis tic s is o f im m e n s e u s e in th e fo llo w in g c a s e s

1 In P la n n in g

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 P la n n in g is n e c e s s a ry fo r e ffic ie n t w o r k m a n s h i
p a n d in ı b rm u la tin g ttıtu r e p o ı ic ie s S ta tis tic s
p ro v iđe s th e v a ı u e d in te r p re ta tio n o f fa c ts a n d fi u
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2 In B u s in e s s

B ta tis tic a ık n o w le d g e is v e r h e l fu l to th e b i
y p u s n e s s m a n H e fo r ı
n u la te s d iffe r e n t p la n s a n d
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3 In E co n om ic s

S ta tis tic s a r e th e s tr a w s o u t o f w h ic h E
'

c o n o m is ts h a v e to m a k e b r ic k s S ta tis tic s in d is p e n s J lt
'

in e c o n o m ic s tu d ie s S ta tis tic a l d a ta
a n d th e ir a n a ly s is a r e u s e d to s o lv e a v a r ie t o f e c o n o m ı
y c
p ro b le m s s u c h a s in c o n s u m p tio n , p r o d u c tio n d is tr ib u tio n o f in c o Jn e zm d ils s e ls o v e r t
角 , p y
u n e m p lo y m e n t e tc T h e s e
p r o b le m s a re d e s c r ib e d c o m p a re d a n d c o r r e la te d b y u s in g s la lis ti
,
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o s r u tio n o f in c o m e e tc S im ila r Iy s ta tis Į i? a l lu o lq
,

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4 In a d m in is tr a tio n

ı
n a n c ie n t tim e s s ta t is tic s w a s u se d a s th e s c ie n c e o f s ta te c r a ft It w a s u s e d to c o lle c t t in ta r e lt
to m a n p o w e r , c r im e s, in c o m e e tc Fo r fo rm u la tin g d ifre r e n t p o lic ie s ı n m o de m liın e s Its m lc J
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5 In B u s in e s s M a n a gem en t

B u s in e s s m a n a g e r ta k e d e c is io n s in th e fa c e o f u n c e r ta in ty S ta tis tic a l to o ls lik e c o lle c tio n

c la s s ific a tio n ,
ly s is a n d in te rp re ta tio n o f d a ta a r e e s s e n tia l in b u s in e s s m a n a g u rn e n l T h
ana

su c c e ss o fm o e m b u s in e s s p r im a r ily d e p e n d s o n a c c u ra te fo r e c a s tin g o f th e Ĥ ltu i e d Ľ ı

d n a 1d

m a r k tr e n d s F o r th is s ta tis tic s is e s s e n tia l H e n c e s ta tis tic s is w id e ıy u s e d in b u s in e s s

m a n a gem e n t

6 In re sea r c h a c tiv it ie s

O n e can n o t th in k o f u n d e r ta k in g a n y r e s e a r c h a c tiv itie s w ith o u t u s in g s ta t is tic s P r im a r ¡

il
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W ith o u t p o in tin g o u t th e o b je c tiv e f th e s tu d y , th e d a ta c o lle c tio n
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m u st be p r » s p e c ifie d

2 S c o p e o f I n q u ir y
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U n its t o b e U s e d
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s ta tis tic a l u n its to b e u se d a re it s h o u ld b e s p e c ific , s ta b le ,

u n ifo rm R ig id y d e in c d
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Sou r c e s o f D a ta a n d I n fo r m a tio n
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E X a 1: Ħ n d th e m e d ia n fo r th e fo llo w in g fr e q u e n c d is tr ib u tio
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X
国 Ľ 7
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S o lu tio n : C a lc u la te cu m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c ie s le s s th a n t e
yp

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y 1 9
c o rr e s p o n d in g to X v a lu e 5 , h e n c e m e d ia n is 5

G ro u ped F req u e n cy D is tr ib u tio n F ir s t o b ta in th e c u m u la t iv e li e q u e n c ie s ib r th e u :ıı

a 1 ltL I ï k

is th e to ta l n u m b e r o f o b s e r v a tio n s ) T h e n th a t c la s s is m e d ia n c la s s T he n m e d ia n is e v a \l Iı
c d by
in te r p o la tio n fo r m u la

c D
rn e ä ia n - Į. + (lz L,

W h e re Į lo w
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cf c u m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c y o f th e c la s s p r o c e e d in g 1o ih e m e d ittn c la s s

fm - fre q u e n c y o f th e m e d ia n cł
a ss

Q u a r tile s : T h e d a ta can b e d iv id e d in to fo u r e qu a l
p a r ts b y th r e e p o in ts T h e s e lh l e e p o in l\
kn o w n as q u a r tile s T h e q u a r tile s a re d e n o te d b y Q i i 1 2 ,3
,
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 th
Q i is th e v a lu e c o rr e s p o n d in g to (IN /4 ) b s e r v a t io n
o a fte r a l ra n g in g th e d a ta jn lh c in c r L
o rd e r

F o r g r o u p e d d a ta F irs t o b ta in th e c u m u la tiv f
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d in g to w h ic h a c u m u la tiv e fr e
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q u e n c y is g r e a te r th a n (iN y 4 fo r th e fir s t t im e (w h c l ř iö
to ta l n u m b e r o f o b s e iv a t io n s
) T h e n th a t c la s s is Q i c la s s T h e n Q i is e v a lu a te d b in te r o lflı
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c f =
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e o p r o c e e d in g Lo ih e Q i c la s s
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q

D e c ite s a r e n in e
p o in ts w h ic h d iv id e d th e d a ta in to te n e q u a l p a r Ls

D i is th e th
v a lu e d in g to
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m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c ie s fo r tı 】e d a la R h i ı lıı1 l ı c ks s
c o rr e s p o n d in g to w h ic h a c u m u la ti
v e fr e q u e n c y is g r e a te r th a n (iN y 1 0 fo r th e firs t Į im c (W l ť N
is to ta l n u m b e r o f o b s e r v a tio n s ) T h e n th a t c la s s is D i ı T h
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cf= c u m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c y o f th e c la s s p r o c e e d in g to th e D i c la s s

fd = fr e q u e n c y o f th e D i c la š s

P e r c e n tile s a r e n in e ty n in e p o in ts w h ic h d iv id e d th e d a ta in to h u d re d
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th
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o a Ĥ e r a r ra n g in g th e d a la in th e in c r c Łrs in g
o rd e r

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L c l ts
c o f i e s p o n d in g to w h ic h a c u m u la tiv e fr e q u e n c y is g re a te r th a n ([N y ]0 0 fo r th e lirs l l
lln c (W h n c N

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is to ta l n u m b e r o f o b s e iv a tio n s ) T h e n th a t c ı
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cf =
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f
p
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Granhio m e th o d fo ri t o n T h e s e p a r titio n
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ocaı
by u s in g o g iv e s T h e p o in t o f in te r s e c tio n o f b o th o g iv e s is m e d ia n

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in e p a r a lle l to X ax is Il c u ls
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th a n ty p e o g iv e a t Q l a n d in te r s e c ts r e a te 】
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w o rk e r s ĵt 6 2o
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C um F re q 4 10 30 40 ]m

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N /2 = 25 s o m e d ia n c la s s is 3 0 0 4 0 0

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 m e d ia n - ll + (l2 ll ) - 3 0 0 + (4 0 0 300) = 300 + 1 00 -

E x ą m Ē lę 3 : F in d th e m e d ia n , Q l, D 8 , P 6 5 » o m th e fo llo w in g d itta

M a rk s lo ıo L L ı l3 0 5o 80 18 0 90 19 0 ]o o

r I I "
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S o lu tio n :T o lo c a te m e d ia n c la s s w e ha v e to c a lc u ı
a te c u jn u la liv e fr e (lu e n c ie s

M a r ks l l 10 3 0 30 50 lli 80 9 0 9 0 10 0

参 H e re N = 50 so N /2 2 5 , h e n c e
-
m e d ia n c la s s is 3 0 5 0

(5 0 3 0 )(2 5 16) 9
T r ce u t u n - t1 + Lt 2 61 ) - J U + - J U + z u -

20

H e re N = 50 so N /4 12 5 , h e n
=
ce Q 1c la s s is 10 3 0

(3 0 1 0 )(1 2 5 43 8 5
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届 12 12

H e re N = 50 so 8 * N /10 4 0 -
,
he n c e D 8 c la s s is 5 0 8 0

D8 = l1 + (l2 1, ) LTd ) c f
_ 5o + (8 o 5 o) ・ - 5o + 3o ; - 63

H e re N = 50 so 6 5 * N /10 0 3 2 5 =
,
hen ce P 65 c la s s is 3 0 5 0

fm c H 32 16
P ós = t. + (l2 1, ) . 30 4 (5 0 3 0) , _ 30 4 20 ・ ° " 16
20

U s e th e m e d ia n to d e s c r ib e th e m id d le o fa se t o f d a ta th a t d o e s h a v e a n o u tlie r

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M e r its rM e d ia

1 It is r ig id ı
y d e fin e d
2 It is e a s y to u n d e r s ta n d & e a sy to c a lc u la te
3 It is not a f fe c te d b y e x tr e m e v a lu e s

4 Ev en if e x tr e m e v a lu e s a r e n ot kn o w n m e d ia n can be c a lc u ļ a te d

5 It c a n b e lo c a te d ju s t b y in s p e c tio n in m a n y c a s e s
6 It c a n b e lo c a te d g r a p h ic a ı
ly
7 It is n o t m u c h a ffe c te d b y s a m p lin g flu c tu a t io n s
8 It c a n b e c a lc u ı
a te d fo r d a ta b a s e d o n o r d in a isc a ı
e

D e m e r its o fM e d ia n

1 It is no t ba se d p o n a ll v a lu e s o f th e g iv e n d a ta
u

2 F o r la rg e r d a ta s iz e th e a rr a n g e m e n t o f d a ta in th e in c r e a s in g o r cle r is d ifFic u h p r o c
3 It is n o t c a p a b le o f fu r th e r m a th e m a tic a l tre a tm e n t
4 It is in s e n s itiv e to s o m e c h a n g e s in th e d a ta v a lu e s

M O D E

T he m o d e is th e m o s t ū e q u e n t d a ta v a lu e M o d e is th e v a lu e o f th e v a r ia b ı
e w h ic h ib p T u ïo m ı1

in th e g iv e n d a ta s e r ie s T h u s in c a s e o f d is c r e te fr e q u e n c y d is tr ib u tio n m o d e is lh c \ il
c o rr e s p o n d in g to m a x im u m fre q u e n c y S o m e tim e s th e r e m a y b e n o s in g le m o d e ií n o o n e v n lllc
a p p e a r s m o r e th a n a n y o th e r T h e r e m a y a ls o b e tw o m o d e s (b im o d a ļ ) Th r e e m o d e s (tr İ m o d a l) ) i

m o re th a n th re e m o d e s (m u ltim o da ı
)

a s s is th e c la s s w ith lh e la r g e s t ï rc q u e m )
F o r g r o u p e d fr e q u e n c y d is tr ib u t io n s , th e m o d a l c ı
id e n tify in g m o d a l c la s s m o d e is e v a lu a te d b y u s in g in te r p o la te d fo r m u la T h is fo r m u la is a p p l
w h e n c la s s e s a r e o f e q u a l w id th

d1

W h e r e Il lo w er lim it o f th e m o d a l c la s s ,

l2 -
u p p e r lim it o f th e m o d a l c la s s "

dĮ = ū n fo an d d 2 fl

w h e re fm = fie q u e n c y o f th e m o d a ıc la s s ,

fo = ir e q u e n c y o f th e c la s s p re c e d in g to th e m o d a l c la s s

fl - fre q u e n c y o f th e c la s s s u c c e e d in g to t h e m o d a l c la s s

M o de can b e lo c a te d g ra p h ic a lly b y d r a w in g h is to g r a m

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 S ıc p s

1) D m w ı \is lo g m m
2 ) L o o n te m o d n t c la s s (h ig ı
tc s t b n ľ o f th e h is to g m m

3 ) Jo in d in g o n a lly tile u p p e r c n d m in ts o t tïıe c n d p o in th o r llw lıig ırc \ [ b ıı ı tıc IN

o 【
b a ıs ,

4 ) M a rk th e p o in t o f In te rs e c tio n o f th e d itıg o ı m ls .

5 ) D lu w th c p e rp e n clic u ı a r \ m th is p o in t o n th e X m is
6 ) T h c p o in t w h e re tlw p c rp e n d io u ln r m e e ts X a x is g iv e s ıh c m o tln l \ a lu e

4 : l in d lh e lï ıo d ı}

I碴酝導瓊 I皿團ゆ 哑 20 1国国画 刃 吵 [\{o] 5 0O

3】 15 业些
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M o d a ıc la s s 20 30 d l fm ft) 2 7 18 9 =
d 2 ĺ in rı 2 7 20 7

日
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m
-

d l 42

10 20 1 30 ￠ł 0 50 60
25 M o de

U s e th e m o de w h e n th e d a m is n o n n u m e r ic o r \\ h e n a s k e d 1o c h o o s e ih e n lo s t p o p u la r itu m

ts o f M o d e

1 t is
ı e a sy to u n d e rs m n d & e a sy to c n k l[n te

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 2 It is n o t a ffe c le d b y e x tr e m e v a Įu e s o r s a m p lin g n u c tu tllio n s
3 E v e n il e x tr e m e v a lu e s a rc not kn o w n m o d e c a n h c c a lc tıla tc d

4 It c a n b e ı
o c a te d ju s t b y in s p e c tio n in ttì a n y c a se s

5 It is a ıw a y s p r e s e n t w ith in th e d a ta

6 It c n n b e lo c a te d g i a p h ic a ı
ly
It is a p p ı
ic a b le fo r b o th q u a ı
ita tiv e an d q u a n tita tiv e d a ta

1 t is
ı no t ıig id ly d e fin e d
2 It is n o t b a s e d u p o n a ll v a ı
u e s o f th c g iv e n d a la

3 IS n o t c a p a b le o f flıFth e r m a th e m a tic a ıtle a tı

n en t

m e tic M ean

T h is is w h a t p e o p le u su a lly in te n d w h e n th e y sa y
"
a v e ra ge
"

鳥 S a m p le m ean If x \, X 2 . X n a re
d a ta n e tic in e a n
v a lu e s th e n a r ith ı is g iv e ll b \

X =
n ?1

F re q u e n c y D is tr ib u tio n : L e t X l X 2 . X r e c la s s m a r k s a m l lh c c o lT u q p o 1 d in t
, n a

fr e q u e n c ie s a re f l, f2 . ,
th e n a r ith m e tic m e a n is g iv e n b y

N = fi

E l lix l
N

Ex aw 5 :T he M a rk s o b ta in e d in 10 c ı
ass te s ts a re 2 5 , 2 0 , 2 0 9 16 , 10 2 1 12 8 13, ,

T he m ean - j( . 2 5+ 2 0 + 2 0 + 9 + 1 6 + 1 0 + 2 1 1 1 2 + 11+ 13='5l 15 , 4

10 10
售
! ę 6 : F in d th e m ean

15 16
x ilı 10 11 12 13 14

區西 园 l 2 區 12 1區 14 6 l3

T hen N -
E fi = 6 0 an d E ti X i 73 1

乙l
￡1jf
1
ix t "
731
X = = _ 1 2 18
N 60

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 Ęm 9 D IĢ 7 :T h e fo lı
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,

n can
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醞巴 巴 巴 巴 陘 卫国巴 。 ㈹

隘 上 四国匽 国国匹 了
一

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W e \ tN =
E fi = 10 0 , E fi X i 6 3 3 0 =

M ean - jř = L Ť tX ı= 6330
. 63 30
N 10 0

P roıqie s o fM ea n

1) E fï c c t o f s h ift o f o r ig in an d s c a le

If X l, X 2 g iv e n v a lu e s N
X n a re ew v a lu e s U a 】 o h titin c tl b y sh äfı
irg
th e o r ig in to ..
a
"
a n d c h a n g in g s c a le b y . . h
"

비 . Th e n M c m 牙。 a + h u -

2) Algebc su m o f d e v ia tio n s o f set o f v a ı

u e s ta k e n fro m th e ir m ean is z e ro

E ( Xi = 0
b If X 1 , X 2 X n a re g iv e n vaı
ues w ilh c o r re s p o n d in g In q ic n c ï c

l i(x i jř) = O
・
3) T he su m o f s q u a re s o f d e v ia tio n o f s e t o f v a lu e s a b o u t its m ean is m in in m m

E((Xi X )2 ) < E( Xi A y w h e re A L X

4 ) If Z i _ X i į v i i 1 2 =
, n

t h e tı Ë = X į Ý

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 F Y B S e S ta tı
s tic s N o te s P a p e r I U n it lı
i
N o te s P r e p a re d b y P ro Į (M rs )M j (

5 ) If a n d a r e th e m e a n s o f tw o s e ls o f v a lu e s c o n ta in in g n l a n d n 2 o b s e r v , llłn il

r e s p e c tiv e ly th e n th e m ean o f th e co m b in e d d a ta is g iv c Jıb y jř .

N i
in ,
丁田s r m u l a can be e x te n d e d fo r k s e ts o f d a ta va lu e s as

ïı
1ı
ĵiT + n zx ź + + n km
X = :

e r its o fM ea n

1 It is r īg id ı y d e fin e d
2 İ t is e a s y to u n d e r s ta n d & e a s y to c a lc u la te

3 It is b a s e d u po n a ll v a lu e s o f th e g iv e n d a ta
4 It is c a p a b le o f fu r th e r m a th e m a tic a l tr e a tm e n t

5 It is n ot m uc h a ffe c te d b y sa m p lin g flu c tu a tio n s

fM
i
ı
e r its o ea n

1 It c a n n o t b e c a lc u la te d il a n y o b s e r v a tio n s a re m is s in g
2 It c a n n o t b e c a lc u la te d fo r th e d a ta w ith o pe n e n d c la s s e s

3 It is a ffe c te d b y e x tre m e v a lu e s
4 It c a n n o t b e lo ċ a te d g ra p h ic a ı
ly
5 It m ay be num ber w h ic h is not p r e s e n t in th e d a ta
6 It c a n b e c a lc u la te d fo r th e d a ta r e p r e s e n tin g q u a lita \iv c c h a r a c te r is tic

s y m m e tr ic d is tr ib u tio n h'ı M d ia n d M de c o in c id
p ir ic a l fo r m u la F o
E m r ean e an o

d is tr ib u tio n is m o d e ra te ly a s y m m e tr ic a l th e M ean M e d ia n a ï \( h īt Ic s

fo llo w in g re la tio n s h ip
M e a n M o d e - 3 (M e a n M e d ia n )
O r M o de 3M=
e d ia n 2 M ean

W ig h te d If X t, X 2 X g iv e n v a lu e s w ith co r e spo n d in g w e ig h tq W \
n a
e m ea n : re

th e n th e w e ig h te d m ean is g iv e n b y

E ŢW iX t
X" =

E łw i

T he m ean o f a fr e q u e n c y d is tr ib u tio n is aı
s o th e w e ig h te d m ea n

U s e th e m e a n to d e s c r ib e th e m id d le o fa se t o f d a ta th a t d o e Ýn o ıh a v e a n o ln lic l

S e le c tio n o f a n a v e r a g e
N o s in g ı e a v e f a g e c a n b e r e g a r d e d a s th e b e s t o r m o s t s u ita ble u n de r a ll c ir c u m s tĮ ll

a v e ra g e h a s its m e r its a n d d e m e r its a n d its o w n p a r tic u la r fie k ıo f im p o r Į m cc an d ı

lı

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 p r o p e r s e le c tio n o f a n a v e r a g e d e p e n d s o n th e 1) n a tu re o l th c d a ta a n d 2 ) Į lrp o o fe n w ￡
ty o r '

re q u ire m e n t o f th e d a ta

A M s a tis fie s a lm o s t a l] th e re q u is ite s o F a o o d a v e ra e a n d h e n c e c a n b c re a r c le d i

g g g
b e s t a v e r a g e b u t it c a n n o t b e u s e d
1) in c a s e o f h ig h ly s k e w e d d a ta
2 ) in c a s e o f u n e v e n o r irr e g Į ıla r s p re a d o ľ th e d a ta
3 ) in o p e n e n d d is tr ib u tio n s
4 ) W h e n a v e ra g e g r o w th o r a v e ra g e s p e e d is r e u ir e d
q
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E x c e p t in th e s e c a s e s A M is w id e ly tıs e d ï n p r a c tic e
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Scanned by CamScanner
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
Statistics

Notes
29

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

You have learnt various measures of central tendency. Measures of central tendency help us to
represent the entire mass of the data by a single value.
Can the central tendency describe the data fully and adequately?
In order to understand it, let us consider an example.
The daily income of the workers in two factories are :
Factory A : 35 45 50 65 70 90 100
Factory B : 60 65 65 65 65 65 70
Here we observe that in both the groups the mean of the data is the same, namely, 65
(i) In group A, the observations are much more scattered from the mean.
(ii) In group B, almost all the observations are concentrated around the mean.
Certainly, the two groups differ even though they have the same mean.
Thus, there arises a need to differentiate between the groups. We need some other measures
which concern with the measure of scatteredness (or spread).
To do this, we study what is known as measures of dispersion.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
• explain the meaning of dispersion through examples;
• define various measures of dispersion − range, mean deviation, variance and standard
deviation;
• calculate mean deviation from the mean of raw and grouped data;
• calculate variance and standard deviation for raw and grouped data; and
• illustrate the properties of variance and standard deviation.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

• Mean of grouped data
• Median of ungrouped data
MATHEMATICS 489
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 29.1 MEANING OF DISPERSION
Statistics
To explain the meaning of dispersion, let us consider an example.
Two sections of 10 students each in class X in a certain school were given a common test in
Mathematics (40 maximum marks). The scores of the students are given below :
Section A : 6 9 11 13 15 21 23 28 29 35
Notes
Section B: 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 25
The average score in section A is 19.
The average score in section B is 19.
Let us construct a dot diagram, on the same scale for section A and section B (see Fig. 29.1)
The position of mean is marked by an arrow in the dot diagram.

Section A

Section B

Fig. 29.1

Clearly, the extent of spread or dispersion of the data is different in section A from that of B. The
measurement of the scatter of the given data about the average is said to be a measure of
dispersion or scatter.
In this lesson, you will read about the following measures of dispersion :
(a) Range
(b) Mean deviation from mean
(c) Variance
(d) Standard deviation

29.2 DEFINITION OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF DISPERSION

(a) Range : In the above cited example, we observe that
(i) the scores of all the students in section A are ranging from 6 to 35;
(ii) the scores of the students in section B are ranging from 15 to 25.
The difference between the largest and the smallest scores in section A is 29 (35 − 6)
The difference between the largest and smallest scores in section B is 10 (25 − 15).
Thus, the difference between the largest and the smallest value of a data, is termed as the range
of the distribution.
490 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
(b) Mean Deviation from Mean : In Fig. 29.1, we note that the scores in section B cluster MODULE - VI
around the mean while in section A the scores are spread away from the mean. Let us Statistics
take the deviation of each observation from the mean and add all such deviations. If the
sum is 'large', the dispersion is 'large'. If, however, the sum is 'small' the dispersion is
small.
Let us find the sum of deviations from the mean, i.e., 19 for scores in section A.
Notes
Observations ( xi ) Deviations from mean ( x i − x )
6 − 13
9 − 10
11 −8
13 −6
15 −4
21 +2
23 +4
28 +9
29 +10
35 16
190 0
Here, the sum is zero. It is neither 'large' nor 'small'. Is it a coincidence ?
Let us now find the sum of deviations from the mean, i.e., 19 for scores in section B.

Observations ( xi ) Deviations from mean ( x i − x )

15 −4
16 −3
16 −3
17 −2
18 −1
19 0
20 1
21 2
23 4
25 6
190 0
Again, the sum is zero. Certainly it is not a coincidence. In fact, we have proved earlier that the
sum of the deviations taken from the mean is always zero for any set of data. Why is the
sum always zero ?
On close examination, we find that the signs of some deviations are positive and of some other
deviations are negative. Perhaps, this is what makes their sum always zero. In both the cases,

MATHEMATICS 491
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI we get sum of deviations to be zero, so, we cannot draw any conclusion from the sum of
Statistics deviations. But this can be avoided if we take only the absolute value of the deviations and
then take their sum.
If we follow this method, we will obtain a measure (descriptor) called the mean deviation from
the mean.
The mean deviation is the sum of the absolute values of the deviations from the
Notes mean divided by the number of items, (i.e., the sum of the frequencies).
(c) Variance : In the above case, we took the absolute value of the deviations taken from
mean to get rid of the negative sign of the deviations. Another method is to square the
deviations. Let us, therefore, square the deviations from the mean and then take their
sum. If we divide this sum by the number of observations (i.e., the sum of the frequen-
cies), we obtain the average of deviations, which is called variance. Variance is usually
denoted by σ2 .
(d) Standard Deviation : If we take the positive square root of the variance, we obtain the
root mean square deviation or simply called standard deviation and is denoted by σ .

29.3 MEAN DEVIATION FROM MEAN OF RAW AND

GROUPED DATA
n
∑ xi − x
Mean Deviation from mean of raw data = i=1
N
n
∑ [ fi xi − x ]
Mean deviation from mean of grouped data = i =1
N
n
1 n
where N = ∑ f i, x = ∑ ( fix i )
N i =1
i =1

The following steps are employed to calculate the mean deviation from mean.
Step 1 : Make a column of deviation from the mean, namely xi − x (In case of grouped data
take xi as the mid value of the class.)
Step 2 : Take absolute value of each deviation and write in the column headed x i − x .
For calculating the mean deviation from the mean of raw data use
n
∑ xi − x
Mean deviation of Mean = i=1
N
For grouped data proceed to step 3.
Step 3 : Multiply each entry in step 2 by the corresponding frequency. We obtain f i ( xi − x )
and write in the column headed f i x i − x .
492 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion

n
MODULE - VI
Step 4 : Find the sum of the column in step 3. We obtain ∑ [ fi xi − x ] Statistics
i =1
Step 5 : Divide the sum obtained in step 4 by N.
Now let us take few examples to explain the above steps.
Example 29.1 Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following data : Notes

Size of items xi 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency f i 2 5 5 3 2 1 4
Mean is 10
Solution :
xi fi xi − x xi − x fi x i − x
4 2 − 5.7 5.7 11.4
6 4 − 3.7 3.7 14.8
8 5 − 1.7 1.7 8.5
10 3 0.3 0.3 0.9
12 2 2.3 2.3 4.6
14 1 4.3 4.3 4.3
16 4 6.3 6.3 25.2
21 69.7

Mean deviation from mean =

∑ [ fi xi − x ]
2l
69.7
= = 3.319
21
Example 29.2 Calculate the mean deviation from mean of the following distribution :

Marks 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50
No. of Students 5 8 15 16 6
Mean is 27 marks
Solution :
Marks Class Marks xi fi xi − x xi − x fi x i − x
0 − 10 5 5 − 22 22 110
10 − 20 15 8 − 12 12 96
20 − 30 25 15 −2 2 30
30 − 40 35 16 8 8 128
40 − 50 45 6 18 18 108
Total 50 472

MATHEMATICS 493
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
Mean deviation from Mean =
∑ [ fi x i − x ]
Statistics N

472
= Marks = 9.44 Marks
50

Notes

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.1

1. The ages of 10 girls are given below :
3 5 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 18
What is the range ?
2. The weight of 10 students (in Kg) of class XII are given below :
45 49 55 43 52 40 62 47 61 58
What is the range ?
3. Find the mean deviation from mean of the data
45 55 63 76 67 84 75 48 62 65
Given mean = 64.
4. Calculate the mean deviation from mean of the following distribution.
Salary (in rupees) 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60 60 − 70 70 − 80 80 − 90 90 − 100
No. of employees 4 6 8 12 7 6 4 3
Given mean = Rs. 57.2
5. Calculate the mean deviation for the following data of marks obtained by 40 students in a
test
Marks obtained 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No. of students 2 4 8 10 8 4 2 1 1

6. The data below presents the earnings of 50 workers of a factory

Earnings (in rupees) : 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000
No. of workers : 4 6 15 12 7 4 2
Find mean deviation.
7. The distribution of weight of 100 students is given below :
Weight (in Kg) 50 − 55 55 − 60 60 − 65 65 − 70 70 − 75 75 − 80
No. of students 5 13 35 25 17 5
Calculate the mean deviation.
494 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
8. The marks of 50 students in a particular test are : MODULE - VI
Marks 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60 60 − 70 70 − 80 80 − 90 90 − 100 Statistics
No. of students 4 6 9 12 8 6 4 1

Find the mean deviation for the above data.

Notes

29.4 VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF RAW DATA

If there are n observations, x1 , x2 ....,xn , then

( x1 − x ) 2 + ( x 2 − x ) 2 + ..... + ( xn − x ) 2
Variance ( )=
σ2
n
n n
∑ ( x i − x )2 ∑ xi
or σ2 = i =1 ; where x = i =1
n n
The standard deviation, denoted by σ , is the positive square root of σ2 . Thus

n
∑ ( x i − x )2
σ=+ i =1
n
The following steps are employed to calculate the variance and hence the standard deviation of
raw data. The mean is assumed to have been calculated already.
Step 1 : Make a column of deviations from the mean, namely, xi − x .

n
Step 2 (check) : Sum of deviations from mean must be zero, i.e., ∑ ( x i − x ) =0
i =1

Step 3: Square each deviation and write in the column headed ( xi − x ) 2 .

Step 4 : Find the sum of the column in step 3.

Step 5 : Divide the sum obtained in step 4 by the number of observations. We obtain σ2 .
Step 6 : Take the positive square root of σ2 . We obtain σ (Standard deviation).

Example 29.3 The daily sale of sugar in a certain grocery shop is given below :
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
75 kg 120 kg 12 kg 50 kg 70.5 kg 140.5 kg
The average daily sale is 78 Kg. Calculate the variance and the standard deviation of the above
data.

MATHEMATICS 495
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI Solution : x = 78 kg (Given)
Statistics
xi xi − x ( xi − x ) 2
75 _3 9
120 42 1764
12 _ 66 4356
Notes
50 _ 28 784
70.5 _ 7.5 56.25
140.5 62.5 3906.25
0 10875.50

∑ ( xi − x )2 10875.50
Thus σ2 = i =1 =
n 6
= 1812.58 (approx.)
and σ = 42.57 (approx.)
Example 29.4 The marks of 10 students of section A in a test in English are given below :
7 10 12 13 15 20 21 28 29 35
Determine the variance and the standard deviation.

Solution : Here x =
∑ xi =
190
= 19
10 10
xi xi − x ( xi − x ) 2
7 − 12 144
10 −9 81
12 −7 49
13 −6 36
15 −4 16
20 +1 1
21 +2 4
28 +9 81
29 +10 100
35 +16 256
0 768

768
Thus σ2 = = 76.8 ,
10

and σ = + 76.8 = 8.76 (approx)

496 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.2 Statistics
1. The salary of 10 employees (in rupees) in a factory (per day) is
50 60 65 70 80 45 75 90 95 100
Calculate the variance and standard deviation. Notes
2. The marks of 10 students of class X in a test in English are given below :
9 10 15 16 18 20 25 30 32 35
Determine the variance and the standard deviation.
3. The data on relative humidity (in %) for the first ten days of a month in a city are given
below:
90 97 92 95 93 95 85 83 85 75
Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the above data.
4. Find the standard deviation for the data
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
5. Find the variance and the standard deviation for the data
4 7 9 10 11 13 16
6. Find the standard deviation for the data.
40 40 40 60 65 65 70 70 75 75 75 80 85 90 90 100

29.5 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF RAW DATA

AN ALTERNATE METHOD
If x is in decimals, taking deviations from x and squaring each deviation involves even more
decimals and the computation becomes tedious. We give below an alternative formula for com-
puting σ2 . In this formula, we by pass the calculation of x .
n
( xi − x )2
We know σ2 = ∑ n
i =1
n xi2 − 2x i x + x 2
= ∑ n
i =1
n n
∑ xi2 2x ∑ x i
= i =1 − i =1 + x2
n n
n
∑ x 2i 
Q x =
∑ x i 
= i =1 − x2
n  n 
MATHEMATICS 497
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 2
 n 
Statistics
n  ∑ x i
∑ xi2 −  i =1n 
σ2 = i =1
i.e.
n

Notes
And σ = + σ2

The steps to be employed in calculation of σ2 and, hence σ by this method are as follows :
Step 1 : Make a column of squares of observations i.e. xi 2 .
n
Step 2 : Find the sum of the column in step 1. We obtain ∑ x 2i
i =1
n n
Step 3 : Substitute the values of ∑ x 2i , n and ∑ xi in the above formula. We obtain σ2 .
i =1 i =1
Step 4 : Take the positive sauare root of σ2 . We obtain σ .

Example 29.5 We refer to Example 29.4 of this lesson and re-calculate the variance and
standard deviation by this method.
Solution :
xi xi2
7 49
10 100
12 144
13 169
15 225
20 400
21 441
28 784
29 841
35 1225
190 4378
2
 n 
n  ∑ x i 
∑ xi −  i =1n
2 

σ2 = i =1
n

4378 −
( 190 ) 2
= 10
10
498 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
4378 − 3610 MODULE - VI
= Statistics
10
768
= = 76.8
10
and σ = + 76.8 = 8.76 (approx)
Notes
We observe that we get the same value of σ2 and σ by either methods.

29.6 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF GROUPED

DATA : METHOD - I
We are given k classes and their corresponding frequencies. We will denote the variance and
the standard deviation of grouped data by σ2g and σg respectively. The formulae are given
below :
K
∑  fi ( x i − x ) 2  N=
K
∑ fi
σ2g = i =1 ,
i =1
N
and σg = + σ2g
The following steps are employed to calculate σ2g and, hence σg : (The mean is assumed to
have been calculated already).
Step 1 : Make a column of class marks of the given classes, namely xi
Step 2 : Make a column of deviations of class marks from the mean, namely, xi − x . Of
course the sum of these deviations need not be zero, since xi ' s are no more the
original observations.
Step 3 : Make a column of squares of deviations obtained in step 2, i.e., ( xi − x ) 2 and

write in the column headed by ( xi − x ) 2 .

Step 4 : Multiply each entry in step 3 by the corresponding frequency.
We obtain f i ( xi − x )2 .

k
Step 5 : Find the sum of the column in step 4. We obtain ∑  fi ( x i − x ) 2 
i =1

Step 6 : Divide the sum obtained in step 5 by N (total no. of frequencies). We obtain σ2g .

Step 7 : σg = + σ
2
g

Example 29.6 In a study to test the effectiveness of a new variety of wheat, an experiment
was performed with 50 experimental fields and the following results were obtained :

MATHEMATICS 499
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI Yield per Hectare Number of Fields
Statistics (in quintals)
31 − 35 2
36 − 40 3
41 − 45 8
Notes 46 − 50 12
51 − 55 16
56 − 60 5
61 − 65 2
66 − 70 2
The mean yield per hectare is 50 quintals. Determine the variance and the standard deviation of
the above distribution.
Solution :
Yield per Hectare No. of Class ( xi − x ) ( xi − x ) 2 f i ( xi − x )
2

(in quintal) Fields Marks

31 − 35 2 33 − 17 289 578
36 − 40 3 38 − 12 144 432
41 − 45 8 43 −7 49 392
46 − 50 12 48 −2 4 48
51 − 55 16 53 +3 9 144
56 − 60 5 58 +8 64 320
61 − 65 2 63 +13 169 338
66 − 70 2 68 +18 324 648
Total 50 2900
n
∑  fi ( x i − x ) 2 
σ2g = i =1 2900
Thus = = 58 and σg = + 58 = 7.61 (approx)
N 50

29.7 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF GROUPED

DATA : − METHOD - II
If x is not given or if x is in decimals in which case the calculations become rather tedious, we
employ the alternative formula for the calculation of σ2g as given below:
2
 k 
k 
 ∑ [ fi x i ] 
∑  fi x 2i  − i=1 N 
 k

σ2g = i=1 , N= ∑ fi
N i =1

500 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
and σg = + σ2g
Statistics
The following steps are employed in calculating σ2g , and, hence σg by this method:
Step 1 : Make a column of class marks of the given classes, namely, xi .
Step 2 : Find the product of each class mark with the corresponding frequency. Write the
product in the column xi fi . Notes

k
Step 3 : Sum the entries obtained in step 2. We obtain ∑ ( fi xi ) .
i =1

Step 4 : Make a column of squares of the class marks of the given classes, namely, xi2 .
Step 5 : Find the product of each entry in step 4 with the corresponding frequency. We obtain
f i xi 2 .
k
Step 6 : Find the sum of the entries obtained in step 5. We obtain ∑ ( f i xi ) .
2
i =1

k  k 
Step 7 : Substitute the values of ∑( f i xi2 ) , N and  ∑ ( fix i )  in the formula and obtain
i =1  i =1 

σ2g .

Step 8 : σg = + σ
2 .
g

Example 29.7 Determine the variance and standard deviation for the data given in Example
29.6 by this method.
Solution :

Yields per Hectare fi xi f i xi xi2 f i xi 2

(in quintals)
31 − 35 2 33 66 1089 2178
36 − 40 3 38 114 1444 4332
41 − 45 8 43 344 1849 14792
46 − 50 12 48 576 2304 27648
51 − 55 16 53 848 2809 44944
56 − 60 5 58 290 3364 16820
61 − 65 2 63 126 3969 7938
66 − 77 2 68 136 4624 9248
Total 50 2500 127900

MATHEMATICS 501
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI k k
Statistics Substituting the values of ∑( f i xi2 ) , N and ∑ ( fi xi ) in the formula, we obtain
i =1 i =1

127900 −
( 2500 )2
σ2g = 50
50
Notes
2900
=
50
= 58
and σg = + 58
= 7.61 (approx.)

Again, we observe that we get the same value of σ2g , by either of the methods.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.3

1. In a study on effectiveness of a medicine over a group of patients, the following results were
obtained :
Percentage of relief 0 − 20 20 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80 80 − 100
No. of patients 10 10 25 15 40
Find the variance and standard deviation.
2. In a study on ages of mothers at the first child birth in a village, the following data were
available :
Age (in years) 18 − 20 20 − 22 22 − 24 24 − 26 26 − 28 28 − 30 30 − 32
at first child birth
No. of mothers 130 110 80 74 50 40 16

Find the variance and the standard deviation.

3. The daily salaries of 30 workers are given below:
Daily salary 0 − 50 50 − 100 100 − 150 150 − 200 200 − 250 250 − 300
(In Rs.)
No. of workers 3 4 5 7 8 3

Find variance and standard deviation for the above data.

29.8 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE: STEP

DEVIATION METHOD
In Example 29.7, we have seen that the calculations were very complicated. In order to simplify
the calculations, we use another method called the step deviation method. In most of the frequency
distributions, we shall be concerned with the equal classes. Let us denote, the class size by h.

502 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
Now we not only take the deviation of each class mark from the arbitrary chosen 'a' but also MODULE - VI
divide each deviation by h. Let Statistics
xi − a
ui = .....(1)
h
Then xi = hui + a .....(2)
We know that x = hu +a .....(3) Notes

Subtracting (3) from (2) , we get

xi − x = h ( u i − u ) .....(4)
In (4) , squaring both sides and multiplying by f i and summing over k, we get
k k
∑  fi ( x i − x )2  = h 2 ∑  fi ( u i − u ) 2  .....(5)
i =1 i =1
Dividing both sides of (5) by N, we get
k
∑  fi ( x i − x )
2
 k
h2
i =1
N
=
N
∑  fi ( u i − u ) 2 
i =1

i.e. σ2x = h 2 σ2u .....(6)

where σx 2 is the variance of the original data and σu 2 is the variance of the coded data or
coded variance. σu 2 can be calculated by using the formula which involves the mean, namely,,

1 k  k
σ2u = ∑  fi ( u i − u )2  ,
N i =1
N= ∑ fi .....(7)
i =1

or by using the formula which does not involve the mean, namely,
2
 k 
k 
 ∑ [ fiu i ] 

2  −  i =1 
∑ i i 
 f u
N k
σ2u = i =1
N
, N= ∑ fi
i =1

Example 29.8 We refer to the Example 29.6 again and find the variance and standard
deviation using the coded variance.
Solution : Here h = 5 and let a = 48.
x i − 48
Yield per Hectare Number Class ui = fiu i u i2 f i u i2
5
(in quintal) of fields f i marks xi
31 − 35 2 33 −3 −6 9 18
36 − 40 3 38 −2 −6 4 12

MATHEMATICS 503
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 41 − 45 8 43 −1 −8 1 8
Statistics 46 − 50 12 48 0 0 0 0
51 − 55 16 53 +1 16 1 16
56 − 60 5 58 +2 10 4 20
61 − 65 2 63 +3 6 9 18
Notes 66 − 70 2 68 +4 8 16 32
Total 50 20 124
2
 k 
k  ∑ f i u i 
Thus ∑ fiu 2i −  i =1 N 

σ2u = i =1
N

124 −
( 20 ) 2
= 50
50
124 − 8
=
50
58
σ2u =
25
Variance of the original data will be
58
σ2x = h 2 σ2u = 25 × = 58
25
and σ x = + 58
= 7.61 (approx)
We, of course, get the same variance, and hence, standard deviation as before.
Example 29.9 Find the standard deviation for the following distribution giving wages of 230
persons.
Wages No. of persons Wages No. of persons
(in Rs) (in Rs)
70 − 80 12 110 − 120 50
80 − 90 18 120 − 130 45
90 − 100 35 130 − 140 20
100 − 110 42 140 − 150 8

504 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
Solution : MODULE - VI
Statistics
x i − 105
Wages No. of class ui = u i2 fiu i f i u i2
10
(in Rs.) persons f i mark xi
70 − 80 12 75 −3 9 − 36 108
Notes
80 − 90 18 85 −2 4 − 36 72
90 − 100 35 95 −1 1 − 35 35
100 − 110 42 105 0 0 0 0
110 − 120 50 115 +1 1 50 50
120 − 130 45 125 +2 4 90 180
130 − 140 20 135 +3 9 60 180
140 − 150 8 145 +4 16 32 128
Total 230 125 753
1 2
σ2 = h 2  ∑  fi ui2  −  ∑ [ f i u i ]  
1
 N N  

 753  125 2 
= 100  −  
 230  230  
= 100 ( 3.27 − 0.29 ) = 298
∴ σ = + 298 = 17.3 (approx)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.4

1. The data written below gives the daily earnings of 400 workers of a flour mill.
Weekly earning ( in Rs.) No. of Workers
80 − 100 16
100 − 120 20
120 − 140 25
140 − 160 40
160 − 180 80
180 − 200 65
200 − 220 60
220 − 240 35
240 − 260 30
260 − 280 20
280 − 300 9
Calculate the variance and standard deviation using step deviation method.

MATHEMATICS 505
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 2. The data on ages of teachers working in a school of a city are given below:
Statistics Age (in years) 20 − 25 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40
No. of teachers 25 110 75 120
Age (in years) 40 − 45 45 − 50 50 − 55 55 − 60
No. of teachers 100 90 50 30
Notes
Calculate the variance and standard deviation using step deviation method.
3. Calculate the variance and standard deviation using step deviation method of the follow-
ing data :
Age (in years) 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40
No. of persons 70 51 47
Age (in years) 40 − 50 45 − 50 50 − 55
No. of persons 31 29 22

29.9 PROPERTIES OF VARIANCE AND STANDARD

DEVIATION

Property I : The variance is independent of change of origin.

To verify this property let us consider the example given below.

Example : 29.10 The marks of 10 students in a particular examination are as follows:
10 12 15 12 16 20 13 17 15 10
Later, it was decided that 5 bonus marks will be awarded to each student. Compare the variance
and standard deviation in the two cases.
Solution : Case − I

xi fi f i xi xi − x ( xi − x ) 2 f i ( xi − x )
2

10 2 20 _4 16 32
12 2 24 _2 4 8
13 1 13 _1 1 1
15 2 30 1 1 2
16 1 16 2 4 4
17 1 17 3 9 9
20 1 20 6 36 36
10 140 92
140
Here x= = 14
10
506 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
∑  fi ( xi − x ) 
2
Variance = Statistics
10
92
= = 9.2
10
Standard deviation = + 9.2 = 3.03
Notes
Case − II (By adding 5 marks to each xi )

xi fi f i xi xi − x ( xi − x ) 2 f i ( xi − x )
2

15 2 30 −4 16 32
17 2 34 −2 4 8
18 1 18 −1 1 1
20 2 40 1 1 2
21 1 21 2 4 4
22 1 22 3 9 9
25 1 25 6 36 36
10 190 92
190
x= = 19
10
92
∴ Variance = = 9.2
10

Standard deviation = + 9.2 = 3.03

Thus, we see that there is no change in variance and standard deviation of the given data if the
origin is changed i.e., if a constant is added to each observation.
Property II : The variance is not independent of the change of scale.

Example 29.11 In the above example, if each observation is multiplied by 2, then discuss the
change in variance and standard deviation.
Solution : In case-I of the above example , we have variance = 9.2, standard deviation = 3.03.
Now, let us calculate the variance and the Standard deviation when each observation is multiplied
by 2.
xi fi f i xi xi − x ( xi − x ) 2 f i ( xi − x )2
20 2 40 −8 64 128
24 2 48 −4 16 32
26 1 26 −2 4 4
30 2 60 2 4 8
32 1 32 4 16 16
34 1 34 6 36 36
40 1 40 12 144 144
10 280 368
MATHEMATICS 507
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 280
x= = 28
Statistics 10
368
Variance = = 36.8
10
Standard deviation = + 36.8 = 6.06
Notes
Here we observe that, the variance is four times the original one and consequently the standard
deviation is doubled.
In a similar way we can verify that if each observation is divided by a constant then the variance
of the new observations gets divided by the square of the same constant and consequently the
standard deviation of the new observations gets divided by the same constant.
Property III : Prove that the standard deviation is the least possible root mean square deviation.
Proof : Let x − a = d
By definition, we have
1
s2 =
N
∑  f i ( x i − a ) 2 

1
=
N
∑  f i ( x i − x + x − a ) 2 

1
∑ fi  ( x i − x ) + 2 ( x i −x ) ( x −a ) +( x −a ) 
2 2
=
N  

1 2 ( x − a )2
∑ fi ( x i − x ) + N ( x − a ) ∑ fi ( x i − x ) + N ∑ fi
2
=
N
= σ2 + 0 + d2
∴ The algebraic sum of deviations from the mean is zero
or s2 = σ
2 +d2

Clearly s 2 will be least when d = 0 i.e., when a = x .

Hence the root mean square deviation is the least when deviations are measured from the mean
i.e., the standard deviation is the least possible root mean square deviation.
Property IV : The standard deviations of two sets containing n1 , and n 2 numbers are σ1
and σ2 respectively being measured from their respective means m1 and m 2 . If the two
sets are grouped together as one of ( n1 + n 2 ) numbers, then the standard deviation σ of
this set, measured from its mean m is given by

n1σ12 + n 2 σ22 n1n 2

σ2 = + ( m1 − m 2 )2
n1 + n 2 ( n1 + n 2 ) 2

Example 29.12 The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are 54.1 and
50.3; the standard deviations are 8 and 7. Find the standard deviation of the sample of size 150

508 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
by combining the two samples. MODULE - VI
Solution : Here we have Statistics
n1 = 50,n 2 = 100,m 1 = 54.1,m 2 = 50.3
σ1 = 8and σ2 = 7
Notes
n1σ12 + n 2 σ22 n1n 2
σ2 = + ( m1 −m 2 )2
( n1 + n 2 ) ( n1 + n 2 ) 2

( 50 × 64 ) + ( 100 × 49 ) 50 × 100
= + ( 54.1 − 50.3 )2
150 ( 150 ) 2

3200 + 4900 2
+ ( 3.8 )
2
=
150 9
= 57.21
∴ σ = 7.56 (approx)
Example 29.13 Find the mean deviation (M.D) from the mean and the standard deviation
(S.D) of the A.P.
a, a + d, a + 2 d,......,a + 2n.d
and prove that the latter is greater than the former.
Solution : The number of items in the A.P. is (2n + 1)
∴ x = a + nd
Mean deviation about the mean
2n
1
= ∑ ( a + rd ) − ( a + nd )
( 2n + 1 ) r = 0
1
= .2 [ nd + ( n − 1 ) d + ...... + d ]
( 2n + 1 )
2
= [1 + 2 +..... +( n 1−) n+ ] d
( 2n + 1 )
2n ( n + 1 ) n ( n + 1) d
= .d = .....(1)
( 2n + 1 ) 2 ( 2n + 1 )
2n
1
Now σ2 = ∑
( 2n + 1 ) r = 0
[ ( a + rd ) − ( a + nd ) ]2

2d 2  2
n + ( n − 1 ) + .... + 22 + 12 
2
=
( 2n + 1 )  

MATHEMATICS 509
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI 2d 2 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2n + 1 )
Statistics = ⋅
( 2n + 1 ) 6

n ( n + 1 ) d2
=
3
Notes
 n ( n + 1) 
∴ σ = d.   .....(2)
 3 
We have further, (2) > (1)

 n ( n + 1)  n ( n + 1 )
if d   > ( 2n + 1 ) d
 3 

or if ( 2n + 1 ) 2 > 3n ( n + 1 )
or if n 2 + n + 1 > 0 , which is true for n > 0
Hence the result.

Example 29.14 Show that for any discrete distribution the standard deviation is not less than
the mean deviation from the mean.
Solution : We are required to show that
S.D. ≥ M.D. from mean

or ( S. D ) 2 ≥ ( M.D. from mean ) 2

2
1
∑  f i ( xi − x )2  ≥  1 ∑ [ f i ( xi − x ) ] 
i.e.
N  N 

2
 f id 2i  ≥  ∑ [ f i di ]  , where d i = x i − x
1 1
or
N
∑ 
N 

N∑ ( fid 2i ) ≥  ∑ { f i d i } 
2
or

or ( f1 + f2 + .... ) ( f1d12 + f 2 d 22 + ...... ) ≥ [ f1 d1 + f 2 d 2 + ..... ]2

or ( )
f1f 2 d12 + d22 + ..... ≥ 2f1f 2 d1d 2 + .....

f1f 2 ( d1 − d2 ) + ..... ≥ 0
or 2

which is true being the sum of perfect squares.

510 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
Statistics
LET US SUM UP
• Range : The difference between the largest and the smallest value of the given data.
n
∑ ( fi xi − x ) Notes
• Mean deviation from mean = i =1
N

1 n
∑ ( fi xi )
n
x=
where N = ∑ fi , N i =1
i =1
n
∑ ( xi − x )2
• Variance σ2 = i=1( ) n
[for raw data]

n
∑ ( x i − x )2
• Standard derivation ( σ ) = + i=1
n
• Variance for grouped data
k
∑  fi ( x i − x ) 2 
σ2g = i =1 , xi is the mid value of the class.
N

1 k
= ∑  f i ( u i −u 2 ) 
2
Also, σx 2
= h2 σu and σu
2
N i =1

k
N= ∑ fi
i =1

2
 k 2 
k  ∑ ( f i u i )
∑ ( fiu i2 ) −  i =1 N  k
or σu 2
= i =1 where N = ∑ fi
N i =1

• Standard deviation for grouped data σg = + σ2g

MATHEMATICS 511
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
Statistics
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
l http://www.wikipedia.org
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com
Notes

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Find the mean deviation for the following data of marks obtained (out of 100) by
10 students in a test
55 45 63 76 67 84 75 48 62 65
2. The data below presents the earnings of 50 labourers of a factory
Earnings (in Rs.) 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1800
No. of Labourers 4 7 15 12 7 5
Calculate mean deviation.
3. The salary per day of 50 employees of a factory is given by the following data.
Salary (in Rs.) 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60
No. of employees 4 6 8 12
Salary (in rupees) 60 − 70 70 − 80 80 − 90 90 − 100
No. of employees 7 6 4 3
Calculate mean deviation.
4. Find the batting average and mean deviation for the following data of scores of 50 innings
of a cricket player:
Run Scored 0 − 20 20 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80
No. of Innings 6 10 12 18
Run scored 80 − 100 100 − 120
No. of innings 3 1
5. The marks of 10 students in test of Mathematics are given below:
6 10 12 13 15 20 24 28 30 32
Find the variance and standard deviation of the above data.
6. The following table gives the masses in grams to the nearest gram, of a sample of 10 eggs.
46 51 48 62 54 56 58 60 71 75
Calculate the standard deviation of the masses of this sample.
512 MATHEMATICS
 Measures of Dispersion
7. The weekly income ( in rupees ) of 50 workers of a factory are given below: MODULE - VI
Income 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 Statistics
No of workers 5 7 9 12 7 6 4
Find the variance and standard deviation of the above data.
8. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data: Notes

Class 0 − 20 20 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80 80 − 100
Frequency 7 8 25 15 45
9. Find the standard deviation of the distribution in which the values of x are 1,2,......, N.
The frequency of each being one.

MATHEMATICS 513
 Measures of Dispersion
MODULE - VI
Statistics ANSWERS

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.1

1. 15 2. 22 3. 9.4 4. 15.44
Notes

5. 13.7 6. 136 7. 5.01 8. 14.4

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.2

1. Variance = 311, Standard deviation = 17.63
2. Variance = 72.9, Standard deviation = 8.5
3. Variance = 42.6, Standard deviation = 6.53
4. Standard deviation = 4
5. Variance = 13.14, Standard deviation = 3.62
6. Standard deviation = 17.6
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.3
1. Variance = 734.96, Standard deviation = 27.1
2. Variance = 12.16, Standard deviation = 3.49
3. Variance = 5489 , Standard deviation = 74.09
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 29.4
1. Variance = 2194, Standard deviation = 46.84
2. Variance = 86.5 , Standard deviation = 9.3
3. Variance = 67.08 , Standard deviation = 8.19
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. 9.4 2. 124.48
3. 15.44 4. 52, 19.8
5. Variance = 74.8, Standard deviation = 8.6
6. 8.8
7. Variance = 5581.25,Standard deviation = 74.7
8. Variance = 840, Standard deviation = 28.9

N2 − 1
9. Standard deviation =
12
514 MATHEMATICS